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The Impact of Incentives on Human Behavior: Can We Make It Disappear? The Case of the Death Penalty
Get PDFAlthough decades of empirical research has demonstrated that criminal behavior responds to incentives, non-economists frequently express the belief that human beings are not rational enough to make calculated decisions about the costs and benefits of engaging in crime and therefore, a priori drawing the conclusion that criminal activity cannot be altered by incentives. However, scientific research should not be driven by personal beliefs. Whether or not economic conditions matter or deterrence measures such police, arrests, prison deaths, executions, and commutations provide signals to people is an empirical question, which should be guided by a solid theoretical framework. In this paper we extend the analysis of Mocan and Gittings (2003). We alter the original model in a number of directions to make the relationship between homicide rates and death penalty related outcomes (executions, commutations and removals) disappear. We deliberately deviate from the theoretically consistent measurement of the risk variables originally employed by Mocan and Gittings (2003) in a variety of ways. We also investigate the sensitivity of the results to changes in the estimation sample (removing high executing states for example) and weighting. The basic results are insensitive to these and a variety of other specification tests performed in the paper. The results are often strong enough to even hold up under theoretically meaningless measurements of the risk variables. In summary, the original findings of Mocan and Gittings (2003) are robust, providing evidence that people indeed react to incentives induced by capital punishment. Research findings about the deterrent effect of the death penalty evoke strong feelings, which could be due to political, ideological, religious, or other personal beliefs. Yet, such findings do not mean that capital punishment is good or bad, nor does it provide any judgment about whether capital punishment should be implemented or abolished. It is simply a scientific finding which demonstrates that people react to incentives. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid of this result.
Elegia Nobilis Transilvani Georgii Sinkai de Eadem, AA. LL. Philos. et SS. Theol. Doctoris Romani, in Magno Transilvaniae Principatu Scholarum Vernacularum Valachico-Catholicarum Emeriti Directoris, data ad Auctorem Orodiadis, Magno-Varadino ipso Festo die S. Michaelis Archangeli A. 1803, ex Episcopali Darabanthiano Tusculano, 1804
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Narration Techniques of “Yalniziz”
No full textEdebî metinlerde ne anlatıldığından çok nasıl anlatıldığı önemlidir. Yazarın nasıl anlattığını, yani üslubunu oluşturan unsurlardan biri de anlatım teknikleridir. Anlatım teknikleri, yazarın olayı, öyküyü anlatırken anlatımı güçlendirmek, anlatılanı daha etkili bir şekilde aktarmak için seçtiği ve kullandığı yöntemlerdir. Yazarın ya da eserin amacına uygun olarak seçilen anlatım teknikleri, edebî eseri oluşturan olay, kişiler, zaman, mekân gibi unsurların bir arada ve etkili şekilde okura sunulmasını sağlar. Anlatım teknikleri, geçmişten bugüne, ortaya çıkan gelişmelerle birlikte, giderek çeşitlenmiştir. Günümüzde roman, geçmişe göre daha karmaşık bir yapıdadır, romanın böyle bir hal almasında anlatım tekniklerinin de payı vardır. Bir romanın başarılı, güçlü olması, bir anlamda, anlatım tekniklerinin yerli yerinde kullanılmasına bağlıdır. Peyami Safa, yazdığı romanlarla Türk edebiyatı içinde önemli bir yerde bulunmasının yanında, romanın nasıl yazılması gerektiği üzerine de düşünen bir yazardır. Yazar, romanın teknik sorunları üzerine düşünmüş ve bu düşüncelerini okurlarla paylaşmıştır. Roman türünün tekniklerini bilen ve bunları eserlerinde kullanan yazar, romanlarında farklı anlatım tekniklerine yer vermiştir. Yalnızız, 1950 yılında tefrika edilmiş, 1951 yılında kitap olarak basılmıştır. Yazarın son romanı olan Yalnızız, anlatım teknikleri bakımından oldukça zengindir. Bu çalışmada, Peyami Safa'nın olgunluk dönemi eserlerinden Yalnızız romanında kullanılan anlatım teknikleri örneklerle ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştırIn literary texts, the method of narration is more significant than the contents. One of the components of the author’s narration method, his style is his narration technique. Narration techniques are ways that the author has chosen to use to enhance and to be able to tell the story more effectively. The narration techniques that have been utilized to suit the author’s purpose and the literary piece enable the plot characters, time and site to be collectively and effectively presented to the reader. With new developments, the narration techniques, have been increased in variaty through time. Nowadays, the novel is more complex than it has been in the past, and the narrative techniques have an impact on this result. In a way, in order for a novel to be successful and strong the narration techniques need to be used effectively. Peyami Safa, as well as holding a prominent place in Turkish literature, is an author who pays attention to the style of writing. The author has thought about the technical difficulties of the novel and has shared this with his readers. The author, who is knowledgable about the style techniques of his novel and has utilized them in his work has done so in a variety of ways. Yalnızız, has been published as installments in 1950, and been published as a book in 1951. The last novel of the author, Yalnızız is quite rich in terms of narrative techniques. The attempt of this study of Yalnızız, one of the creations of Payami Safa’s mature period, is to point out the narration techniques with examples
«e fannole volgere una ruota». La rappresen- tazione della Fortuna nella Commedia miniata del ms. 8530 della Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal
No full textCan health policy interventions readily solve the U.S. obesity problem?
Get PDFCan health policy interventions readily solve the U.S. obesity problem? Research by Michael Grossman, Ph.D., and Naci Mocan, Ph.D., suggests that policies can have unplanned negative consequences
Per una nuova interpretazione di BdT 183,11 : « A bon coratg' e bon poder / Qui-s ben sufrens »
No full textMocan Mira. Per una nuova interpretazione di BdT 183,11 : « A bon coratg' e bon poder / Qui-s ben sufrens ». In: Romania, tome 124 n°493-494, 2006. pp. 228-236
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