14 research outputs found
The politics of fashion: perceptions of power in female clothing and ornamentation as reflected in the sixteenth-century Chinese novel Jin Ping Mei
Get PDFThis thesis examines issues of female power and influence in sixteenth-century China focusing on how women and their roles were perceived in the changing social environment of the mid-late Ming dynasty. Using aspects of a New Historicist approach, information from contemporary literary and historical sources are analysed alongside each other. With its emphasis on the lives of women and preoccupation with the description of material objects, the late Ming novel Jin Ping Mei forms an important element in the thesis. China in the sixteenth century saw expanding urbanisation, the emergence of a new wealthy merchant class, increasing visibility of women and a questioning of traditional morality. Fashion consciousness, as one of the most conspicuous aspects of the new material culture, is a possible indicator of these trends. Traditional Western theories contend that fashion began in the particular context of Renaissance Europe. However, this study argues that a similar fashion awareness existed in China too, and was manifested in a competitive striving for social status, in this case specifically among women. In contrast to previous studies which downplayed the impact women had on defining traditional Chinese culture, this thesis demonstrates how women and their sartorial choices began to redefine the boundaries of material culture, influencing literati discourse which, in turn, re- influenced female behaviour
Toward the Total Synthesis of Palhinine A: Expedient Assembly of Multifunctionalized Isotwistane Ring System with Contiguous Quaternary Stereocenters
No full textThe stereoselective, expedient assembly of the key functionalized isotwistane (bridged tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]decane) system, 5/6/6 ring, with contiguous quaternary stereocenters in Lycopodium alkaloid palhinine A and its analogues via an intramolecular Diels-Alder strategy is described.Chemistry, OrganicSCI(E)0ARTICLE143696-36991
Total Synthesis of the Diterpenoid (+)â Harringtonolide
Get PDFDescribed herein is the first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)â harringtonolide, a natural diterpenoid with an unusual tropone imbedded in a cagelike framework. The key transformations include an intramolecular Dielsâ Alder reaction and a rhodiumâ complexâ catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition to install the tetracyclic core as well as a highly efficient tropone formation.Ever more rings: The first asymmetric total synthesis of the diterpenoid (+)â harringtonolide is described. The key features include an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, an intramolecular Dielsâ Alder reaction, chemoselective functionalization of an olefin in the presence of an acetylenic group, a rhodiumâ catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition, and efficient formation of the tropone.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137303/1/anie201605879-sup-0001-misc_information.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137303/2/anie201605879_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137303/3/anie201605879.pd
The China Mental Health Survey (CMHS): I. background, aims and measures
No full textThe China Mental Health Survey (CMHS) is the first nationally representative community survey on mental disorders and mental health services in China. One-step diagnoses for mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-3.0 (CIDI-3.0), according to the criteria and definition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). A two-step procedure was applied for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, using psychosis screening section in CIDI-3.0 as a screening instrument and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID) as a diagnostic tool. Dementia was diagnosed by the 10/66 dementia diagnosis package in a two-step design. The main aims of the CMHS were: (1) to investigate the prevalence of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and dementia; (2) to obtain data of service use of individuals with mental disorders in China; and (3) to analyse the social and psychological risk factors or correlates of mental disorders and mental health services. This paper presents a brief review of the background of the CMHS, its aims and measures.National "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" for Science & Technology Support of the Ministry of Science and Technology [2012BAI01B01, 2015BAI13B00]; Special Research Project for Non-profit Public Service of Ministry of Health [201202022]; Brains hospital of Hunan Province; Changchun City Mental Hospital; Changde Recovery Hospital of Hunan Province; Chifeng Anding Hospital; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Guangdong Mental Health Centre; Guizhou Second People's Hospital; Hainan Provincial Anning Hospital; Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital; Hengyang Mental Health Centre of Hunan Province; Huzhou Third People's Hospital; Jiangxi Mental Health Centre; Jingzhou Mental Health Centre of Hubei Province; Luoyang Rongkang Hospital of Henan Province; Mental Health Centre of Wuhan City; Mental Health Centre of Xi'an City; Nanjing Brain Hospital; Ningxia Minkang Hospital; Shandong Mental Health Centre; Shenyang 242 Hospital; Suzhou Guangji Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; First Specialized Subject Hospital of Harbin; People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Third People's Hospital of Panzhihua City; Third People's Hospital of Qinghai Province; Tianshui Mental Hospital of Gansu Province; Wuxi Mental Health Centre; Yuxi Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province; Zigong Mental Health CentreSCI(E)[email protected]
