63 research outputs found
Agricultural R&D investments and policy development goals in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing prioritization of value chains in Senegal
No full textThis paper looks at the prioritization of agricultural value chains (VCs) for the allocation of R&D resources that maximize development outcomes (poverty, growth, jobs, and diets). Considering that growth in VCs affects those various outcomes differently, as expansion pathways result in the diverse use of production factors and inputs, trade-offs from linkages across sectors, and changes throughout the agri-food system, this analysis uses (i) the RIAPA dynamic computable general equilibrium model to identify which agricultural VCs, when expanded through TFP growth, provide the strongest effects on the development outcomes of interest; (ii) the perpetual inventory model (PIM) to represent the lagged effect of research through knowledge stocks of agricultural R&D investments; and (iii) information on the elasticities of VC agricultural activity TFP with respect to agricultural R&D knowledge stocks, to discuss the VC priority allocations of R&D resources in Senegal. Results indicate that no one VC (crop- or livestock-related) is the most effective at improving all development outcomes. When accounting for policy preferences that attribute relative priority weight to development objectives, results (based on a ranking scale) indicate that R&D investments for maximizing development objectives can be most effective in Senegal’s VCs for traditional export crops (growth, diets, jobs, and to some extent poverty), groundnuts (poverty, diets, and jobs), rice (poverty and jobs), poultry/eggs (diets and jobs), sorghum/millet (poverty and growth), and cattle (diets and growth). Other promising VCs with potential effects at scale if strategically targeted include vegetables (poverty, diets, and jobs), oilseeds (poverty and growth), and fruits (diets and jobs). While these results can inform strategies aimed at improving multiple development outcomes, future modeling needs to focus on deepening the standardization and integration of R&D investments costs into the framework, disentangle the relevance of different types of R&D investments sources, and bring together other factors and complementary agrifood system investment dimensions relevant to sustainable and inclusive agricultural VC growth.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; RIAPAEPTD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
An inclusive rural transformation in progress, but with unequal pace and characteristics across countries
No full textThis analysis looks at the trends in the levels and pace of structural and rural transformation, and the degree of inclusiveness across Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC), highlighting the disparities across countries. The analysis uses disaggregated poverty data from the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and internationally comparable poverty and other data from the World Bank, the World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1990 to 2017, for a set of 16 countries. Several results stand out. First, poverty in LAC has been falling since the early 2000s, but significant differences persist across countries and between rural and urban areas in each country. Second, by some measures, the pace of poverty reduction has slowed down in recent years. Accounting for population growth and rural-urban migration, the incremental numbers of people getting out of poverty vary widely across countries. Third, in spite of progress in the past two decades, inequality in LAC remains among the highest in the world, with the richest 10 percent concentrating significantly more income than the bottom 40 percent. The failure to improve shared prosperity jeopardizes poverty eradication efforts, particularly in face of the ongoing global economic slowdown that is also manifesting in LAC. Fourth, agricultural growth also shows fluctuations, but contrary to total GDP, it has rather accelerated in recent years. Fifth, structural and rural transformation are still well underway in most countries in the region. Starting on a relatively high level already in the mid-1990s, LAC continues to be the developing region with the highest degree of structural transformation. Likewise, the region is undergoing rural transformation, characterized by growing agricultural productivity and increased importance of the agrifood systems in the economies, in response to growing incomes in urban and rural areas, and to a broad diet transformation. Finally, with respect to the inclusive nature of the transformation process, this paper undertook an empirical analysis relying on simple correlations, and found that: (a) over time and for all poverty, inequality and shared prosperity measures, the process of rural transformation through increased agricultural labour productivity, results in statistically significant improvements in the region; (b) the strength of the association of rural transformation with the inclusion process was higher in the period 2007-2012, particularly with respect to extreme poverty. The correlation at higher poverty lines (moderate poverty) was further strengthened throughout the more recent period, which is consistent with a weakened relationship with reduced inequality in recent years; (c) the pace of rural transformation has had a stronger effect on the pace of poverty reduction in the first stage, between 2000-06 and 2007-12, but it weakened, during the most recent period between 2007-12 and 2013-16; and finally, (d) there is considerable difference across countries when it comes to the inclusive dimensions of rural transformation.Non-PRIFPRI5; CRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesPIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Agricultural R&D investments and development goals in sub Saharan Africa: Assessing prioritisation of value chains in Senegal
No full textWe look at the prioritisation of agricultural value chains (VCs) for the allocation of R&D resources that maximise development outcomes (poverty, growth, jobs and diets) in Senegal. This study used (a) the rural investment and policy analysis (RIAPA) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; (b) the perpetual inventory model (PIM), and (c) information on the elasticities of VC total factor productivity (TFP) with respect to R&D knowledge stocks (KS) to discuss the value chain priority allocations of R&D resources. The results indicate that no value chain is the most effective at improving all outcomes. The most effective value chains to be efficiently supported through R&D investments are traditional export crops, groundnuts, rice, poultry, sorghum/millet and cattle. Other promising value chains with potential effects at scale include vegetables, oilseeds and fruits. Future modelling needs to focus on deepening the standardisation and integration of R&D investments in this framework and bring together other factors and complementary agri-food system (AFS) investment dimensions that are relevant to sustainable and inclusive agricultural growth.PR3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; IFPRI3; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; CRP2EPTD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
