220 research outputs found
Climbing the African energy ladder: internal and external factors influencing household demand for improved cookstoves and modern fuels in sub-Saharan Africa
Full text linkBrouwer, R. [Promotor]Beukering, P.J.H. van [Copromotor
The role of marine protected areas in alleviating poverty in the Asia-Pacific
No full text[Extract] Small-scale fishers in developing countries depend heavily on near-shore marine fish capture (Pauly 2006, SOFIA 2008). Yet marine fisheries in many developing countries are underregulated and overfished (Agnew et al. 2009, Le Gallic and Cox 2006, Varkey et al. 2009). Global marine capture fish production peaked in the mid-1980s, and one in three marine fisheries are now considered overfished (SOFIA 2008, Worm et al. 2009). The overlapping issues of local livelihoods and fisheries management are particularly apparent in coastal coral reefs
Economic valuation methods for ecosystem services
No full textVarious valuation methods exist and have been applied to estimate the values of different ecosystem services. The methods reflect the extent to which the services provided by ecosystems touch on the welfare of society either as direct determinants of individuals’ well-being (e.g. as consumer goods) or via production processes (e.g. as intermediate goods). The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of available valuation methods, to discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and to provide guidance on when to use which method. In doing so we do not aim to be comprehensive; extensive details of the underlying theory and on the actual practice of applying the valuation methods are provided in general texts, including Braden and Kolstad (1991), Freeman (2003), Bateman et al. (2002), Mitchell and Carson (1989), Champ et al. (2003), Bockstael and McConnell (2007), and Kanninen (2007). A number of economic valuation methods have been developed to estimate the value of changes in ecosystem services. An important distinction is between market-based and non-market-based valuation methods. Market-based valuation means that existing market behavior and market transactions are used as the basis for the valuation exercise. Economic values are derived from actual market prices for ecosystem services, both when they are used as inputs in production processes (production values) and when they provide direct outputs (consumption values). By observing how much of an ecosystem service is bought and sold at different prices, it is possible to infer directly how people value that good. Examples of market-based methods are the use of direct market prices, net factor income and production function methods, and the calculation of replacement costs, defensive expenditures, and avoided damage costs.</p
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