Spatial and temporal variety of prehistoric human settlement and its influencing factors in the upper Yellow River valley, Qinghai Province, China
No full textWe report an investigation of forty-two prehistoric sites in the upper Yellow River valley located in Guide, Jianzha, Hualong, Xunha and Minhe, Qinghai Province, China, including forty-four new radiocarbon dates from twenty-four sites, review published archaeological surveys and radio-carbon dates, analyze landform features and discuss the reasons for spatial and temporal variety of regional prehistoric human settlement. Our results suggest that people occupied the upper Yellow River valley during the early Holocene, but a continuous archaeological record begins only after about 5500 Cal yr BP. Thereafter, the intensity of prehistoric human settlement in the area is varied. Neolithic human settlement spread northwestward to high altitude areas of the upper Yellow River valley during early-mid Majiayao and Qijia periods, but moved southeastward to lower locations in the area during late Majiayao period. During the Bronze period, two coeval archaeological cultures, the Kayue and Xindian, occupied the upper Yellow River Region. Kayue archaeological sites are numerous and widely distributed in the high areas of the upper Yellow River, while Xindian sites are restricted to the lowest basin of the region. Variation in site density and location are likely the result of changing paleoclimate and technology. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000316834100030&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701AnthropologyArchaeologyGeosciences, MultidisciplinaryA&HCISCI(E)SSCI27ARTICLE52538-25464
Tectonic, climatic, and diagenetic control of magnetic properties of sediments from Kumano Basin, Nankai margin, southwestern Japan
No full textIntegrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 was cored in the Kumano Basin, which is a forearc basin in the Nankai margin of southwest Japan. The uppermost 1052.5 m of sediment in the accretionary prism, slope, and overlying forearc basin was recovered discontinuously during Expedition 315. Magnetic minerals from Site C0002 were studied to understand sedimentary, tectonic, and diagenetic processes in this forearc environment. Four rock magnetic units (A, B, C, and D) are identified. In the forearc basin sediments of Unit A, high concentrations of detrital magnetic iron oxides in surface sediments give way to progressive diagenetic dissolution with depth. Nevertheless, large titanomagnetite particles survived diagenetic dissolution along with magnetic nanoinclusions within host silicates that preserve a relict magnetic signal that records climatic modulation of sediment delivery to the Kumano Basin. The authigenic iron sulphides, ferrimagnetic greigite and paramagnetic pyrite, formed in association with gas hydrates and anaerobic oxidation of methane in the forearc basin sediments of Unit B. Methane venting from deeper within the slope sediments of Unit C and accretionary prism sediments of Unit D has given rise to formation of pyrite aggregates along sediment fractures and has contributed to further diagenetic depletion of magnetic signals in these units. Structural evolution of the Kumano Basin has caused migration of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) through time so that the Site C0002 sediments record both the present and fossil GHSZ positions. Magnetic properties of Kumano Basin sediments provide insights into the interplay between diagenetic, climatic, and tectonic processes that controlled the sedimentary evolution of this forearc basin.National Natural Science Foundation of China [41576062, 41422202, 41688103, 91128102]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2652015297, 2652015162]; Gas Hydrate Database Project [DD20160227]; Australian Research Council [DP160100805]SCI(E)ARTICLE1-1239
Gridded atmospheric emission inventory of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in China
No full textEstablishment of the dioxins emission inventory has been considered as a crucial step toward risk assessment and elimination of dioxins contaminations. Based on a total dioxin emission inventory in China from different emission categories in 2004, this study created a gridded emission inventory of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the most toxic congener in dioxins, in China in 2009 with a 1/4 degrees longitude by 1/4 degrees latitude resolution. It was estimated that annually total 371 +/- 53 g (average +/- standard deviation) of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was released into the atmosphere in 2009 over China, increasing approximately by 37% compared with its emission in 2004. Differing from most developed countries where municipal waste incinerations were regarded as a major atmospheric emission source, in China ferrous and non-ferrous metal production made the largest contribution to 2,3,7,8-TCDD air emission (138 +/- 16 g), followed by waste incineration (109 +/- 12 g), power and heating generation (62 +/- 9 g), and production of mineral products (47 +/- 8 g). The rest of sources contributed approximately 3% to the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD emission in 2009. Iron and steel industries are mainly located in Beijing Tianjin Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, whereas waste incinerators are mainly located in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Higher 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions were found in these three regions. While the BTH, YRD, and PRD accounted for only about 4% of total land area of China, they contributed approximately 14%, 15%, and 5% to the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD emission in 2009 in China, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Establishment of the dioxins emission inventory has been considered as a crucial step toward risk assessment and elimination of