An analysis of CGIAR 2018 policy contributions: Overview and country-level insights
No full textThe CGIAR results framework includes annual reporting of the major innovations and policy contributions from CGIAR research funded through the CRPs. This report complements information on the 2018 CGIAR Results Dashboard and in the annual report by providing a descriptive analysis, including a deeper dive into some specific countries. The analysis disaggregates policy outcomes by CRP type and maps them with the Food and Agriculture Policy Classification to parse their relative orientation toward consumption, production, or trade policies. It also maps them against the One CGIAR five Impact Areas to assess the level of alignment in selected countries. This report concludes with recommendations for a set of policy outcomes for which impact assessments could be conducted.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; G Cross-cutting gender themePIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Does relative deprivation induce migration? Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa
No full textPRIFPRI3; ISI; CRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesPIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
The effect of the sectoral composition of economic growth on rural and urban poverty
No full textPRIFPRI3; ISI; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesEPT
Who works in agriculture? Exploring the dynamics of youth involvement in the agri-food systems of Tanzania and Malawi
No full textPRIFPRI5; CRP2PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
The narrative on rural youth and economic opportunities in Africa: facts, myths, and gaps
No full textPRIFPRI5; CRP2PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
The effects of household income composition on food consumption in Malawi
No full textThis analysis uses panel data methods to assess how food consumption and dietary diversity are affected by changes in household income composition, diversity, and liquidity in rural Malawi. Fixed-effects model estimates reveal several results. First, food consumption and dietary diversity increase with overall income, but at a decreasing rate. Second, while no relationship is found between changes in income per capita of different sources (composition effects), and food consumption per capita, there is a differentiated impact on calorie intake changes and dietary diversity outcomes. Third, overall, there is no statistically significant effect of income diversity on changes in food consumption, but a positive association is found with dietary diversity. As such, income diversity driven by crop diversification leads to greater consumption of calories from roots, pulses, and fruits; and a drop in balanced diets, while income diversification away from agriculture yields greater dietary diversity. Finally, household liquidity, incentivized by off-farm diversification through wage labor market participation and selfemployment, promotes dietary diversity via higher consumption of calories from non-staple foods, notably those dependent on market acquisitions, such as animalbased proteins, vegetables, and fruits. These results are corroborated with those from the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model. There are several policy and programmatic implications. First, income composition, diversity and liquidity are important dimensions to consider when focusing beyond household food security. Second, efforts to promote and sustain income growth are critical for food consumption growth and dietary diversity but increases in income alone are not enough. Policies and investments that ensure a diversified portfolio of economic activities are likely to result in better consumption and dietary diversity outcomes. Promoting crop diversification at the farm level coupled with nutrition sensitive programming, including extension and crop support programs is critical to increase and sustain consumption and better dietary quality. Third, as balanced diets in the Malawian context require a combination of staple foods sourced through crop and livestock home production, including goats, poultry and small domestically raised animals and protein-rich foods typically purchased in the market, as well as a degree of liquidity achieved through increased generation of cash income. Finally, programmatic efforts are needed to reduce gender gaps in access to resources, strengthening nutrition education more broadly, and ensure availability of balanced diets in school feeding programs potentially linked through local procurement.PRIFPRI3; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesInnovation Policy and Scaling (IPS); Transformation Strategie
Linking crop productivity, market participation and technology use among smallholder farmers: Evidence from Uganda
No full textIn this paper, we establish the link between crop productivity, crop market participation and agricultural technology use among smallholder farmers. We take advantage of the latest four waves of the Uganda National Panel Survey – 2013/14, 2015/16, 2018/19, and 2019/20. First, we test for complementarity of agricultural technology use among smallholder farmers, and we do not find evidence for the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as pesticides and organic fertilizers on crop yields, which implies that there is lack of complementarity. More precisely, smallholder farmers mostly use these agricultural technologies in isolation. However, we find strong individual effect of organic fertilizers on cassava, beans, and coffee yields. Second, we use a two-step factor analysis to construct four technology sub-indexes for improved seeds, pesticides, organic, and inorganic fertilizers in the first step and the overall agricultural technology index in the second step. We run crop-specific models and the results re-affirm a positive effect of agricultural technology use on both cassava and coffee yields. Third, when we attempt to measure crop productivity as farm productivity, we find that a unit increase in inorganic fertilizers used increases farm crop productivity by 69%. We do not see this strong effect of inorganic fertilizers on our partial measure of crop productivity – crop yields – which implies that the way we measure crop productivity matters. We therefore conclude that of the four agricultural technologies, inorganic fertilizers have the strongest individual effect on farm productivity of smallholder farmers. Fourth, we employ the Heckman twostep technique to correct the selection bias in crop market participation outcomes. We do not find strong evidence of the effect of agricultural technology use on crop market participation, but we find that it is rather crop yields that are most critical for market participation. Therefore, a farmer’s cropproductivity is arguably the most critical facilitator or inhibitor of their market participation. More precisely, to boost crop market participation among smallholder farmers, increasing their productivity is a necessary condition.Non-PRIFPRI5; DCA; Capacity Strengthening; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesInnovation Policy and Scaling (IPS); Transformation Strategie
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