528 research outputs found
[[alternative]]The Regulatory effect of Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang on Immunoglobulin
No full text[[abstract]]四君子湯是補氣的基本處方，以黨參為主藥，佐以健脾利水的白朮、
茯苓，再配合有調和諸藥作用的炙甘草所構成。本實驗探討四君子湯
50%熱乙醇萃取液，對人類Ｂ淋巴球分泌免疫球蛋白(Ig)的調節作用。
四君子湯複方、單方，分別加入人類周邊血液與扁桃腺單核細胞
(PMNC、TMNC)培養基中四天後計算細胞總數與存活率，上清液測定Ig
分泌量。中藥對PMNC之實驗結果顯示，中藥均不影響細胞總數，四君子湯
抑制細胞存活率及IgE和IgM的分泌，茯苓抑制細胞存活率及IgE的分泌，
炙甘草抑制IgE分泌，黨參及白朮對細胞存活率及Ig分泌則無影響。
中藥對TMNC之實驗結果顯示，茯苓至抑制細胞總數，其餘中藥則
不影響細胞總數。茯苓、黨參、四君子湯，抑制細胞存活率，
白朮、炙甘草則不影響存活率。茯苓抑制TMNC產生IgM，
但不影響IgA、IgG之分泌。黨參抑制IgA、IgM，但不影響IgG。白朮抑制
IgA ，但不影響IgG、IgM，炙甘草抑制IgM，對IgA、IgG之分泌則無影響，
四君子湯則抑制IgA、IgG、IgM。中藥對PMNC、TMNC純化之Ｂ淋巴球的實驗
結果顯示，四君子湯複方、單方，都不影響細胞總數、存活率與Ig的分泌
。為瞭解中藥如何影響IgE的分泌，實驗進一步以U266IgE分泌細胞株(Cell
line)重複上述實驗，發現茯苓、黨參、四君子湯，都抑制細胞總數與存活
率，白朮、炙甘草則否，茯苓、黨參、白朮、四君子湯都抑制IgE的分泌，
炙甘草則無影響。本實驗結果證實，四君子湯確實對人類Ｂ淋巴球活性及
分泌免疫球蛋白(Ig)有調節作用，且依細胞來源不同，其影響程度亦有差
異。
Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang is one of the widely used Chinese herbal medi-
cine. In this study, human B lymphocytes were in vitro treated
with 50% hot ethanol extract of Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang and its four
major ingredients ( Dang-Shen, Bair-Jwu, Gan-Tsao and Fu-Ling ).
The concentration of IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE in the culture super-
natants were measured using an ELISA after four days of cultiva-
tion. Data obstaining from the experiments suggested that the
effects of the drugs on B-cell growth,viability and Ig secretion
were diverse in terms of the source and purity of the B lympho-
cytes. For the peripheral mononuclear cell ( PMNC ), the drugs
showed no effect on the total cell numbers. Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang
suppressed viability, IgM secretion and IgE secretion. Fu-Ling
suppressed viability and IgE secretion. Gan-Tsao suppressed IgE
secretion. Dang-Shen and Bair-Jwu had no effect on the viability
and Ig secretion. For the tonsil mononuclear cells ( TMNC ). Fu-
Ling suppressed the total cell numbers. Fu-Ling, Dang-Shen, Bair
-Jwu and Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang but Gan-Tsao significantly suppressed
on its viability. Fu-Ling suppressed IgM secretion, Dang-Shen
suppressed IgA and IgM secretion. Bair-Jwu suppressed IgA secre-
tion. Gan-Tsao suppressed IgM secretion. Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang sup-
pressed IgA, IgM and IgG secretiobn. For the B-lymphocytes(99.23
% in purity) from PMNC and TMNC, Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang and its four
major ingredients showed no effect on the total cell numbers,
viability and Ig secretion. To study the effect of the drugs on
IgE secretion further, an IgE-secreting line, U266, was used to
repeat the previous study. The data suggested that Fu-Ling, Dang
-Shen, and Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang significantly suppressed both the
total cell numbers and viability. Fu-Ling, Dang-Shen, Bair-Jwu
and Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang significantly suppressed IgE secretion by
U266 cells. This study demonstrated that Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang did
have regulatory effect on the growth, viability and Ig-secretion
of human B cells. The extent of the effect was mainly dependent
on the source of B lymphocytes.
