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Changes of the Position of China's Service Industry in the Global Value China and Driving Factors
No full text陈贵富，厦门大学经济学院教授、博士生导师，经济学博士；吴腊梅，厦门大学经济学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】明确中国服务业嵌入全球价值链位置及其变动的驱动因素对于我国更好地实现价值链攀升具有重要意义。从产出供应链和投入需求链测算中国服务业嵌入全球价值链位置的演变特征来看，中国服务业存在产出上游度上升而投入下游度下降的变化趋势且不同类别服务业存在较大差异。对服务业嵌入价值链位置变动的结构分解表明：产出上游度变动主要源于行业内效应,投入下游度变动由行业间效应和行业内效应共同主导；中间品供给网络效应是促进中国服务业产出上游度提升的主要驱动力，而增加值规模效应和跨国中间品需求网络效应是导致中国服务业投入下游度下降的要因素。
【Abstract】Clarifying the position of China's service industry in the global value chain ( GVC) and the driving factors of its changes are of great significance to China's GVC upgrading. This paper studies the changes of the participation of China's service industry in the global output supply chain and the global input demand chain；it finds that the GVC position of China's service industry shows a decentralized evolution trend of rising output upstreamness and falling input downstreamness，and the GVC position of different types of service industries also indicate different features. The structural decomposition analysis of the changes of the GVC position of China's service industry shows that，the changes in the output upstreamness of China's service industry are mainly due to the “intra-industry effect”，while the change of input downstreamness is jointly dominated by “inter-industry effect”and “intra-industry effect”. For the output upstreamness of China's service industry，the intermediate supply network effect is the main driving force that promotes the rise of the GVC position.For the input downstreamness of China's service industry，the value-added size effect and inter-country intermediate demand network effect are the main factors leading to the decline of the input downstreamness of China's service industry.教育部哲学社会科学重大课题攻关项目“供给侧结构改革的理论基础与政策思路研究”(16JZD016);教育部重点研究基地重大项目“中国季度宏观经济模型（CQMM)的再拓展”（17JJD790014)；国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国不同要素分配关系与分配正义理念创新研究”(17ZDA114
A Review of the Newly Added Rules of Liability for Throwing or Falling Objects from High Attitudes in the Civil Code of China
No full text王竹，四川大学法学院教授、博士生导师，法学博士；四川大学市场经济法治研究所所长；兼任中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心侵权法研究所副所长。【中文摘要】《民法典》第1254条第2、款规定的“情形”是指“难以确定具体侵权人的”情形。第1款第2句分号之后的“侵权人”，应该理解为“可能加害的建筑物使用人”。第1款标点符号使用存在瑕疵，第2句的“分号”应该改为“句号”，而该句的“句号”则应该改为“分号”物业服务企业“等”建筑物管理人应作限缩解释。公安等机关“査清责任人”，既包括査清“具体侵权人”，也可能经调査仍然未能确定具体侵权人,但査清了第1款规定的“补偿责任人”和第2款规定的“补充责任人”。“必要的安全保障措施”主要包括安全警示、宣传和教育措施,消除危险措施和高空抛物坠 物来源监控措施三个方面，但作为信息积极提供义务的高空抛物坠物来源监控措施，不属于安全保障义务范围。建筑物管理人承担补充责任的情形，既包括经调査难以确定具体侵权人的情形，也包括能够确定具体侵权人,但具体侵权人逃逸或者无法完全承担赔偿责任的情形。在抛掷物致害情形下,补偿责任人的追偿权并不减少受害人向具体侵权人寻求赔偿的金额，以达到惩罚的目的。“补偿责任人”优先于“补充责任人”追偿，但劣后于受害人的赔偿请求权。
【Abstract】The “circumstances” stipulated in Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 1254 of the Civil Code of China refers to situations in which it is “hard to identify the specific tortfeasor”.The “tortfeasor” after the semicolon in the second sentence of Paragraph 1 shall be understood as “the occupants of the building who may cause the harm”.There are flaws in the use of punctuation marks in Paragraph 1. The “semicolon” in the second sentence should be changed to “period”，and the “ period” in this sentence should be changed to “ semicolon”. The “investigating and ascertaining the liable person” by the public security and similar authorities includes not only “ the specific tortfeasor”，but also “ the liable persons who shall pay for relief” stipulated in Paragraph 1 and “the person who shall bear secondary liability” stipulated in Paragraph 2，after failing to