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Engineering phototrophic cyanobacteria as a robust platform for production of plant-derived bioactive terpenoids
No full textSymptom Networks in Depression: Temporal Dynamics of Mood, Cognition, and Behavior During Treatment
No full textPurpose: Network models provide valuable insights into the dynamic interplay of symptoms in depression. Key transdiagnostic mechanisms such as repetitive negative thinking, difficulties in emotion regulation, and physical activity contribute to depression’s persistence. Understanding their contemporaneous and temporal relationships could help optimize psychotherapeutic interventions. Methods: Moderately to severely depressed patients (N = 59) from a psychotherapy randomized controlled trial (RCT) were assessed using actigraphy (continuously) and ecological momentary assessment (three prompts per day) during treatment (Mdays = 40.90). Data were aggregated per day, and contemporaneous and temporal networks were estimated using multilevel vector autoregression (mlVAR). Results: The contemporaneous network revealed a strong positive association between difficulties in emotion regulation and repetitive negative thinking (r = 0.50), indicating a strong same-day co-variation. Mood was negatively associated with both mechanisms (difficulties in emotion regulation: r = − 0.29; repetitive negative thinking: r = − 0.36), while physical activity was positively linked to mood (r =.0.19). The temporal network showed positive autoregressive effects for all variables, indicating their persistence from one day to the next. Furthermore, better-than-average mood (within person) was associated with fewer difficulties in emotion regulation on the next day (β = − 0.10), but no other relationships were found. In the temporal network, physical activity showed no sustained influence on mood or other symptoms. Conclusions: These findings indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation, repetitive negative thinking, activity, and mood are closely interlinked within the same day. However, besides consistent autoregressive effects, their temporal interplay over multiple days appears less pronounced, apart from mood influencing difficulties in emotion regulation. The immediate (same day) co-fluctuation between physical activity and mood, without cross-day carry-over, highlights the need for further research on symptom dynamics. Our findings are hypothesis-generating with respect to candidate targets and potential timing; any personalization should be tested prospectively (e.g., in within-person randomized designs). © The Author(s) 2026
JADES: carbon-enhanced, nitrogen-normal compact 980, 242galaxy at z=11.2
No full textOver the past few years James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has been a major workhorse in detecting and constraining the metal enrichment of the first galaxies in the early Universe and finding the source of the ionisation of their interstellar medium. In this work, we present new deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of GS-z11-1, a galaxy at z = 11.28, in which we report the detection of multiple rest-frame UV and optical emission lines: CIII]lambda lambda 1907,09, CIV]lambda lambda 1548,51, [OII]lambda lambda 3726,29, [NeIII]lambda 3869, H gamma and tentative evidence for HeII lambda 1640. The ionisation properties of GS-z11-1 are consistent with star formation, with potential contribution from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We estimate a galaxy stellar mass of log(M-& lowast;/M-circle dot) = 7.8 +/- 0.2 and log(SFR/(M-circle dot yr(-1)))= 0.32 +/- 0.11 for the fiducial SF-only models. We measured C/O from the SED modelling of C/O = 1.20 +/- 0.15x solar. This is one of the highest C/O abundances at z>10, and it is consistent with either PopII and PopIII enrichment paths. Despite this source being extremely compact, with a half-light radius of 73 +/- 10 pc, we see no increased equivalent width of NIV] and NIII] emission lines as seen in some other compact sources at similar redshifts, a potential signature of second-generation stars in GCs. Overall, this galaxy exhibits low metallicity and high ionisation parameter consistent with intense star-formation or AGN activity in the early Universe, possibly observed before the enrichment by the second generation of stars in proto-globular clusters in the core of the galaxy
Saliva and salivary pellicle composition and proteomic profile in smokers vs. non-smokers and its effect on dental erosion
No full textObjective:To analyse the salivary composition and proteomic profile of saliva and the salivary pellicle in smokers compared to non-smokers, and to examine potential differences in the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle.Methods:Twenty-five smokers and 25 non-smokers were included. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were analysed regarding flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and protein content. Saliva and salivary pellicle samples were analysed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteome profiling. In an in situ experiment, intraoral splints were loaded with bovine enamel and dentine specimens for 120 min. Pellicle-covered specimens were extraorally eroded (HCl, pH 2.3, 60 s). Calcium release was determined photometrically and compared to pellicle-free controls.Results:Except for phosphate in stimulated saliva (padj.=0.003), salivary parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. Proteome profiling detected 1759±154 proteins (cumulative 1963) in saliva, and 4262±362 proteins (cumulative 4625) in the salivary pellicle. The relative abundances of 282 (unstimulated saliva), 338 (stimulated saliva), and 4 (salivary pellicle) protein groups differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially abundant human proteins revealed biological processes such as coagulation, immune response, and carcinogenic reactive oxygen species processes to be impacted by smoking. The salivary pellicle had a significant erosion-protective effect in enamel compared to the control (41.4 ± 6.3 nmol/mm2), but no differences between smokers (33.2 ± 10.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) and non-smokers (32.7 ± 8.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) were found.Conclusion:The proteomic profiles of both unstimulated and stimulated saliva and the salivary pellicle differ between smokers and non-smokers.Clinical significance:Despite the different proteomic profiles indicating a significant impact of smoking on the oral cavity, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of smokers and non-smokers does not differ