Shy-Jiun-Tsi-Tang is one of the widely used Chinese herbal medi-
Fei-yen wai-zhuan the true era of its birth and investigation of its author
No full textFei-yen wai-zhuan 飛燕外傳 (The Unofficial Biography of [Zhao] Fei-yen) is one of the classical-language fictions in traditional China, describing the famous romance between Emperor Cheng-di 成帝 and Zhao Fei-yen 趙飛燕 sisters in the Former Han Dynasty. The author is attributed with Ling Xüan 伶玄, who definitely had confessed that he was living with the Former Han Dynasty in his brief autobiography. However, it was too suspicious to believe, from the beginning of its appearance in the Southern Song Dynasty, scholars have been puzzled to determine the true era of its birth. Through their discussions, now it is widely accepted that Fei-yen wai-zhuan was born during the Six Dynasties, not in the Tang Dynasty, though it is still lacking in conclusive evidence. But some insist that it could be compared with the great masterpieces of Tang-tales, like Ying-ying zhuan 鶯鶯傳, Li Wa zhuan 李娃傳, Huo Xiao-yü zhuan 霍小玉傳, which belonged to the Tang Dynasty. Then should we say that Fei-yen wai-zhuan was a premature masterpiece? It still remains a great mystery to all, including its author Ling Xüan himself. This study, paying attention to the text itself, proves this tale should belong to the Tang Dynasty. Its main keywords are two, Zhen-la 眞臘 and Qi-chu Ling-hua jing 七出菱花鏡 (Water-chestnut flower shaped bronze mirror, circled by seven petals). The former, used first in the historical records in China was in the Sui Dynasty Da-ye 大業 12years(616), and the latter one likely appeared after reign of Empress Wu(690--705). These facts simply tell us Fei-yen wai-zhuan was born in the Tang Dynasty. The true author of this tale is Niu Seng-ru 牛僧孺, a famous prime minister of late Tang and was also a well-known writer of Tang-tales, who authored Xüan-guai lu 玄怪錄. We could know the close affinities between Fei-yen wai-zhuan and Xüan-guai lu. As a drafted scholar-official, all of Niu's life had been under the strife in bureaucracy with the factional parties at that time. Once the opposition party blamed Niu for violating his majesty, to write the tale Zhou Qin xing-ji 周秦行記 named Niu Seng-ru. Though its writer was anonymous, Niu was nearly accused of injury to the majesy (Lèse majesté). I contend Niu decided to write Fei-yen wai-zhuan under a pseudonym to make counterattack against a recreant writer in the same manner and to regain true pride for himself
[[alternative]]The analysis of Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang in CE and HPLC
No full text[[abstract]]High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are two well-known techniques in chemical analysis. Both have many separating modes and are used to assay Chinese herbal drugs. In the present study, two analyzing methods are established for assaying the constituents of the Chinese herbal preparation, Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang. The suitability of the two methods was also evaluated and compared.
Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang comprises Paeoniae Radix, Astragali Radix, Ginseng Radix, Puerariae Radix, Viticis Fructus, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Phellodendri Cortex. In HPLC analysis, eighteen constituents of Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang, including gallic acid, benzoic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonol, formononrtin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, puerarin, daidzein, berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizin, glycyrrhizin, 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid and ginsenoside Rb1, were separated in 80 minutes by a Cosmosil 5C18-MS column with a linear gradient elution system containing phosphates and acetonitrile which was detected at 203 nm, 210 nm, and 254 nm. Moreover, the constituents in each component herb and the home-made preparation were investigated herein. The preservation stability of the commercially available Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang preparations was also evaluated by the developed analysis method.
In CE analysis, the analysis of Yi-chi-tsung-ming-tang was cut into two parts, MEKC and CZE, according to the properties of the constituents In MEKC, two constituents, albiflorin and paeoniflorin, could be separated in 15 minutes, using a buffer system containing anionic surfactants (40 mM SC) and acetonitrile as organic modifier. In CZE, thirteen constituents could be separated in 55 minutes, using a buffer system containing 20 mM borate（pH=9.76）. The effects of the analysis parameters were also investigated herein. Moreover, one Chinese herb, Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, was analyzed by an on-line sample stacking CE method, sweeping. Also, the suitability and effects of the method were compared with those of the conventional CE methods.