identify the specific tortfeasor through investigation. “Necessary safety protection measures” fall into three categories -measures of safety warning，publicity and education ； measures to eliminate hazards ；and measures to monitor the source of throwing or falling objects from high altitudes. Circumstances in which the building manager bears secondary liability include both situations where it is hard to identify the specific tortfeasor after investigation，and the situation where the specific tortfeasor can be identified but has fled or is unable to bear compensatory liability. In the circumstances of damage caused by throwing objects，the right to claim indemnity from the person who shall pay for relief does not reduce the amount of compensation that the victim seeks from the specific tortfeasor in order to achieve the purpose of punishment. The “ person who shall pay for relief” is superior to the “person who bears secondary liability” for recovery，but inferior to the victim s right to claim compensation.教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“中国侵权责任法改革研究”（16JJD820015
A Preliminary Study on Graphene Film-Metal Composites Prepared by Electrodeposition
No full text石墨烯纸具有优良的导电导热性能,但强度和硬度较低。为了获得良好的综合力学性能以提高石墨烯纸的实用价值,本文提出了制备石墨烯纸-金属复合材料的构想,从实验上初步研究了电沉积法制备石墨烯纸-金属复合材料的可行性,并探究了石墨烯纸与电沉积金属界面结合情况。采用两种常见镀层金属Cu、Cr,在实验室使用电沉积法制备了石墨烯纸-Cu,石墨烯纸-Cr两种复合镀层材料。利用扫描电镜对复合材料的表面形貌和横截面进行了表征,结果显示石墨烯纸-Cr复合材料的界面结合相对紧密。本文首次将二维错配度应用到石墨烯纸与金属镀层界面结合力分析中,通过计算分析,常温下C 的（0001）面与Cr的（110）面的二维错配度为7.26%,晶格匹配度良好. 随温度升高,C-Cr界面错配度值减小,即晶格匹配度增加,另外C-Cr二元相图显示C与Cr发生反应生成的碳化物将进一步增强其界面结合。Graphene film (GF) has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, but low strength and hardness. In order to obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties to improve the practical value of GF, the concept of preparing GF-metal composite materials was proposed. This work was conducted to preliminarily study the feasibility of using electrodeposition method to prepare GF-metal composites. Two kinds of composites, GF-Cu and GF-Cr, were successfully prepared by using GF as the cathode, and pure Cu and DSA (Dimensionally Stable Anode) as the anodes, respectively, with applying DC power externally. Employing certain electrochemical parameters, the cation in the electrolyte moved towards the cathode directionally. Meanwhile, the interface bonding between GF and electrodeposited metals was investigated. The surface morphology and cross-section characterization of the composites by scanning electron microscopy showed that the interface bonding of the GF-Cr composite was tighter than that of the GF-Cu composite. In addition, two-dimensional disregistry analyses were performed for the GF and metals coating interface bonding. Through calculation and analysis, the disregistry of the (110) surface on Cr is 7.26%, while that of the (111) surface on Cu is 31.92% at the(0001) surface of C and at room temperature, indicating that the lattice matching degree of C and Cr is better than that of C and Cu, which is consistent with the experimental results. As the temperature increased, the disregistry value of C-Cr interface decreased, that is, increasing the temperature is conducive to the increase of lattice matching of both. The C-Cr binary phase diagram also showed that the carbide generated by the reaction of C and Cr would further enhance the interface bonding. The effect of heating on the C-Cu interface bonding was more complicated. The results of heat treatment experiments showed that the heating increased the diffusion distance of C element to the copper coating, while the disregistry value of C-Cu interface increased with the increase of temperature. However, the interface bonding of GF and Cu still needs to be improved.