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Examining inclusivity: the use of AI and diverse populations in health and social care: a systematic review
No full textYesBackground
Artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems are being rapidly integrated into the fields of health and social care. Although such systems can substantially improve the provision of care, diverse and marginalized populations are often incorrectly or insufficiently represented within these systems. This review aims to assess the influence of AI on health and social care among these populations, particularly with regard to issues related to inclusivity and regulatory concerns.
Methods
We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Six leading databases were searched, and 129 articles were selected for this review in line with predefined eligibility criteria.
Results
This research revealed disparities in AI outcomes, accessibility, and representation among diverse groups due to biased data sources and a lack of representation in training datasets, which can potentially exacerbate inequalities in care delivery for marginalized communities.
Conclusion
AI development practices, legal frameworks, and policies must be reformulated to ensure that AI is applied in an equitable manner. A holistic approach must be used to address disparities, enforce effective regulations, safeguard privacy, promote inclusion and equity, and emphasize rigorous validation
Know Thy Enemy? Generating, Negotiating and Codifying Knowledge of Insurgencies into U.S. Counterinsurgency Doctrine, 2004-2006
No full textYesBuilding on existing works which conceptualise doctrine writing as a form of social construction, this article theorises the messy, negotiated processes through which specific forms of knowledge – in this case specific knowledge of insurgencies – are generated, negotiated and codified into doctrine. It illustrates these processes using novel interview data and documentary analysis of drafts and feedback rounds throughout the writing of FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency (2006). This process tracing reveals that far from a linear, objective process of gathering and incorporating knowledge of insurgencies, the codification of knowledge is instead a negotiated, nonlinear process shaped by stakeholder politics and time constraints
Dealing with the Most Responsible for International Crimes: An Evaluation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Warrant of Arrest for Vladimir Putin
No full textYesThe aim of international criminal justice as encapsulated in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is to ensure accountability for international crimes and to close impunity gaps. To this end, the preamble of the Rome Statute declares that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole must not go unpunished and that it is the duty of states to exercise their criminal jurisdictions over those who are most responsible for these crimes. Dealing with the most responsible for international crimes in conflict situations dates to the ad hoc tribunals of the 1990s. With the ICC however, unsuccessful attempts have been made to deal with Uhuru Kenyatta and Omar Al-Bashir former presidents of Kenya and Sudan respectively. Could the ICC’s arrest warrant for President Vladimir Putin be an exception? This paper argues that while there seems to be expectations globally on the ICC to ensure accountability for international crimes committed by the most responsible in the Russo/Ukrainian war, the primary responsibility rests on states. It is proposed that unless the complementarity and cooperation pillars of the ICC are fully activated, the arrest warrant for Putin might go in similar trajectory of others
Climate-Induced Challenges in Humanitarian Operations: Logistical Impediments, Worker Well-being, and the Call for Comprehensive Support
No full textYe
Analysis of a Degree Level Learners Through a Pandemic: The Importance of Vocation-Linked Education for Chemical Scientists in Full Time Education and on Apprenticeship Studies
No full textYesIn 2015 the UK introduced a degree level apprenticeship framework that included creation of a Laboratory Scientist apprenticeship standard to meet demands within the chemical workforce. Here, we review our experience of a Laboratory Scientist (Chemistry) degree apprenticeship against a traditional BSc programme through presenting a case study that compares the progression of the students enrolled on these two equivalent chemistry degrees. Both courses shared the same BSc degree curriculum and content, however, the traditional BSc course was delivered as a full-time course and the apprenticeship as a part-time, online course. The course content, learning objectives and assessment structures were identical for the majority of these two programmes. During the pandemic, the mode of delivery on the two courses became closely aligned, enabling a meaningful comparison of learner attainment. We found that the module enrolment pass rate was significantly higher for the part-time apprentice students, demonstrating that vocation-linked learning is a vital tool in our educational arsenal and which suggests more focus should be given to the support and growth of degree level apprenticeship programmes.The full text will be available at the end of the publisher's embargo period: 2nd July 202
Cone beam CT in the imaging of musculoskeletal trauma: A scoping review
No full textYesIntroduction
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an emerging technology in musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging. The objective of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the research surrounding CBCT utility in bony injury assessment as an alternative to other imaging modalities and investigate any gaps in the current evidence base.
Methods
MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed were searched up to January 2025 for articles including CBCT studies on human participants following trauma. An online literature review tool was used to manage and streamline the review process.
Results
The search yielded 23 studies. The image quality and diagnostic accuracy of CBCT were high overall, and a number of studies confirmed the radiation dose to be lower than multislice CT. Studies examined CBCT for extremity trauma, with half the studies focused solely on the wrist. The utility appears greatest in the identification of radiographically occult fractures. Limited cost-effectiveness analysis has been undertaken.