From the results of the analysis, it is concluded that HPLC and CE possesses their own beneficial effects in terms of the suitability of the system, analyzing time, stability of the base line, and the number of theoretical plates of each compound, respectively. HPLC and CE can complement each other in the analysis of Chinese herbal preparations.
'Li xing xin ling' de kai zhan: lun Tang Junyi de "Sheng ming cun zai yu xin ling jing jie" = An interpretation of Tang Jun-Yi’s “Life-existence and the horizons of heart-mind”
No full textPh.D.According to Tang Jun-Yi, human beings can be regarded in two aspects: as part of the nature and as a subject/agent. As part of the nature, human beings are no different from other objects, and it is sufficient that we understand a person with scientific methods. As a subject/agent however, a person is capable of reasoning, reflecting and valuing, he understands and acts on his own will. This aspect of human beings cannot be reduced to naturalistic concepts, such as evolution or instincts, and it is this aspect of human beings capture their real essence. Tang Jun- Yi calls this essence and capability the “Heart-mind’(心靈).It is worthy to note that Tang’s conception of Heart-mind stems from his interpretation of Confucianism’s theory of human nature, in which Heart-mind is the source of normativity and has the nature of pursuing moral goods.This thesis examines Tang Jun Yi’s last work, “Life-existence and the horizons of Heart-mind”. I argue that contrary to many who contends that Tang Jun Yi’s philosophy is established on a biased assumption that Confucianism is superior, his philosophy is an exhibition of philosophical reasoning. I offer a rationalist approach to interpret Tang Jun Yi’s philosophical framework, which I argue better explain his philosophical system.The thesis is presented with eight chapters. The first chapter elucidates the main theme of my thesis. Chapter 2 is a review of Tang Jun Yi’s earlier work, and aims to give a sketch of how his philosophy evolved. Chapter 3 clarify the core concepts of his philosophical system, “Life-existence and the horizons of Heart-mind”. In Chapter 4 I offer a philosophical framework to understand Tang’s philosophical system, in which I argue his philosophy is directed at the engagement of self-transforming in the Confucian sense. Chapter 5, 6 and 7 examines Tang Jun Yi’s epistemology, ethics, and religious philosophy respectively. Chapter 8 concludes with a defense of his rationalism and the significance of his philosophy against the problem of modernity.本文以唐君毅《生命存在與心靈境界》一書為研究對象，對唐君毅的「心靈」觀念進行闡述和理論重構的工作。本文論證唐君毅哲學體系的核心問題是我們應該以一個怎樣的框架來理解人，唐君毅反對將人的活動化約為自然科學或本能的解釋，認為人之為人的價值展現在「心靈」的自覺、形成客觀的觀點與道德價值的能力上。本文以「理性心靈」為題，強調唐君毅的哲學體系是建基於「非自然主義」及「理性主義」的理論框架：作為具有理性心靈的人，他的認識、價值判斷與行為都由理性所規範；就唐君毅的「理性」觀源於儒家的人性論而言，他認為理性心靈的表現是情、理相連，更指向道德人格之實現。本文分為八章，第一章交代學界研究狀況及本文的研究目的。第二章回顧唐君毅早期著作，追溯他「心靈」觀念形成的過程和內涵。第三章指出心靈與境界之關係必須從主客互依的整體論來理解。第四章論證《生命存在與心靈境界》一書的要旨在於指出人類一切理解活動都建基於「心靈」三向理性的表現，「理性」在唐君毅的哲學中不是價值中立，而是指向人的理性和理想生活。第五、六、七章分別探討心靈形成知識、倫理判斷及形上信仰三個面向。第八章結論回應唐君毅哲學體系面對的自然主義挑戰以及唐君毅的文化關懷對現代性問題的啟示。黃穎瑜.Parallel title from added title page.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2017.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-240).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on February 13, 2020)Huang Yingyu
[[alternative]]The Regulatory Effect of Si-Jun-Zi-Tang and Its Four Ingredients on The Murine Immune Function
No full text[[abstract]]Si-Jun-Zi-Tang is a general tonic medicine that has been used in Asian countries for more than a thousand years. It is composed of four major ingredients including Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer), Bai-zhu (Atraclylodes macrocephala Koidz), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) and Fu-ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf). In 1996, our research team had demonstrated that Si-Jun-Zi-Tang was a potential immunoregulatory medicine. Therefore, the research was taken through a series of carefully designed experiments to investigate closely into the mechanism by which the Si-Jun-Zi-Tang modulated the immune function. The reagents used in this study were prepared by boiling the Si-Jun-Zi-Tang and its four major ingredients separately in 50% ethanol. In the primary stage of the experiment, the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the extracts for three consecutive days. Results indicated that injecting the drug all significantly enhanced both IgG and IgA secretion by spleen cells, but IgM secretion was not augmented significantly by Si-Jun-Zi-Tang, Bai-zhu and Fu-ling. In the secondary stage, assayed for production of Th-1 type (IL-2, IFN-g) and Th-2 type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines by spleen cells cultured in vitro. Results indicated that treatment with drug all significantly enhanced both cytokine mRNA expression and cytokine secretion by spleen cells. This observation was further supported by showing that the IgG1, IgG2b (mediated by IL-4) and IgG2a (mediated by IFN-g) secretion by spleen cells were increased significantly after the drug treatments. The result also implied that antibodies production by the B-lymphocytes might undergo class-switch. In the third stage, the study was focused on the possible effects of the route and the duration of drug treatment on the Ginseng-mediated immunoregulation. Oral administration of Ginseng extract only enhanced the secretion of IgA, but showed a significantly suppressive effect on IgG and IgM secretion, suggesting that Ginseng might directly stimulate the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue in gut and augmented IgA production though oral administration. Oral administration of Ginseng extract significantly enhanced Th-1 type cytokine production and IL-10 production. This observation was further supported by showing that the IgG2a secretion by spleen cells, which was induced by IFN-g, were increased significantly after the drug treatments; but IgG1 and IgG2b secretion, which was induced by IL-4, were suppressed. In addition, oral administration of Ginseng significantly increased the cytotoxic activity of natural kill cells (NK cells), suggesting that Ginseng can also induced an innate cell-mediated immune response. However, oral administration of Ginseng extract significantly reduced the percentage composition of CD3+ T-lymphocytes,CD4+8- and CD4-8+ subpopulations. The Ginseng-mediated immunoregulation was also affected by the duration of drug treatment. Long-term (30 days) oral treatment of Ginseng almost failed to modulate both immunoglobulin and cytokine productions, except that the production of IL-10 was significantly induced. Since, the major biological activity of IL-10 is to inhibit the synthesis of lymphokines and monokines. Therefore, long-term oral treatment of Ginseng extract might down-regulate the immune system by increasing IL-10 production. Finally, the effect of long-term oral treatment of Ginseng extract on the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced specific antibody response was studied. During the 30 days of treatment, the mice were primary immunized with OVA at day one and were boosted at day 14. The anti-OVA antibody titer of the mice treated with Ginseng was significantly higher than that of the control group. In conclusion, for the 50% ethanol extract of Ginseng, the dosage ranged from 0.4 g/kg/day to 4 g/kg/day, the short-term oral administration will up-regulate both MALT response and cell-mediated immune response, especially the cytotoxicity of NK cells. However, long-term oral administration will not be able to augment immune response but may have advantage in the antigen-specific antibody response.
Quan qiu zi ben zhu yi xia de ling lei fa zhan: Dayushan Meiwo 1997-2013
No full text香港作為「全球城市」，過去數十年城市核心的空間布局不斷轉變。建築物相繼推倒再建，道路工程也無日無之。資本主義生產模式的壓迫需求，把空間（重新）組織、理性化，務求令效率極大化，加速資本價值生產和社會過程。然而，距離香港城市心臟地帶不足一小時小輪航程的大嶼山梅窩，卻馬上讓人感受不一樣的故事。當地居民以單車作為主要代步工具；村落裏穿插的是彎彎曲曲的小路；時間與空間的感知和經驗方式，許多方面都與香港大都會大不相同。如果說，香港核心商業區不斷的推倒、建設已屬「常識」，也代表了全球資本主義之下的發展，我們該如何理解梅窩的「非尋常」發展？如果說，核心商業區所出現的代表了主導的發展形式，這又是否我們唯一可以依循的道路？我在本研究批判全球資本主義下的發展，如何在跨國資產階級的力量和政府干預的推動之下，令空間同質化，使資本可以從空間搾取最大的剩餘價值。通過討論梅窩發展的獨特性和異質性，我的論點是，梅窩展示了全球資本主義下另類發展的可能；也就是說，不受資本宰制的發展方式是可能、也是可行的。還有，世上並非只有一條放諸四海皆準的金光發展大道。梅窩的邊緣性和鄉村傳統，為我們提供資源和啟發，詰問資本主義發展背後的種種假設。本研究特別聚焦於一九九七至二零一三年這段時間。一九九七年，青馬大橋通車，令梅窩失去作為大嶼山「窗口」的地位。在隨後的超過十年期間，梅窩失去昔日的繁華，卻造就了另一條道路，讓市區基層人士也能體驗一種有別於大都會的生活方式。一些獨立藝術家也憑借梅窩的鄉村文化，同時受到當地人、動植物、田野提供的資源所啟發，發展出獨特的藝術和生活觀。這些藝術家與梅窩的邊綠性就如大都會核心的一面批判鏡子，反映社會及主流文化的問題。更重要的是，我希望通過梅窩這個具體例子，說明另類發展這條道路儘管又彎又小，而且十分艱難，但它並非僅是浪漫的白日夢，而是可以發生的現實。As a ‘global city’, Hong Kong has been undergoing endless transformations in the spatial organisation of its core districts over the past few decades. Building after building is demolished and built; road works also go on incessantly. Due to the exigencies of the capitalistic mode of production, space is (re-)organised and rationalised in ways so as to maximise efficiency and to speed up capital value production and social processes in general. Less than an hour’s ferry ride from the heart of urban Hong Kong, however, people disembark at the pier of Mui Wo, Lantau Island to find another story. There, residents rely on cycling as the main means of transport; winding, small paths weave through inland villages; time-space is perceived and experienced in ways distinct from the metropolis.If the destructions and constructions in the Central Business District (CBD) of Hong Kong are ‘common sense’ and epitomise development in the era of global capitalism, how should I make sense of the ‘uncommon’ development of Mui Wo? If what is unfolding in the CBD represents the dominant form of development, is it the only path that we could follow? In this thesis, I critique capitalistic development in the age of global capitalism which, with the agent of the transnational capitalist class and the intervention of government, is leading to the homogenisation of space such that capital can extract its maximum surplus value possible out of space. By discussing the specificity and heterogeneity of the development of Mui Wo, I argue that it provides a case of how development is pursued in an alternative way in the age of global capitalism, that there exists the possibility of pursuing development that is not governed by capital. The marginality and rural traditions of Mui Wo provide resources and inspirations for us to interrogate the assumptions behind capitalistic development, and to see that there are other possibilities. I am particular interested in the period between 1997 and 2013. My argument is that Mui Wo had been spared from the frenzy of capitalistic development by the opening of Tsing Ma Bridge in 1997 which ended its status as the ‘gateway’ to Lantau Island. For more than a decade, a less busy Mui Wo provided an alternative road to urbanites of the lower classes to experience a way of living that is different from the metropolis. Some independent artists took this opportunity to develop a unique philosophy of arts and living out of the resources and inspirations provided by Mui Wo, including its rural culture, and the people, animals, vegetation, farmlands and nature there. The marginality of these artists, together with the marginality of Mui Wo, is like a critical reflection on the metropolitan core, informing us all is not right in the wider society and the dominant culture. More importantly, through my discussions of this concrete case of Mui Wo, I seek to argue that an alternative path of development, though small, winding and difficult, is not merely a romantic dream, but can actually be reality.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Tang, Kin Ling.Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 317-328).Abstracts also in Chinese.Tang, Kin Ling
「飛燕外傳」成書年代・作者考
No full textFei-yen wai-zhuan 飛燕外傳 (The Unofficial Biography of [Zhao] Fei-yen) is one of the classical-language fictions in traditional China, describing the famous romance between Emperor Cheng-di 成帝 and Zhao Fei-yen 趙飛燕 sisters in the Former Han Dynasty. The author is attributed with Ling Xüan 伶玄, who definitely had confessed that he was living with the Former Han Dynasty in his brief autobiography. However, it was too suspicious to believe, from the beginning of its appearance in the Southern Song Dynasty, scholars have been puzzled to determine the true era of its birth. Through their discussions, now it is widely accepted that Fei-yen wai-zhuan was born during the Six Dynasties, not in the Tang Dynasty, though it is still lacking in conclusive evidence. But some insist that it could be compared with the great masterpieces of Tang-tales, like Ying-ying zhuan 鶯鶯傳, Li Wa zhuan 李娃傳, Huo Xiao-yü zhuan 霍小玉傳, which belonged to the Tang Dynasty. Then should we say that Fei-yen wai-zhuan was a premature masterpiece? It still remains a great mystery to all, including its author Ling Xüan himself. This study, paying attention to the text itself, proves this tale should belong to the Tang Dynasty. Its main keywords are two, Zhen-la 眞臘 and Qi-chu Ling-hua jing 七出菱花鏡 (Water-chestnut flower shaped bronze mirror, circled by seven petals). The former, used first in the historical records in China was in the Sui Dynasty Da-ye 大業 12years(616), and the latter one likely appeared after reign of Empress Wu(690--705). These facts simply tell us Fei-yen wai-zhuan was born in the Tang Dynasty. The true author of this tale is Niu Seng-ru 牛僧孺, a famous prime minister of late Tang and was also a well-known writer of Tang-tales, who authored Xüan-guai lu 玄怪錄. We could know the close affinities between Fei-yen wai-zhuan and Xüan-guai lu. As a drafted scholar-official, all of Niu's life had been under the strife in bureaucracy with the factional parties at that time. Once the opposition party blamed Niu for violating his majesty, to write the tale Zhou Qin xing-ji 周秦行記 named Niu Seng-ru. Though its writer was anonymous, Niu was nearly accused of injury to the majesy (Lèse majesté). I contend Niu decided to write Fei-yen wai-zhuan under a pseudonym to make counterattack against a recreant writer in the same manner and to regain true pride for himself
Xue tang zhi biao yu tang niao bing da xue guan bing fa zheng zhi jian de guan xi: xi tong zong shu ji meta fen xi
No full textPh.D.ObjectivesType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes both macrovascular and microvascular complications. However, currently, selecting glycemic measures and their thresholds for diagnosing T2DM and choosing outcomes in evaluating the efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs are predominantly informed by the relation of T2DM to microvascular complications. We could be severely mistaken on T2DM by neglecting macrovascular complications which are generally more severe and if they are also more common than severe microvascular complications.Furthermore, the number of glycemic measures used for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased from one to three over the past decades, which in turn increased dramatically the number of patients and the cost for diagnosis and treatment. However, it remains uncertain whether each glycemic measure (2-hour plasma glucose, 2-hPG; fasting plasma glucose, FPG; or glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c) has an effect independent of others on predicting CVD risk.Current diagnostic threshold used for each glycemic measure for T2DM (2-hPG: 11.1mmol/L, FPG: 7.0mmol/L, HbA1c: 6.5%) is determined mainly based on their relation to the prevalence of retinopathy in cross-sectional studies rather than to the incidence of CVD observed in cohort studies which should be based on. It is uncertain whether the relation of a glycemic measure to the risk of CVD in a cross-sectional study represents well that in a cohort study.Thus, we conducted three systematic reviews with meta-analyses to summarize the evidence from related cohort studies that compared the incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACEs) and severe microvascular complications (SMICs) in T2DM patients (Part I), to evaluate the independent effect of 2-hPG, FPG and HbA1c on the risk of CVD (Part II), and to assess the dose-response relation between each glycemic measure and CVD risk trying to identify turning-points in the relation curve that can be used to determine the diagnostic cutoff (Part III).MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and the reference list of eligible original studies were searched from its inception to September 2017 without language restrictions. Data on patients’ characteristics, glycemic measures, outcomes, and methodological quality were extracted from eligible studies.In Part I, the ratio of the incidence of MACEs over that of SMICs was estimated for each study population. In Part II, independence of the effect on CVD risk of a glycemic measure was assessed by including multiple measures in the same regression model, or by comparing the incidence of CVD in those with elevated the glycemic measure with those without by having their other glycemic measures concentrations fixed at in the same level. The results in Part I and II were summarized by using the random-effect model meta-analysis. In Part III, both linear and non-linear dose-response relations of each measure on CVD risk were fitted between the CVD risk and blood glucose concentrations for each glycemic measure by using the one-stage robust error meta-regression (REMR) method.Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by the Cochran’ Q test and I2 statistic. Meta-regression or subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the potential source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the robustness of results. Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s tests were used to examine the possibility of publication bias.ResultsIn Part I, twelve studies with a total of 16 cohorts and 387,376 patients were included. The incidence of MACEs was 2.02 (95% CI: 1.46–2.79) folds as high as that of SMICs. The higher incidence of MACEs remained in various sensitivity and subgroup analyses.In Part II, 16 cohort studies were included. The summarized RR of CVD risk associated with 2-hPG (per 1mmol/L) after adjusting for FPG or HbA1c was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.06) and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99-1.15) respectively, whereas the overall RR for FPG and HbA1c was statistically insignificant after 2-hPG was adjusted (P for overall effect = 0.715 and 0.183 respectively). The overall adjusted RR of CVD death for elevated (≥11.1mmol/L) over normal (<11.1mmol/L) 2-hPG in people with the same level of FPG was 1.77 (95%CI: 1.28-2.43), while the adjusted RR of CVD death for elevated (≥7.0mmol/L) over normal (<7.0mmol/L) FPG in people with the same level of 2-hPG was statistically insignificant (RR=1.19, 95% CI: 0.85-1.67).In Part III, 15 studies were included in the analysis. A non-linear dose-response relation of FPG to CVD risk was found and a turning point was found approximately at 5.8mmol/L which can be potentially used as the cutoff point. However, the dose-response relation of 2-hPG or HbA1c to CVD risk was linear and showed no clear turning points that can be used as the cut-off point.ConclusionsMajor cardiovascular events are more severe and more common than severe microvascular complications in patients with T2DM and should be emphasized over microvascular complications in the diagnostic criteria of T2DM and in evaluating the efficacy of drugs for the disease. Only 2-hPG but neither FPG nor HbA1c, was independently associated with the CVD risk raised concerns about the inclusion of FPG and HbA1c in the diagnostic criteria of T2DM. Meanwhile, the CVD risk starts to increase with elevated glucose concentrations well below the current diabetic thresholds for all three glycemic measures, which raises concerns about the validity of the cutoff values for diagnosing diabetes that are purely based on biological considerations.目的:二型糖尿病可以引起大血管和小血管并发症。然而目前主要是利用小血管并发症来选取诊断指标和诊断切点，以及作为降糖药物效果的评估指标。若在二型糖尿病病人中,后果更严重的大血管并发症的发病率也高于小血管并发症，那么上述只考虑小血管并发症，忽视大血管并发症的做法会对二型糖尿病造成严重的误解。此外，用于诊断二型糖尿病的血糖指标的数目也在不断增加，不可避免地增加了患病人数，其相关的诊断和治疗都产生了巨大的费用。然而，我们并不确定目前推荐使用的三个血糖指标（两小时糖耐量，空腹血糖以及糖化血红蛋白），是否都有独立预测心血管疾病的能力。