国家自然科学基金青年项目(11505195);国家自然科学基金青年项目(51704021);中央高校基本科研业务费(RF-TP-20-004A3);中央高校基本科研业务费(FRF-TP-19-030A2);中央高校基本科研业务费(FRF-TP-16-079A1)通讯作者:王海静,郭靖E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:Hai-JingWang,JingGuoE-mail:[email protected];[email protected].北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院,北京 1000832.中国科学院高能物理研究所,北京 1000491. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100089, China2. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chin
Preparation of 3D Semi-Interpenetrated Polymer Networks Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Battery
No full text锂金属电池作为下一代高比能量电池技术受到人们越来越广泛的关注。然而由锂枝晶生长引发的安全问题是锂金属电池商业化面临的最大挑战之一。具有高锂离子迁移数和离子电导率的聚合物电解质是抑制锂枝晶生长的重要策略之一。本文将季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯和自由基引发剂AIBN添加至商业化电解液中,采用具有单离子传导功能的多孔聚合物电解质为锂金属电池的电解质隔膜,通过在电池内部发生热诱导原位聚合制备三维半互穿网络单离子传导聚合物电解质,达到提高电解质隔膜离子电导率和机械拉伸性能,以及有效抑制锂枝晶生长的目的。通过该策略的实施,成功获得了室温离子电导率0.53 mS·cm-1和锂离子迁移数0.65的良好结果。应用于锂金属电池,证明该电解质能够有效抑制锂枝晶的生长和倍率性能的提高,为锂金属电池的开发提供了良好的解决路径。As the next generation high-energy batteries, lithium metal battery has attracted more and more attention due to its highest specific capacity (3860 mA·h·g-1) and the lowest anode potential (-3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode, SHE). However, the safety problem caused by lithium dendrite growth is one of the biggest challenges for the commercialization of lithium metal batteries. Single ion conducting polymer electrolytes, which deliver high lithium ion transference number, represent one of the important strategies to inhibit lithium dendrite growth. However, the poor compatibility with electrodes and low ionic conductivity largely limit their practical application. In the present work, the cross-linking pentaerythritol tetraacrylate precursor and AIBN radical initiator was select as an additive in the commercial 1 mol·L-1 LiPF6-EC/PC (v:v = 1:1) electrolyte, and then was added into the high porous single ion conducting polymer electrolyte. The as-prepared single ion conducting polymer electrolyte was used as the polymer electrolyte for assembling lithium metal battery with the LiFePO4 cathode. The three-dimensional semi-interpenetrating network inside the high porous single ion conducting polymer electrolyte was fabricated by thermal-induced in-situ polymerization inside of the battery by putting the battery in an oven at high temperature. The key properties were successfully investigated. The results indicated that the formed three-dimensional semi-interpenetrating network of the single ion conducting polymer electrolyte was great favorable to improve the ionic conductivity and mechanical property of the polymer electrolyte, and subsequently, to effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite. As a result, the ionic conductivity of 0.53 mS·cm-1 at room temperature and lithium ion transference number of 0.65 were successfully obtained through the implementation of this strategy. It is proved that the as-presented electrolyte can effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite and improve the rate performance, which provides a facile solution for the development of lithium metal battery technology.国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1502903);国家自然科学基金项目(21603197)通讯作者:张运丰E-mail:[email protected]:Yun-FengZhangE-mail:[email protected]中国地质大学（武汉）材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Chin
Study on MXene-Carbon Black/Sulfur Composite in Integrated Electrode of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