Conclusions
Overall, the literature suggests CBCT can be an effective tool in the diagnosis of bony injuries with greater sensitivity than radiography at a lower radiation dose than multi-slice computed tomography. However, evaluation of wider patient and economic impacts of adopting CBCT in MSK trauma pathways is recommended
Internet of Things botnets: A survey on Artificial Intelligence based detection techniques
No full textYesThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a game changer when it comes to digitisation across industries. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), brought about a paradigm shift indeed, unlocking possibilities and taking industries to greater heights never reached before in terms of cost saving and improved performance leading to increased productivity and profits, just to mention a few. While there are more benefits provided by IoT, there are challenges arising from the complexities, limitations and requirements of IoT and key enabling technologies. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the most prevalent and dominant cyber-attacks that have been making headlines repeatedly in recent years. IoT technology has increasingly become the preferred technology for delivering these cyber-attacks. It does not come as a surprise that IoT devices are an attractive target for adversaries, as they are easy to compromise due to inherent limitations and given that they are deployed in large numbers. This paper reviews IoT botnet detection approaches proposed in recent years. Furthermore, IoT ecosystem components are outlined, revealing their challenges, limitations and key requirements that are vital to securing the whole ecosystem. These include cloud computing, Machine Learning (ML) and emerging wireless technologies: 5G and 6G
Customer evangelists: Elevating hospitality through digital competence, brand image, and corporate social responsibility
No full textYesIn the contemporary digital landscape, the frontline employees' proficiency in forging relationships holds immense strategic importance for organizational success. This study examines the impact of frontline employees' digital competence, proactive assistance, and relationship-building on customer brand evangelism with the mediating role of brand image and the moderating role of perceived corporate social responsibility. The research utilizes a time-lagged data collection approach, employing a multistage random sampling method to gather data from patrons visiting both five and four-star hotels. The data collection spans two points in time, separated by a four-week interval. This study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS v. 4 to analyze the proposed relationships, ensuring robust analysis for complex models. Findings suggest that the digital competence, proactive support, and interpersonal skills of frontline staff significantly contribute to the emergence of brand evangelists directly and through the mediation of corporate image. This study highlights the pivotal function of frontline employees within the domain of sales and marketing, particularly in the context of hospitality management, in influencing customer perceptions and cultivating brand evangelism
'What is Your Job?": A Qualitative Analysis of the Deployment, Utilisation, and Contribution of Support Workers in Diagnostic Imaging Services in England
No full textYesSupport workers (SWs) form the largest section of the NHS workforce, and the ongoing NHS workforce crisis underscores the need for their efficient utilisation. This study explored the deployment of imaging SWs within NHS radiology departments in England, forming part of a larger multiphase research project funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). It involved multi-centre case studies across nine radiology departments, employing a thematic analysis of focus groups and interviews with a range of radiology staff, including SWs themselves (n = 113). Results showed that recruitment of SWs was generally not challenging, however, retention was variable potentially due to limited opportunities for career progression and a lack of role understanding. Deployment strategies varied significantly across sites, which sometimes influenced SW effectiveness and were often selected for service need rather than SW development. Role scope was often unclear and training inconsistent which may exacerbate poor role understanding, and the lack of clear career pathways outside of professional registration conflicted with SWs' strong desire for progression. SWs are highly valued, crucial to operational efficiency and excellent patient care. Efficient deployment of SWs within NHS radiology services is crucial for alleviating workforce shortages and improving service delivery, however, this is impeded by the variability in role definition and deployment practices evidenced in this study. Standardising role titles, responsibilities, and training, and creating clear progression pathways could help to fully harness the capabilities of SWs in healthcare settings. National frameworks offer recommendations for standardisation, but this study suggests implementation remains inconsistent or delayed.NIHR (NIHR - NIHR133813
Examining the decision criteria for BIM-LCA: A case study
No full textYesThe mainstay of the extant literature on BIM-LCA has concentrated on comparing two materials for building elements and selecting the most environmentally friendly option based on the quantitative results from the LCA analysis. This current approach, while useful, raises issues about its robustness, necessitating a critical analysis of the decision criteria and areas for improvement. Therefore, this study examines the BIM-LCA decision-making process to identify gaps for improvement. A case study approach was used, which focused on multiple flooring systems in an office building in Sydney. Revit, as a BIM tool, was used to model the design and the Tally® BIM plug-in application based on Sydney climatic data was used to perform TRACI LCA analysis. The results revealed that hardwood flooring systems performed well against the nylon-based carpet in some environmental impacts indicators (EIIs), i.e., global warming potential (7673.5 5,766 MJ). Whilst nylon-based carpet performed better than hard finishes in other EIIs, i.e., acidification (37.5357 < 66.5156 SO₂eq), eutrophication (7.26639 < 7.34547 kg Neq), smog formation (465.1< 1355.75 Kg O₃eq) and non-renewable energy demand (185,720 <198251 MJ). The results show an inconclusive basis for decision-making. The findings led to discussing potential areas for improving the BIM-LCA decision-making process