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Cavitation in die drawn poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) during second-stage tensile deformation
Get PDFYesPre-oriented poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) samples were prepared by the die drawing process. The stress whitening phenomenon induced by cavities in the different die drawn P4M1P samples during the second-stage tensile deformation was investigated at temperatures below and above Tg. At 30 °C and 50 °C, the cavitation process near yield point is influenced by the fraction of unoriented crystalline phase in pre-oriented samples. Cavities originate from the fracture of the crystalline skeleton at small strains were observed in the sample with a high fraction of unoriented crystalline phase. At high deformation temperature, the small strain cavities were suppressed and the cavitation processes in all die drawn samples are due to the failure of the highly oriented fibrillar network caused by the breaking of the load-bearing interfibrillar/microfibrillar tie molecule chains
In situ monitoring of competitive coformer exchange reaction by 1H MAS Solid-state NMR
No full textYesIn a competitive coformer exchange reaction, a recent topic of interest in pharmaceutical research, the coformer in a pharmaceutical cocrystal is exchanged with another coformer which is expected to form a cocrystal that is more stable. There will be a competition between coformers to form the most stable product through formation of hydrogen bonds. Thus, to monitor each and every step of such reactions, employing a very sensitive technique is crucial. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a very powerful technique that is very sensitive to the hydrogen bond interactions. In this study, an in situ monitoring of a coformer exchange reaction is carried out by 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) at a spinning frequency of 60 KHz. The changes in caffeine maleic acid cocrystals on addition of glutaric acid, and caffeine glutaric cocrystal on addition of maleic acid were monitored. In all the reactions, it has been observed that caffeine glutaric acid Form I is formed. When glutaric acid was added to 2:1 caffeine maleic acid, the formation of metastable 1:1 caffeine glutaric acid Form I was observed, at the start of the experiment, indicating that the centrifugal pressure is enough for the formation. The difference in the end product of the reactions with similar reaction pathway of 1:1 and 2:1 reactant stoichiometry indicate that a complete replacement of maleic acid has only occurred only in the 1:1 stoichiometry of the reactants. The polymorphic transition of caffeine glutaric acid Form II to Form I at higher temperature was crucial reason which triggers the exchange of glutaric acid with maleic acid in the reaction of caffeine glutaric acid and maleic acid. Based on these results, new reaction pathways in competitive coformer exchange reactions could be distinguished, and the remarkable role of stoichiometry, polymorphism, temperature and centrifugal pressure could be established.C.H. acknowledges Department of Science and Technology, India (DST), for the grant of Inspire Fellowship. T.G.A. acknowledges Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (CSIR) for research grants under the 12th 5 year plan project (Grant No. CSC0405)
Interdisciplinary study of human remains from the Early Iron Age cemetery at Zagorje ob Savi (Slovenia)
No full textYesThis paper presents the results of interdisciplinary investigations of human remains, discovered in 2011 at the Early Iron Age cemetery at Zagorje ob Savi (Cesta Borisa l(jdrica) in Slovenia. The present study is a part of a larger isotopic and osteological investigation of Bronze/Iron Age (14th-4th centuries BC) skeletal assemblages from Croatia and Slovenia. The osteological analysis of the six individuals uncovered on this site indicates that they represent the remains of two adult males, two adult females and two infants of unknown sex. The results of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on the bone and dentine collagen extracted from these six individuals is strongly indicative of a terrestrial based diet, including animal-based protein (meat and/or dairy) and a mix of C3 and C4 plants
Mood shapes the impact of reward on perceived fatigue from listening
Get PDFYesKnowledge of the underlying mechanisms of effortful listening could help to reduce cases of social withdrawal and mitigate fatigue, especially in older adults. However, the relationship between transient effort and longer-term fatigue is likely to be more complex than originally thought. Here, we manipulated the presence/absence of monetary reward to examine the role of motivation and mood state in governing changes in perceived effort and fatigue from listening. In an online study, 185 participants were randomly assigned to either a ‘reward’ (n = 91) or ‘no-reward’ (n = 94) group and completed a dichotic listening task along with a series of questionnaires assessing changes over time in perceived effort, mood, and fatigue. Effort ratings were higher overall in the reward group, yet fatigue ratings in that group showed a shallower linear increase over time. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of reward on fatigue ratings via perceived mood state; reward induced a more positive mood state which was associated with reduced fatigue. These results suggest that: (a) listening conditions rated as more ‘effortful’ may be less fatiguing if the effort is deemed worthwhile, and (b) alterations to one’s mood state represents a potential mechanism by which fatigue may be elicited during unrewarding listening situations
Energy related public environmental concerns and intra-firm pay gap in polluting enterprises: Evidence from China
Get PDFYesThis study empirically investigates the impact of energy related public environmental concerns on the pay gap within polluting companies. It uses the extreme environmental event of the PM2.5 surge at the end of 2011, which led to an upsurge in energy related public environmental concerns in China, as a quasi-natural experiment. According to our findings, energy related public environmental concerns lead to a significant increase in the executive–employee pay gap of polluting companies compared to that of non-polluting companies, owing to a significant increase in executive compensation and no significant change in employee income. The effect of energy related public environmental concerns on increasing the pay gap within polluting companies is more significant in samples with high agency costs, poor information transparency, less analyst follow-up, and fewer institutional investors' shareholding. Furthermore, as energy related public environmental concerns exacerbate the polluting firms' internal pay gap, their total factor productivity and investment efficiency fall significantly. In summary, energy related public environmental concerns not only widen the wage gap within polluting enterprises but also worsen their operational and investment efficiency, which has important policy implications for emerging market economies seeking to balance environmental protection and economic development.The authors wew funded by NSFC number (71903199), Fujian Pro vincial Federation of Social Sciences (FJ2023BF045), Guangdong Phi losophy and Social Sciences Project (GD23XYJ08), the Innovation and Talent Base for Digital Technology and Finance (B21038), and "the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities", Zhongnan Univeristy of Economics and Law (2722023EJ002)