No full text锂硫电池的实际能量密度不高和多硫化物（LiPSs）的穿梭效应等问题严重影响了该电池的实际应用。本文通过将二维的Ti3C2Tx Mxene纳米片与碳黑/硫（CB/S）材料进行混合,制备了Ti3C2Tx-CB/S正极材料并将其涂覆在商业隔膜（PP）上,最终获得了Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP一体式电极并用于锂硫电池。利用Ti3C2Tx纳米片对CB/S进行修饰,不仅能提高活性物质硫的导电性,还能对扩散的LiPSs进行物理阻挡和化学吸附。而一体式电极的设计有利于提高电池的能量密度。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP电极在0.1 C电流下的初始放电容量为1028.8 mAh·g-1,高于不含Ti3C2Tx的CB/S-PP电极的896.8 mAh·g-1。Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP电极还展示出了比基于传统铝箔集流体的Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-Al电极更好的循环稳定性,前者在0.5 C下400圈长循环测试中的每圈衰减率为0.072%,而后者则为更高的0.10%。本文利用Ti3C2Tx-CB/S构建一体式电极的策略为实现高性能和高能量密度的锂硫电池提供了新的研究方向。Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as a promising energy storage device due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of 2500 Wh·kg-1 and low cost. However, the practical application of Li-S batteries is seriously limited by their low actual energy density, the shuttle effect of polysulfides (LiPSs), and the insulating nature of sulfur and lithium sulfides. Carbon materials have been developed in the design of sulfur hosts due to their adjustable pore structure and high electrical conductivity, but their non-polar surfaces have weak interactions with LiPSs. Herein, MXene-carbon black/sulfur (Ti3C2Tx-CB/S) composites were prepared and applied to the integrated electrodes of Li-S batteries. The CB/S was prepared via a melting-diffusion method and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were synthesized by etching Ti3AlC2 MAX with LiF/HCl. After mixing CB/S and Ti3C2Tx , Ti3C2Tx-CB/S cathode material was obtained and coated on commercial separator (PP) to prepare Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP integrated electrodes. On the one hand, the two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx nanosheets dispersed in the CB/S particles not only serve as multiple physical barriers to inhibit the diffusion of LiPSs, but also have strong chemical interactions with them, effectively alleviating the shuttle effect. Thus, Ti3C2Tx improves the conductivity of CB/S composite, which is beneficial to the reaction kinetics of the cathode. Furthermore, the design of Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP integrated electrode increases the energy density of Li-S batteries. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the structures, morphologies, and surface chemical composition of the synthesized materials. The results of constant current charge/discharge tests showed that Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP electrode achieved superior rate performance and cycling performance than CB/S-PP electrode. The initial discharge capacity of Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP electrode at 0.1 C current was 1028.8 mAh·g-1, higher than 896.8 mAh·g-1 of CB/S-PP electrode. The cycling test at 0.2 C indicated that Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP maintained a discharge capacity of 726.4 mAh·g-1 after 80 cycles, better than CB/S-PP (529.2 mAh·g-1). Moreover, due to the improved utilization of the active material at the interface between the cathode and the separator, Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP electrode also showed better cycling stability compared to the Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-Al electrode based on the traditional aluminum foil current collector. The capacity degradation rate of Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-PP was only 0.072% per cycle in a long-term cycling test of 400 cycles at 0.5 C, while that of Ti3C2Tx-CB/S-Al was 0.10%. The strategy of using Ti3C2Tx-CB/S to construct an integrated electrode provides a new direction for Li-S batteries with high performance and high energy density.广西重点研发计划项目(AB16380030);广西创新驱动重大专项(AA17204083);国家自然科学基金-联合基金重点研发项目(U1705252)通讯作者:沈培康E-mail:[email protected]:Pei-KangShenE-mail:[email protected].广西大学可再生能源材料协同创新中心,广西 南宁 5300042.广西大学化学化工学院,广西 南宁 5300041. Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, Chin
