4 research outputs found
It takes a village: Coordination and directionality in sustainable food systems
No full text“It takes a village to raise a child” is a famous African proverb. Over the course of many hours of interviews with many different stakeholders in Uganda, there was an echo of this sentiment in working with agricultural cooperatives. In fact, one interviewed cooperative board member described his own cooperative as ‘a child learning to walk’. The strong, successful agricultural cooperatives operating in food systems today have been built over long periods of time with support from various policies, development programmes and individuals. In this thesis, the ‘village’ is explored in different ways. On the one hand, farmers are situated within local communities, interact with other local actors and receive support from various local partners. On the other hand, these farmers are part of the increasingly ‘global village’ of international markets and food systems; competing and collaborating with others to deliver their produce to markets.
The current food systems in which these farmers operate face multiple social and environmental challenges. These challenges require cross-disciplinary and high impact solutions (Klerkx & Begemann, 2020; Kanter & Boza, 2020; Kok & Klerkx, 2023). In developing contexts, these challenges are often interlinked and exacerbated ‒ droughts, floods and other climate change disasters worsen food security and poverty rates. Many of these farmers are smallholders who organise themselves into farmer groups and cooperatives to improve their position within agricultural food systems (Drivas & Giannakas, 2010; Bijman et al, 2016; Bijman & Hohler, 2023). There is increasing global acknowledgement from researchers, multilateral organisations and policy makers that in order to help producers tackle wicked challenges, current food systems need to be transformed, and a wide range of actors need to coordinate more closely (Pigford et al., 2018; Weber et al., 2020). This suggests a sharpened focus on directionality within food systems towards environmental and social goals. As such, this thesis explores relevant systems-thinking and frameworks which provide deeper understanding on when, how and to what degree actors coordinate for more sustainable and equitable food systems as well as the drivers for coordination. The thesis focuses on two seemingly different and unrelated agricultural contexts: Ireland and Uganda. Through a central case study of Tororo Groundnut Growers Cooperative Society (TGGC) in Uganda which is supported by an Irish International Development Organisation (Self Help Africa) and a local Irish social enterprise (Partners in Learning), these contexts are woven together.This research was supported by the Teagasc Walsh Scholarship Programme (2020-2024), the University of Galway and Self Help Africa
Modeling Agricultural Trade Liberalization. A Review.
No full textThe paper reviews the models used in the past 10 years or so to analyze the expected effects of liberalizing agricultural trade. The main aim of the paper it to provide the reader with an overview of models which have been used to assess, first, during the Uruguay Round, the implications of alternative hypothetical trade liberalization scenarios, then, the Agreement itself, and, more recently, the implications of further steps in liberalizing agricultural markets as a result of the on going WTO negotiations. The conclusion reached is that the efforts to model agricultural trade and trade policies, taken as a whole, are not fully satisfactory. Although several models offer accurate representations of international agricultural markets and trade policies, many others, including several developed and used by governments and relevant multilateral institutions, are structurally incapable of providing reliable answers to some of the policy questions they are asked to address. The final part of the paper identifies priorities for actions to be taken for improving modeling of trade policies and WTO commitments.International Relations/Trade,
A survey of recent estimates of price elasticities of demand for transport
No full textThis paper reviews 70 estimates of the price elasticity of demand for many different transport modes and market situations. The paper presents figures separately for passenger and freight transport and include estimates of both own-price and mode choice elasticities. It also presents some elasticity estimates on demand for gasoline, together with selected cross-price elasticities. In addition, it includes a brief exposition on the different concepts of elasticity - compensated, uncompensated, price, cross-price and mode choice - and discusses the relations between them. This paper shows that, since transportation is a derived demand, it tends to be inelastic. Although the review is confined to estimates of price elasticities, it notes that quality variables are often more important than price, particularly in the air, motor freight, and container markets. Finally, most of the estimates relate to developed countries, reflecting the availabilty of data, research resources, and domicile of the researchers. The elasticity estimates are nevertheless thought to be relevant to developing countries as well. But since intermodal competition is generally less intense in developing countries, this tends to make transport demand more inelastic, although the lower income levels in such countries may partly offset this effect.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Consumption
Minbar al-Sharq, No.349 (vol. 24, Mar. 30, 1945)
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