Nudging the capabilities for a sustainable city? When the libertarian paternalist meets the Paretian liberal
Get PDFYesThe aim of this chapter is to explore how social choice theory and the capability approach can help in clarifying important ethical dilemmas and issues of injustice that need to be addressed for cities to become sustainable cities. Six types of important injustices are identified covering both intra and inter-generational fairness. Some important criticisms of smart cities are considered and important safeguards and policy priorities for smart cities from the social choice and capability approach framings are identified. The main message of this chapter is that sustainability of cities is an ethical issue and not one of technology or measurement and it is all about the six types of injustices and that cities need to tackle all six of these injustices in their quest to become sustainable. Nudging and smart cities can help but these must be contextualised to priorities participation and equality. Social choice theory as formulated by Amartya Sen provides important insights to understand and deal with conflicts between different demands on freedoms of different individuals.British Academ
Growing Old, but Paying Back: Understanding How Age Influences Corporate Social Innovation Depth and Breadth of Multinationals in Weak Institutional Contexts
Get PDFYesCorporate Social Innovation (CSI) has emerged as a research priority for multinational enterprises (MNEs) due to the increasing popularity of sustainable development solutions addressing wicked problems in the 21st century. Although most studies on CSI have focused on data from developed economies, emphasising the younger generation's forward-looking, sustainable, and environmentally friendly attitudes, there exists a gap in our understanding of the attitude of the older generation towards CSI practices of MNEs operating in emerging economies. The UN's SDG 3 advocates for the well-being of all at all ages. Despite this, healthcare outcomes in global-south countries fall below standard. Therefore, we conducted an in-depth critical analysis of textual data concerning CSI practices of 115 healthcare MNEs operating in 13 emerging economies. We quantified the number of CSI practices in their annual reports and operationalised the dependent variable using an entropy index to calculate the density and percentage score of CSI. Drawing on Upper Echelons, our analysis revealed that older CEOs are likelier to promote, initiate, and implement CSI in greater depth and breadth. These findings present a compelling case supporting the argument that CEOs and board members tend to contribute more to society as they age. We offer empirical evidence supporting the strengthening roles of senior board members and female board chairs. Our findings complement existing CSI studies from developed countries and illustrate how CEO and board characteristics influence the depth and breadth of CSI in emerging economies
The impacts and outcomes of sustainable servitisation: A systematic literature review
No full textYesSustainable servitisation for organisations, as an indispensable part of their sustainable development, has increasingly come to the attention of both academics and practitioners. Whilst the servitisation literature is diverse and growing, our understanding of what sustainable servitisation is and a holistic view of how it is developed and implemented is limited. To address these gaps, we provide a systematic literature review enabled by an active machine-learning tool using 66 journal articles on sustainable servitisation. We have redefined the term sustainable servitisation based on an in-depth literature analysis. From the purview of sustainable servitisation as a mechanism for organisational change, we also synthesised what is known about sustainable servitisation into a holistic framework. Notably, rather than focusing on how sustainable servitisation can be better designed, as most existing studies have done, we argue that a dynamic and processual view of sustainable servitisation is required to advance theoretical and practical knowledge
The effect of corporate ethical responsibility on social and environmental performance: An empirical study
Get PDFYesIn the field of business-to-business marketing, corporate ethical identity and corporate brand identity are crucial subjects for discussion. Business organizations function under social norms, and to establish an ethical identity, they must show corporate ethical responsibility, embrace ethical standards, and maintain open communication with suppliers. While an organization's reputation is impacted by the absence of an ethical identity, its financial success is unaffected. Extant literature has not thrown a spotlight on social and environmental performance which indicates that less focus has been given by academics than by practitioners. To fill the lacuna in the existing literature, this study examines the relationships between corporate ethical identity, corporate brand identity, social and environmental performance. The study uses a deductive research approach and develops hypotheses which are further tested using variance based structural equation modeling. The study offers a distinctive contribution to ethics theory and stakeholder theory by showing that developing an ethical identity requires more than just adhering to moral guidelines and upholding open communication. Companies must show that they are ethically responsible towards society. The study provides evidence of the influence corporate brand identity has on environmental and social performance. The findings can be useful in developing business-to-business marketing strategies
MaDDOSY (Mass Determination Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) using an 80 MHz bench top NMR for the rapid determination of polymer and macromolecular molecular weight
Get PDFYesMeasurement of molecular weight is an integral part of macromolecular and polymer characterization which usually has limitations. Herein, we present the use of a bench-top 80 MHz NMR spectrometer for diffusion-ordered spectroscopy as a practical and rapid approach for the determination of molecular weight/size using a novel solvent and polymer-independent universal calibration.Royal Society. Grant Number: URF∖R1∖180274. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Grant Numbers: EP/V037943/1, EP/V007688/1, EP/V036211/