Enduring constraints on grammar revealed by Bayesian spatiophylogenetic analyse
No full textHuman languages show astonishing variety, yet their diversity is constrained by recurring patterns. Linguists have long argued over the extent and causes of these grammatical ‘universals’. Using Grambank—a comprehensive database of grammatical features across the world’s languages—we tested 191 proposed universals with Bayesian analyses that account for both genealogical descent and geographical proximity. We find statistical support for about a third of the proposed linguistic universals. The majority of these concern word order and hierarchical universals: two types that have featured prominently in earlier work. Evolutionary analyses show that languages tend to change in ways that converge on these preferred patterns. This suggests that, despite the vast design space of possible grammars, languages do not evolve entirely at random. Shared cognitive and communicative pressures repeatedly push languages towards similar solutions
JADES and BlackTHUNDER: rest-frame Balmer-line absorption and the local environment in a Little Red Dot at z=5
No full textWe present a 'Little Red Dot' (LRD) broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z = 5.077 observed with NIRSpec/MSA (micro-shutter assembly) and NIRSpec/IFU (integral-field unit) by the JADES (JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey) and BlackTHUNDER (Black holes in THe early Universe aNd their DensE surRoundings) surveys. Combining spatially resolved and high-resolution spectroscopy, we characterize its central engine, host, and environment. Ho has multiple components, including two broad Gaussians, yielding a black-hole mass log(M-center dot/M-circle dot) = 7.65, while [O III]lambda 5007 gives a galaxy dynamical mass log(M-dyn/M-circle dot) 9.1, suggesting an overmassive black hole relative to the host galaxy. The target is immersed in a 7-kpc wide pool of ionized gas and has three neighbours: a satellite galaxy, a possible satellite/gas cloud, and a tentatively detected spatially detached outflow. Hoa shows strong, rest-frame absorption, deeper than the continuum, ruling out a stellar origin. The velocity and velocity dispersion are V-ahs-13 km s(-1) and sigma(abs) = 120 km s(-1). There is tentative evidence (2.6 sigma) of temporal variability in the equivalent width of the Hot absorber over two rest-frame months, suggesting a highly dynamic nucleus. Notably, while the Ha absorber is clearly visible and even dominant in the high-resolution G395H observations, it is not detected in the medium-resolution G395M data of the same epoch. This implies that the current incidence rate of absorbers in LRDs - and especially of rest-frame absorbers - may be severely underestimated, because most LRDs rely on lower resolution spectroscopy. The high incidence rate of rest-frame absorbers in LRDs may indicate a configuration that is either intrinsically stationary, such as a rotating disc, or that exhibits time-averaged stability, such as an oscillatory "breathing mode' accretion with cyclic expansion and contraction of the gas around the supermassive black hole
Characterizing the X-ray variability of QSOs to the highest Eddington ratios and black hole masses with eROSITA light curves
No full textAn important diagnostic of the inner structure of accretion flows onto supermassive black holes are the stochastic flux variations at X-ray wavelengths. Despite its significance, a systematic characterization of the statistical properties of the X-ray variability to the highest Eddington ratios and most massive black holes is still lacking. In this paper, we address this issue using SRG/eROSITA (Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma/extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) five-epoch light curves to characterize the mean X-ray variability of optically selected Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars extending to black holes masses of 10(10) solar and accretion rates close to the Eddington limit. The adopted variability statistic is the ensemble normalized excess variance, which is measured using a novel hierarchical Bayesian model (EBEXVAR) tailored to the Poisson nature of the X-ray light curves. We find a clear anticorrelation of the ensemble variability with black hole mass, extending previous results to time-scales of months. This can be interpreted as evidence for an X-ray corona size and/or physical conditions that scale with black holes mass. We also find an unexpected increase of the ensemble normalized excess variance close to the Eddington limit, which is contrary to the predictions of empirical variability models. This result suggests an additional variability component for fast growing black holes that may be related to systematic variations of the hot corona size with Eddington ratio or shielding of the hot corona by an inner puffed-up disc and/or outflows
Euclid: methodology for derivation of IPC-corrected conversion gain of nonlinear CMOS APS
No full textWe introduce a fast method to measure the conversion gain in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor active pixel sensors, which accounts for nonlinearity and interpixel capacitance (IPC). The standard "mean-variance" method is biased because it assumes that pixel values depend linearly on the signal, and existing methods to correct for nonlinearity still introduce significant biases. While current IPC correction methods are prohibitively slow for a per-pixel application, our new method uses separate measurements of the IPC kernel to calculate the gain almost instantaneously. Using test data from a flight detector of the ESA Euclid mission, the IPC correction recovers the results of slower methods with 0.1% accuracy. The nonlinearity correction ensures that the estimated gain is independent of signal, correcting a bias of more than 2.5%