dioxins contaminations. Based on a total dioxin emission inventory in China from different emission categories in 2004, this study created a gridded emission inventory of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the most toxic congener in dioxins, in China in 2009 with a 1/4 degrees longitude by 1/4 degrees latitude resolution. It was estimated that annually total 371 +/- 53 g (average +/- standard deviation) of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was released into the atmosphere in 2009 over China, increasing approximately by 37% compared with its emission in 2004. Differing from most developed countries where municipal waste incinerations were regarded as a major atmospheric emission source, in China ferrous and non-ferrous metal production made the largest contribution to 2,3,7,8-TCDD air emission (138 +/- 16 g), followed by waste incineration (109 +/- 12 g), power and heating generation (62 +/- 9 g), and production of mineral products (47 +/- 8 g). The rest of sources contributed approximately 3% to the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD emission in 2009. Iron and steel industries are mainly located in Beijing Tianjin Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, whereas waste incinerators are mainly located in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Higher 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions were found in these three regions. While the BTH, YRD, and PRD accounted for only about 4% of total land area of China, they contributed approximately 14%, 15%, and 5% to the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD emission in 2009 in China, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Parenthood and the risk of cardiovascular diseases among 0.5 million men and women: findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank
Get PDFBackground: Women’s parity has been associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear, however, whether it reflects biological effects of childbearing or uncontrolled socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with childrearing. We assessed the association between number of children and incident CVD outcomes separately in women and men. Methods: In 2004-08, the nationwide China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 0.5 million individuals aged 30-79 from 10 diverse regions. During 7 years of follow-up, 24 432 incident cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) and 35 736 of stroke were recorded among 489 762 individuals without prior CVD. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CHD and stroke associated with number of children. Results: Overall, 98% of all participants had children and the mean number of children declined progressively from 4 in older participants to 1-2 in younger participants. Compared with childless women, women with children had an increased risk of CHD, but not of stroke (HR [95% CI]: 1.14 [1.00; 1.30], and 1.03 [0.92; 1.16]). Corresponding results for men were 1.20 (1.06; 1.35), and 1.13 (1.03; 1.24), respectively. In individuals with children, there was a log-linear association between number of children and CVD outcomes; in women each additional child was associated with adjusted RRs of 1.02 (1.01; 1.04) for CHD and 1.02 (1.01; 1.03) for stroke, similar in magnitude to that in men (1.03 [1.01; 1.04) for CHD, and 1.02 [1.01; 1.03) for stroke). Conclusion: In Chinese adults, the association between the number of children and risk of CHD and stroke was similar between men and women, suggesting that factors associated with parenthood and childrearing are more likely to affect the risk of CVD outcomes than factors associated with childbearing
Patterns and socio-demographic correlates of domain-specific physical activities and their associations with adiposity in the China Kadoorie Biobank study
Get PDFBackground: Domain-specific physical activities may have different correlates and health effects, but few large studies have examined these questions, especially their separate associations with adiposity. Methods: We analysed cross-sectional data of 466 605 adults without any prior chronic diseases, enrolled during 2004–8, from 10 diverse localities across China. Physical activity level in each of 4 domains (occupation, commuting, household, and active-recreation), calculated as metabolic equivalent (MET)-hr/day, was related to social-demographic factors and measures of adiposity (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and bio-impedance derived percentage body fat), using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. Results: The overall mean age was 50.8 years. The mean total physical activity was 21.7 MET-hr/day, mainly from occupation (62%) and household chores (26%), but little from active-recreation (4%), with women having a much higher household activity than men. Older participants had a lower level of occupational activity but a higher level of household and active-recreational activity, particularly after retirement. There was no linear association of occupational activity with adiposity, but working women tended to have a lower adiposity (e.g. 1.0 cm WC) than non-working women. In men, there was an inverse and apparently linear association between adiposity and levels of both commuting-related and household activities, with 3 MET-hr/day associated with -0.11 and -0.13 kg/m2 BMI, -0.42 and -0.62 cm WC, and -0.28 and -0.33 percentage points of body fat, respectively. In women, only household activity showed a linear, but weaker, association with adiposity. A higher adiposity was observed among men and women with higher levels of active-recreational activity. Conclusions: In Chinese adults, physical activity mainly involves occupation and housework, with little from active-recreational activity. Domain-specific physical activities varied by socio-demographic factors and had different associations with adiposity