One-Pot Synthesis of Fe2O3@Fe-N-C Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst and Its Performance for Zinc-Air Battery
No full text在金属空气电池和燃料电池阴极上的氧还原反应(ORR)对相关电化学能量转换装置的整体性能有重要影响,金属-氮-碳催化剂有望替代传统的商业Pt-C成为新一代ORR电催化剂。本文通过简便的一步热解工艺合成了具有Fe-Nx活性位点和Fe2O3纳米颗粒共存的电催化剂,Fe2O3@Fe-N-C-1000催化剂在0.1 mol·L-1 KOH溶液中表现出良好的ORR活性,半波电位为0.84 V,应用在锌-空气电池中时也具有可以和商业Pt-C媲美的性能,能量密度为88.3 mW·cm-2,同时和Pt-C相比具有更好电化学稳定性,表现出优良的ORR应用潜力。Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays a profound role in determining cathode performance in metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Owing to its inherently sluggish kinetics, high-performance ORR catalysts which favors the scissoring of O-O bond and formation of O-H bond are a requisite. In this regard, Pt has been explored as the most efficient ORR electrocatalysts. Nevertheless, due to its expensiveness, the usage of Pt catalysts represents one of the major sources of cost in those energy conversion devices. Thus, the development of alternative ORR electrocatalysts with minimized Pt utilization has been widely pursued over the past few decades. Metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts are expected to replace traditional commercial Pt-C and become a new generation of ORR electrocatalyst. In this paper, using a commercial chain hollow carbon nanosphere (ECP-600JD) with high specific surface area and high conductivity as carbon source and template, Fe2O3@Fe-N-C nanocomposite was prepared by a straightforward one-step pyrolysis method as a high-performance ORR electrocatalysts in alkaline media, and its structural characteristics and catalytic performance have been systematically studied. Such a nanocomposite was characterized with large external surface area (467.8 m2·g-1), high electronic conductivity, as well as the co-existence of Fe-Nx active sites and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Owing to its compositional and structural merits, the optimal Fe2O3@Fe-N-C catalyst showed good ORR activity in 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH solution, with its half-wave potential being 0.84 V. When used in zinc-air batteries, the open circuit voltages of the battery assembled by Fe2O3@Fe-NC-1000 and Pt-C were 1.51 V and 1.42 V, respectively. It also demonstrates better rate performance than Pt-C, which can be attributed to the large specific surface area that can provide excellent mass transfer ability under high current density, and its own excellent electrical conductivity was also extremely important. According to the mass of zinc consumed, the specific capacity of the zinc-air battery was calculated, and the specific capacity of the battery assembled with Fe2O3@Fe-NC-1000 could reach 776.8 mAh·gZn-1, while the specific capacity of Pt-C under the same conditions was 691.9 mAh·gZn-1. The polarization curve and power density of the catalyst were also obtained. The peak power density of zinc-air battery with Fe2O3@Fe-NC-1000 as the cathode reached 88.3 mW·cm-2, while the peak power density of the battery with Pt-C as the cathode was 76.8 mW·cm-2. Our research provides a straightforward and easily scalable approach towards the pursuit of high-performance ORR electrocatalysts.国家重点研究发展计划(2017YFA0206500);国家自然科学基金项目(21703182);国家自然科学基金项目(22072124)通讯作者:周尧E-mail:[email protected]:YaoZhouE-mail:[email protected]厦门大学能源学院,福建 厦门 361005College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Chin
