21 research outputs found
Hydraulic simulations to evaluate and predict design and operation of the Chashma Right Bank Canal
No full textIrrigation systems / Irrigation canals / Flow control / Velocity / Canal regulation techniques / Hydraulics / Simulation models / Design / Operations / Crop-based irrigation / Distributary canals / Water delivery / Policy / Protective irrigation / Water allocation / Water requirements / Sedimentation / Water distribution / Equity / Water conveyance / Pakistan / Chashma Right Bank Canal
Sustainable irrigation water management in Pakistan
No full textPresented at the fifth international conference on irrigation and drainage, Irrigation and drainage for food, energy and the environment on November 3-6, 2009 in Salt Lake City, Utah.Sustainable irrigation water management requires a strong relationship among water users. The established Watercourse Associations (WCAs) at the tertiary level canal and Farmer Organization (FO) at the secondary level canal need to develop strong institute. The potential conflicts in water distribution equity among the water users and improvement in reliability of water delivery can be mitigated through appropriate technical and socio economic interventions such as water measuring mechanisms, proper maintenance, and investment on irrigation infrastructure improvements. The Farmer Organization (FO) in the Daulatpur Minor was established in 2000, but the process of social mobilization for forming a Farmer Organization was started in 1999. The present study was carried out for the period from October 2006 to April 2007 (one crop season) for the purpose to assess water delivery to farmers, water use efficiency and farmer's role for sustainable irrigation water management. The results on system performance demonstrate that the Daulatpur Minor received irrigation water for only 69 days out of 168 days allocated for winter crop season, thus the Minor remained closed for 99 days at various time and interval. However, the amount of water delivered to farmers was in excess as deliveries were estimated to be 8307 ac-ft (6.97 mm/day) including losses of the watercourse compared to the required 5056 ac-ft (4.24 mm/day) for the crop and water delivery to farmers along the distributary length was varying up to 95 percent. Consequently, water productivity achieved only Rupees (Rs) 1.10 /m3 which, is equivalent to US 0.2 per acre), which is much less when compared to government expenditures on operation and maintenance of channels. Due to removing the sediment, the head-tail water delivery ratio improved from 1.68 to 1.14 (Lashari B and Murry-Rust H.D (2002). Further, the paper suggests that a water committee may be established at a district management level where various stakeholders are involved to further strengthen the newly established organizations for a better and more sustainable management of irrigation water
The role of human capital in the development of tourism business
No full textThe paper discusses that the main condition for the development of enterprises of hospitality industry is human capital. It shows that the continuous education of employees in this area is an important factor in the reproduction of human capital. The author believes that tourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of Georgian economy in recent decades. The objectives of this foundation are: the unique natural resources, convenient geographical location and other factors, which contribute to the attractiveness of Georgia. The paper examines the socio-economic services and tourism development prospects of the Black Sea Coast, noted that intensification of problems in this field is primarily concerned with the following: the existence of human capital, its quality and its reproduction. According to the author, problems increasingly arise in all regions of Georgia. In comparison with other countries in which the service has become the most profitable sector, Georgian hospitality industry is only now developing and the socio-economic development of the country is connected with the role of the human factor. In our opinion, in time solutions of problems in the sector will contribute to the socio-cultural development and perfection. Such an approach will make it possible to satisfy the demand for an active and full relaxation in the country
Soil salinity-sodicity and land use suitability in the Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia (South) irrigated area
No full textSoil salinity / Sodic soils / Soil classification / Soil surveys / Soil analysis / Groundwater development / Water table / Water quality / Land use / Irrigation canals / Farmer participation / Surface drainage / Subsurface drainage / Soil reclamation / Waterlogging / Pakistan / Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia / Bahawalnagar District
Significance of the concentration of chloride in the repair of concrete highway structures using surface applied corrosion inhibitors
No full textPresented at the first International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2005), Cape Town, South Africa, 21-23 November, 2005Advances in surface-applied corrosion inhibitors suggest that they have the potential to prevent or significantly retard corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures. It is thought that the effectiveness of the inhibitor depends on both the chloride concentration at the steel reinforcement and the inhibitor concentration. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a laboratory study into this assumption. Concrete specimens were ponded with chloride solutions to initiate corrosion. Inhibitor was applied to one face and the influence on corrosion activity was monitored by linear polarisation resistance measurement. The preliminary results of this continuing study showed that the surface-applied inhibitors could reduce the corrosion rate and this reduction depends on the chloride concentration. The practical implication is that there exists a chloride concentration range within which inhibitor use is most effective.European Research CouncilPublisher's descriptionhttp://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/Many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBookshttp://www.eBookstore.tandf.co.ukSAMARIS projectConference website n/a. Link to published proceedings - http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/. Publisher requirements are as follows: "must include the links www.tandf.co.uk and to our eBookstore www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk including the following phrase "many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBooks". Full acknowledgement must be given to the original source, with full details of figure/page numbers, title, author(s), publisher and year of publication."DG 07/07/10
ke - TS 22.07.1
Volutilithes Swainson 1831