目前二型糖尿病的诊断切点（两小时糖耐量：11.1mmol/L，空腹血糖：7.0mmol/L，糖化血红蛋白：6.5%）主要是依据横断面研究中报告的血糖与小血管并发症患病率之间的关系制定。然而目前已经有很多队列研究报告了血糖指标与心血管疾病发病率之间的关系。血糖指标与心血管疾病发病率之间的关系，是否存在拐点，拐点是否与目前的诊断切点相同？因为我们做了三个系统综述和meta 分析来总结现有的相关证据。第一部分在二型糖尿病病人中比较严重大血管并发症与严重小血管并发症的发病率高低。第二部分评估两小时糖耐量，空腹血糖以及糖化血红蛋白三个血糖指标独立预测心血管疾病的能力。第三部分探讨血糖指标与心血管疾病之间的剂量反应关系及可能的相关切点。方法:我们系统地检索了PubMed，EMBASE，考科蓝图书馆以及合格原始研究的参考文献。检索时间截至2017 年9 月。从合格研究中提取了患者特征、血糖指标、结局、和方法学质量等方面的资料。在第一部分，研究效应量是严重大血管发病率与严重小血管病并发症的发病率之比 (relative risk, RR)。在第二部分，在一次回归分析中同时校正多个血糖指标（连续性变量）来判定指标是否具有独立预测心血管疾病的能力的效应指标，又或者是在高水平与低水平血糖指标的人群中比较心血管疾病的效应指标都是风险比（relative risk, RR）及其95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)。利用随机效应模型对来自不同研究的风险比进行meta 分析。在第三部分，利用稳健方差回归模型探讨血糖指标（分组≥3）与心血管疾病的线性或非线性剂量反应关系。结果：第一部分纳入来12 个合格研究，包含387,376 名二型糖尿病病人。 在二型糖尿病病人中，严重大血管并发症的发病风险是严重小血管并发症的2.02 倍 (95%CI:1.46–2.79)。亚组分析和敏感性分析都显示严重大血管并发症的发病风险较高。在第二部分，16 个合格研究入选。校正了空腹血糖或糖化血红蛋白指标之后，随着两小时糖耐量每增加1mmol/L，心血管疾病的风险分别为1.03 (95%CI:1.01-1.06) and 1.07 (95%CI: 0.99-1.15)。 然而，校正了两小时糖耐量指标后，空腹血糖以及糖化血红蛋白与心血管疾病风险无关。同时，在同等空腹血糖水平的人群中发现，高浓度两小时糖耐量(≥11.1mmol/L)引起的心血管风险是低浓度两小时糖耐量(<11.1mmol/L)引起的1.77 倍 (95%CI: 1.29-2.44)。然而，在同等两小时糖耐量水平的人群中发现，高浓度的空腹血糖(≥7.0mmol/L)，与低浓度(<7.0mmol/L)相比，并未能引起心血管疾病风险增加 (RR=1.19, 95%CI: 0.85-1.67)。第三部分纳入15 个合格研究。空腹血糖与心血管疾病之间是非线性关系，可能的拐点处于5.8mmol/L 左右。而两小时糖耐量与糖化血红蛋白与心血管疾病之间是线性关系，并无明显的拐点。结论:严重大血管并发症比严重小血管并发症更严重且发病风险更高，因此在制定二型糖尿病诊断标准以及判定降糖药物疗效时都应该也考虑大血管并发症。并且，只有两小时糖耐量有独立预测心血管疾病的能力，所以对于推荐空腹血管以及糖化血红蛋白作为诊断指标应当保持怀疑的态度，需要关注糖尿病中存在的过度诊断及过度治疗。同时，心血管疾病的风险在低于目前诊断切点以下的浓度范围内，也会随着血糖浓度的增加而升高。这表明诊断切点不能单纯依据生物曲线来制定。同时也需要群众价值观，以及各个地区可用的资源。因此，我们研究的结果对于制定合理的糖尿病指南有很大帮助。Zhu, Yingying.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2020.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-157).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on November 11, 2021).Zhu, Yingying
Circadian rhythm of temperature preference and its neural control in Drosophila
No full textCo-author Jinli Ling is a doctoral student in the Neuroscience Program in the Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS) at UMass Medical School.A daily body temperature rhythm (BTR) is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals. Whereas mammals use internal energy to regulate body temperature, ectotherms typically regulate body temperature behaviorally [1]. Some ectotherms maintain homeostasis via a daily temperature preference rhythm (TPR) [2], but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that Drosophila exhibit a daily circadian clock-dependent TPR that resembles mammalian BTR. Pacemaker neurons critical for locomotor activity are not necessary for TPR; instead, the dorsal neuron 2 s (DN2s), whose function was previously unknown, is sufficient. This indicates that TPR, like BTR, is controlled independently from locomotor activity. Therefore, the mechanisms controlling temperature fluctuations in fly TPR and mammalian BTR may share parallel features. Taken together, our results reveal the existence of a novel DN2-based circadian neural circuit that specifically regulates TPR; thus, understanding the mechanisms of TPR will shed new light on the function and neural control of circadian rhythms.Neuroscienc
Erratum
No full text Journal of Vibration and Control 2011: 17: 623-636 A case study of damage detection in benchmark buildings using a Hilbert-Huang Transform-based method. Jhy-Pyng Tang et al. In the article by Jhy-Pyng Tang et al., two of the author addresses were incorrect and one of the authors should have been omitted from the paper. The correct list of authors and addresses are published here: Jhy-Pyng Tang1, Dung-Jiang Chiou1, Cheng-Wu Chen2, Wei-Ling Chiang1, Wen-Ko Hsu3 and Te-Yu Liu1 1Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Jhung-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 2Institute of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan 3Research Centre for Hazard Mitigation and Prevention, National Central University, Jhung-li, Taiwan Corresponding author: Cheng-Wu Chen, Institute of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Email: [email protected] The publisher apologises for this error and the inconvenience caused to the authors, editors, and readers </jats:p
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