Interpretation of Facts in Judicial Adjudication
No full text彭中礼，中南大学法学院教授、博士生导师，法学博士；中南大学未来法治研究中心执行主任，湖南省高级人民法院-中南大学司法人工智能研究中心主任。【中文摘要】法官在司法裁判过程中构建、发现或者形成案件事实时，会进行事实解释。事实解释是基于特定的证据以及原理、规律对案件事实进行裁剪、理解甚至推定，形成的对行为性质的认定或者对案件事实的补全。事实解释要与法律解释、事件解释、事实发现/认定区别开来。事实解释可以分为基于行为性质的事实解释、基于案件证据的事实解释以及基于文本内容的事实解释等类 型。从案件事实形成的过程来看,事实解释具有促进事实还原、沟通诉讼两造、实现逻辑涵摄和传递价值理念等方面的功能。法官进行事实解释，必须遵守正当理由规则、事实位阶规则以及运用 多元方法规则。把事实解释从法律解释中剥离出来，构成司法裁判过程中一个应当受到重视的独立过程,是现代法学方法论体系的重要发展。
【Abstract】Judges explain facts when they construct，discover or form facts of a case in the process of judicial adjudication. Fact interpretation is to tailor，understand and even presume the facts of a case based on specific evidence，principles and rules，thereby laying the foundation for the formation of legal relationships and the realization of case judgments.From the perspective of judicial adjudication，fact interpretation constitutes the logical prerequisite for the application of the law，is an important bridge for restoring facts，and is the inevitable result of the judges free judgment. From the perspective of the formation process of case facts，fact interpretation has the functions of communicating the two issues of litigation， conveying values and making policy considerations. Judges explain facts and must abide by the rules of justification，the rank of facts，and the rules of method. Separating fact interpretation from legal interpretation constitutes an independent process worthy of attention in the eudicial adjudication process，and is an important methodological basis for constructing modern judicial concepts.研究阐释党的十九届五中全会精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国共产党司法政策百年发展史研究”（21ZDA120
Fact Fakes:On the Nature of Minor Premise in Judicial Syllogism
No full text周贊，厦门大学法学院教授、博士生导师；沈明敏，厦门大学法学院 博士研究生。【中文摘要】尽管当前的主流观点认为，作为司法决策小前提之事实应该是事实真相，但如果我们仔细考察司法过程中的事实生成过程就会发现，由于案件总是发生于过去，而法官又不可能“重返现场”因而所谓事实不过是根据证据等多种因素重构出来的关于事实的一种可能(a)的判断而已。通过进一步的分析还将发现，作为小前提之事实，不仅仅事实上是、并且应当是关于事实真相的赝品。当然，良善的法官有义务在诸多关于事实的可能判断中择取出在当前诉讼程序、面对当前具体条件时最具可接受性的那一个——而这,其实就是作为小前提之事实的本质,也就是所谓 “最佳赝品”。
【Abstract】In today's mainstream viewpoint，the fact as minor premise in judicial syllogism is，and should be，truth of fact. However，the fact as minor premise is just a judgement or opinion of fact because nobody could go back to the scene related to the case，which means that we could do nothing more than fabricating and reconstructing the fact by fragments of the case that already happened in past. In other words，it is normal that there are many possible judgements and opinions of the fact as minor premise in judicial syllogism. As such，we must admit and accept that there is no truth but only fakes of fact in the justice field and the only realistic target is to seek the best fake which is the most persuasive one in all jdge-ments and opinions of fact.司法部2019年度国家法治与法学理论研究项目重点课题“基于裁判逻辑的司法评鉴制度构建研究”（19SFB1001
Power Struggle and the Racial Factors of the American Anti-abortion Movement in the 19th Century
No full text原祖杰，四川大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师，历史学博士；周曼斯,四川大学历史文化学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】19世纪下半叶，美国中产阶级妇女为了摆脱无节制生、养子女对身心的折磨及束缚，率先以避孕及堕胎的方式来控制生育，其中堕胎逐渐成为妇女控制生育的重要方式。然而，职业医师认为堕胎导致美国白人妇女生育率的下降,于是发起反堕胎运动。他们一方面利用科学和道德话语面向公众，尤其是女性推广其反堕胎理念;另一方面游说地方各州的立法机构，以立法的形 式“监管”和“惩治”妇女的堕胎行为，促使美国由胎动期前堕胎合法的国家转为堕胎违法的国家。然而，反堕胎运动的背后蕴藏着职业医师追求权威地位和经济利益的行业诉求，亦体现了以美国中产阶级职业医师为代表的盎格鲁-撒克逊族裔本土白人对社会转型时期人口-种族结构失衡、社会道德滑坡等问题的应对。