No full textGenus Volutilithes Swainson, 1831 Type species. Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 (Middle Eocene, Paris Basin, France) designated here (Art. 70.3. 2, ICZN 1999). Comments. Swainson (1831) discussed Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803, for which he introduced the new genus Volutilithes. His description, the cross-reference to the ‘ Tableau encyclopédique’ (Lamarck 1798, pl. 383, fig. 1) [in which V. muricina is illustrated], his own figure 1 entitled “ muricina “ and the comparison with Volutilithes pertusa Swainson, 1831 indicate unambiguously that this author considered V. m u r i c i na to be the type species of Volutilithes. Unfortunately, Swainson (1831) designated Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 as the type species (by original designation) of Volutilithes. Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 [also the type species of Pseudaulicina Chavan in Furon & Kouriatchy, 1948] is morphologically very different from the two species (V. muricina and V. pertusa) illustrated by Swainson (1831) to represent his new genus Volutilithes, and Swainson’s designation appeared to subsequent authors to be an error (Dall 1906; Wenz 1943; Korobkov 1955). Consequently, the type species was originally misidentified. In addition, Swainson (1840: 318, fig. 81 e) increased this confusion by designating Conus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 (erroneously) as the type species of Volutilithes. Later, Newton (1906) introduced Volutospina for Conus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 considering correctly that the secondary designation by Swainson (1840) was not correct. On the other hand, Dall (1906: 143), Wenz (1943: 1328), and Korobkov (1955: 310) did not respect the original designation of Swainson (1831) in subsequently designating Voluta muricina as the type species of Volutilithes and this designation cannot be considered to be valid, even if it seems scientifically logical. Following article 70.3. 2 (ICZN 1999) concerning the case of misidentified type species, we select as type species the species that will, in our judgment, best serve stability and universality. Therefore, we designate here Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 as the type species of Volutilithes, because this species, discussed and illustrated by Swainson (1831: pl. 53, fig. 1) was misidentified as Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 in the original designation. Eopsephaea Fischer, 1883 (type species: Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 by monotypy) becomes a junior objective synonym of Volutilithes.Published as part of Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent & Welcomme, Jean-Loup, 2014, Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography, pp. 101-138 in Zootaxa 3826 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22853
Farmer-managed maintenance, Sindh, Pakistan
No full textPresented at the 2002 USCID/EWRI conference, Energy, climate, environment and water - issues and opportunities for irrigation and drainage on July 9-12 in San Luis Obispo, California.International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) carried over a pilot action research study on farmer managed irrigation system (FMIS) in Sindh Province of Pakistan. Overall fourteen Farmer Organizations (FOs) on distributary channels were formed. In order to ensure success of this participatory management, the FO members were trained in organizational management, operation and maintenance (O&M) of channels and financial aspects. The study focuses on impact of farmer managed maintenance on water distribution equity and resources mobilization. In conjunction with a program to organize water users at secondary canals in Sindh, IIMI staff made observations on the physical conditions before and after the maintenance campaign in January 2000 and actual inputs made by members of Farmer Organizations. In a one-week period water users contributed over 7,800 man-days of labor and 582 hours of tractor operation in eight secondary canals, and removed over 43,000 cubic meters of sediment. The imputed cost of these contributions exceeded over Rs.900,000 (0.50). The hydraulic benefits were substantial. Comparing water deliveries into the head and tail reach of each canal before desilting, head end areas received roughly 68% more water than tail enders. After desilting the head end areas only received 14% more water, and in six of the eleven canals where water measurements were taken, tail end areas actually received more water than head end areas. Despite the benefits that accrued, there is concern for the long-term sustainability of the improved performance. There is no systematic monitoring program that enables operation and maintenance to be linked and no proper maintenance of control infrastructure to complement desilting. Until these institutional changes occur, operation and maintenance will remain a largely ad-hoc activity
Institutional reforms in irrigation sector of Pakistan: an approach towards integrated water resource management
No full textPresented during the USCID water management conference held on October 13-16, 2004 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The theme of the conference was "Water rights and related water supply issues."Since 1995 the Government of Pakistan has been making efforts to restructuring the century old irrigation system by involving beneficiaries (water users) at various units of the irrigation system management. The main purposes of reforms are: to improve operation and maintenance (O&M) of irrigation system, to make balance in expenditure and revenue, to improve crop production through efficient use of water, maintain affordable drainage system and develop an integrated water resource management (IWRM) approach. In these reforms, the Irrigation Department has been transferred to an autonomous body - Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authority (PIDA). Under PIDA, Canal Area Water Board at each canal command area and Farmer Organizations at each secondary canal (Distributary/Minor) command area being formed. These all units are now responsible for irrigation, drainage and environment in their jurisdiction. Because of culture, political influence, social and economic set up of Sindh Province of Pakistan; it was argued that the formation of Farmer Organizations would be hard and challenging part of institutional reforms in irrigation sector for any organization. But the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) successfully completed the experience of formation of Farmer Organizations on thirteen distributaries at the time of project. This experience has further resulted in continuous formation of FOs. Until now the formation of FO on one canal command area, having 163 distributaries have been completed. As part of the program, the capacity building activities for members of the organizations being carried out through training and awareness which has subsequently proved that the FOs are holding regular meetings and discussing the issues relating to irrigation and drainage, organization set up, and resource mobilization. The participation of farmer members and management committee members in all events organized at various time and purposes has proved successful as 70-75 percent attendance was observed. For improving the physical system, all farmers contributed voluntarily in cash and kinds, which resulted in improved water distribution by 60 to 70 percent. Paper concludes that the approach adopted for improving water conservation through giving the water rights to the end-users is one of the best tools. However, still it is at initial stage therefore, no concrete result could be made. Further paper gives the impression that without giving due consideration to basic unit organization that is farmer organization (or Bottom-up approach) the result oriented system performance would not be possible.Proceedings sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Central Utah Project Completion Act Office and the U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage
