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Shaping the human face: Periosteal bone modeling across ontogeny
Get PDFFacial morphology is a defining aspect of Homo sapiens that distinguishes our species from fossil ancestors and plays a central role in estimating age, sex, and ancestry in both past and present populations. Understanding how the face develops during postnatal ontogeny is essential for interpreting adult facial variation. Periosteal bone modeling (i.e., patterns of resorption and formation) provides direct evidence of bone growth activity underlying morphological variation. This study quantifies periosteal bone modeling in a cross-sectional ontogenetic sample of individuals ranging from birth to adulthood from three geographical populations: Western Europe, Greenland, and South Africa. Epoxy replicas were analyzed using digital microscopy to quantify bone resorption, and digital maps of the bone modeling patterns were created for each facial region—brow ridge, zygomatic, maxilla, and mandible—and projected onto three-dimensional surface models. In parallel, geometric morphometric and multivariate statistical analyses were used to evaluate ontogenetic patterns. Results highlight a consistent sequence of resorption and deposition during human ontogeny and a strong pattern of covariation between bone modeling and shape for most facial regions. The face is largely resorptive from early ontogeny, with deposition increasing with age; the maxilla is significantly more resorptive than other facial regions. Greater resorption in the midface corresponds to significant facial growth and development in early ontogeny, and a developmental shift around adolescence marks the transition from primarily downward to more forward-oriented growth. Overall, the combined approach underscores the developmental coordination of the face and suggests that the human facial growth pattern reflects the need to maintain a non-projecting face from birth on. © 2025 The Author(s). The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy
Predictive remapping and allocentric coding as consequences of energy efficiency in recurrent neural network models of active vision
Get PDFDespite moving our eyes from one location to another, our perception of the world is stable—an aspect thought to rely on predictive computations that use efference copies to predict the upcoming foveal input. Are these complex computations and required connectivity scaffolds genetically encoded, or could they emerge from simpler principles? Here, we consider the organism’s limited energy budget as a potential origin. We expose a recurrent neural network to sequences of fixation patches and saccadic efference copies, training the model to minimize energy consumption (preactivation). We show that targeted inhibitory predictive remapping emerges from this energy-efficiency optimization alone. Furthermore, this computation relies on the model’s learned ability to re-code egocentric eye coordinates into an allocentric (image-centric) reference frame. Together, our findings suggest that both allocentric coding and predictive remapping can emerge from energy-efficiency constraints, demonstrating how complex neural computations can arise from simple physical principles
From genetic disposition to academic achievement: The mediating role of non-cognitive skills across development
No full textHuman approach-avoidance conflict behaviour relates to transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom dimensions
No full textTaxation Under Siege: The Intersection of State and Criminal Tax Governance in the Central America’s Northern Triangle
No full textUnderstanding the drivers of carbon-nitrogen cycle variability in CMIP6 ESMs with MAGICC CNit v2.0: Model and calibration updates
Get PDFExploitation: theory and practice
Get PDFHuman history is riddled with forced labor and exploitation. For millennia, enslaved persons played a key role in the economies of the world, both as laborers and as commodities. Today, modern forms of slavery still taint our global supply chains and not few consider their own working conditions as exploitative. Scientifically, several disciplines have contributed to shedding light on exploitative work relationships and their logic by tackling questions like: How can we define exploitation? How are victims recruited and how do exploiters prevent them from freely leaving? Are there lasting effects of a history of exploitation for contemporary societies? In this chapter, we review selected literature from philosophy, economics, and psychology focusing on these and related questions. We provide an overview of how definitions of exploitation have developed from Marx to contemporary thinkers, how these informed theoretical and empirical research in economics, and why workers employed under legally sound contracts can still feel exploited today. The resulting overview identifies important open questions which lie at the heart of ongoing debates in business ethics and beyond
Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114
Get PDFThe Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidate
Leaving academia: Insights from evolutionary biologists on their career transitions and job satisfaction
No full textMany who have obtained PhDs in evolutionary biology will ultimately pursue careers that fall outside a narrow definition of an academic career. At the same time, PhD students and supervisors of PhD students are often ill-informed about career options outside of academia. Here, we report on a survey of evolutionary biologists who have pursued non-academic careers, to understand what careers they pursue, how they transitioned into those careers, how well prepared they were, and how satisfied they are with their current work. Overall, the message from this survey is positive—evolutionary biologists are readily employable outside of academia, generally well-prepared for those jobs, and report high levels of satisfaction in their non-academic careers. We also highlight areas where preparation for non-academic careers could be improved, which might be addressed by individual mentors or PhD training programmes.<br