【Abstract】In the second half of the 19th century，the US middle-class women made use of contraception and abortion methods to control birth，breaking free of the physical and mental torture and shackles of uncontrolled birth and childrearing. Abortion has gradually become an important method of birth control for women. Facing the sharply declining fertility rates of white women in the US，professional physicians launched an anti-abortion campaign. On the one hand，they used scientific and ethical discourse to promote their anti-abortion concepts to the public，especially women，while on the other hand，they lobbied the legislatures of each state. At the end of the 19th century，almost all US states introduced abortion legislation. During the 19th century，the US transformed from a country where abortion was legal to a country where abortion was illegal. However，professional physicians launched the anti-abortion movement for various reasons. They pursued authority status as well as economic benefits，and it also reflected that Anglo-Saxon native whites，represented by middle-class American professional physicians，were anxious for the change of the demographic - racial structure in the era of social transformation. Besides that，the anti-abortion movement was also a response to moral decline in the second half of the 19th century.国家社会科学基金重大项目“十九世纪美国工业化转型中的农村、农业与农民问题研究”(18ZDA211);国家社会科学基金一般项目“美国工业化转型时期的农民状况研究”（16BSS029
Phase separation of Nur77 mediates celastrolinduced mitophagy by promoting the liquidity of p62/SQSTM1 condensates
No full text线粒体是细胞内的一个重要细胞器，不仅是细胞的能量加工厂，还参与诸多细胞过程，其损伤及功能缺陷与人类衰老和癌症、代谢紊乱、神经退行性疾病等严重的疾病有关。因而调控线粒体功能、清除损伤线粒体是药物开发的一条有效途径。张晓坤教授团队长期聚焦核受体Nur77的线粒体调控功能研究,这项研究首次揭示了孤儿核受体Nur77能够发生相分离、进而通过相分离介导了线粒体自噬的分子机制，发现了这一机制在衰老过程和疾病发生发展中的生理功能。厦门大学药学院彭双周博士和陈晓惠博士后为论文共同第一作者，张晓坤教授为通讯作者。藤济生物医药科技有限公司的苏迎博士团队参与了该研究工作。Liquid-liquid phase separation promotes the formation of membraneless condensates that mediate diverse cellular functions, including autophagy of misfolded proteins. However, how phase separation participates in autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy) remains obscure. We previously discovered that nuclear receptor Nur77 (also called TR3, NGFI-B, or NR4A1) translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria to mediate celastrol-induced mitophagy through interaction with p62/SQSTM1. Here, we show that the ubiquitinated mitochondrial Nur77 forms membraneless condensates capable of sequestrating damaged mitochondria by interacting with the UBA domain of p62/SQSTM1. However, tethering clustered mitochondria to the autophagy machinery requires an additional interaction mediated by the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Nur77 and the N-terminal PB1 domain of p62/SQSTM1, which confers Nur77-p62/SQSTM1 condensates with the magnitude and liquidity. Our results demonstrate how composite multivalent interaction between Nur77 and p62/SQSTM1 coordinates to sequester damaged mitochondria and to connect targeted cargo mitochondria for autophagy, providing mechanistic insight into mitophagy.We thank M.T.D.-M and J.M. for providing primary MEFs and p62−/−MEFs73. This work was partially supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (81672749, U1405229, 81741171, and 91429306), Regional Demonstration of Marine Economy Innovative Development Project (16PYY007SF17), Fujian Provincial Science & Technology Department (2017YZ0002), Xiamen Bureau of Science & Technology (3502Z20193004 and 3502Z20150007), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2020M671945).该工作得到了国家自然科学基金委、海洋经济创新地区域示范开发项目、福建省科技厅、厦门市科技局、中国博士后科学基金等的经费支持