1,720,984 research outputs found
Espansione dell’istruzione e disuguaglianza delle opportunità educative nell’Italia contemporanea
No full textThe paper analyses the relation between class of origin and educational attainment over time in Italy. The key question is whether the overall educational expansion that has occurred in the country has also brought about a lessening in the inequality of educational opportunities (IEO) by social class of origin. The main conclusion of the first comparative study on IEO suggested persisting class inequalities in education in almost all the 13 countries analysed, including Italy. In recent years, however, this conclusion has been questioned for an increasing number of countries and, lastly, by the first results of new comparative studies.
The paper treats educational titles as ordered categories and models educational attainment by class of origins and cohort using cumulative logits (ordinal regression). Differences in educational attainment depend on the parameters locating the cumulative logistic distribution of educational titles for a class and a cohort, and on the location of the “separators” between educational levels. This type of statistical model explicitly allows to investigate how differences among countries in the structure of the educational system and in the educational expansion affect IEO. We consider cohorts born between 1920 and 1969, four educational titles and six social classes (coded according to a reduced version of the EGP scheme).
Our results show a decrease of IEO across cohorts: this is true not only for the agricultural classes (as previous literature already noted) but also for the urban classes. This result is robust to different specifications of the cumulative logistic model
Senso civico e performance economica. Un’analisi longitudinale delle province italiane, 1980-2000
No full textThe paper builds on R. D Putnam’s research work on civicness in Italian regions and on the debate it started. Using both the conceptual frame and the empirical indicators developed by this literature, the authors study civicness and its relation to economic performance on the aggregate level. The data used are referred to Italian administrative districts (province) at three time points (early 80s, early 90s, early 2000s), and are analysed with LISREL models of structural equations.
First, civicness is modelled as a latent variable in a longitudinal measurement structure. Authors find that such a model can include, besides the indicators which are normally used in the literature (frequency of associations; participation to european elections; diffusion of newspapers), also a measure of participation to cultural activities, which is seldom used in literature.
Second, to study the relation between civicness and other ecological variables the authors use a simpler structural models with additive indexes. As for the relation between civicness and economic performance, the model shows that both phaenomena are strictly correlated, but reciprocal effects are not as strong as autocorrelations. Thus, they are quite independent, at least on the short and middle term. The magnitude of the reciprocal effects between civicness and the economy (controlling for the long term correlation) is roughly the same: this finding goes against what Putnam found analysing Italian regions.
Third, if one adds to this model a measure of human capital, the structure of the effects does not change at all. Fourth, if the model is extimated separately for the Northern and Southern districts, the structure of the effects between civicness and the economy changes: in the North a stronger effect of civicness on the economy is found, while in the South this effect does not exist but the inverse effect of economy on civicness is quite strong. This finding casts some doubts on the adequacy of this kind of measures and analyses, specially for the Italian case
Civicness and economic performance. A longitudinal analysis of Italian provinces, 1980-2000
No full textThe paper analyses the relations between civicness and economic performance at the macro level. It builds on R. D. Putnam's research on civicness in Italian regions and on the debate it started, and estimates LISREL models of structural equations with data for 95 Italian provinces from the 1980s to the 2000s. Firstly, the empirical analysis shows that civicness and economic performance are longitudinally correlated, that their reciprocal effects are not as strong as autocorrelations, and that these effects' magnitude (controlling for the medium-term correlation) is roughly the same. This finding is not in accord with Putnam's 'socio-cultural' theory of social change. Secondly, the mechanisms underlying the relation are studied, distinguishing short- and medium-term effects, and it is shown that civicness has a medium-term (20 years) effect on the economy, while the economy has a short-term (10 years) one on civicness. This medium-term effect is attributed to cohort change. Thirdly, the difference between Northern and Southern provinces is studied, estimating separate models for the two parts of the country: while the relations between civicness and economic performance still hold in the North, in the South they are less coherent and systematic
Genere, origine sociale e disuguaglianza di istruzione nell’Italia contemporanea
No full textIl lavoro studia l’andamento della disuguaglianza di opportunità educative (Doe) di genere nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra, e l’interazione tra questo e quello della Doe dipendente dalle origini sociali, intese sia come classe di origine che come livello d’istruzione dei genitori. Lo studio è condotto sui dati dell’Indagine nazionale sulla mobilità sociale (1985) e dell’Indagine longitudinale sulle famiglie italiane (1997), e comprende 5 coorti di nascita decennali, dal 1920 al 1969. Si utilizza il modello logit cumulativo (logit ordinale) che consente di modellare insieme sia la disuguaglianza scolastica che l’espansione del sistema educativo.
I risultati confermano in generale quanto già noto in merito: la Doe di genere è diminuita, così come – in misura inferiore - quella legata all’origine sociale. Inoltre, le analisi mostrano che: a) la diminuzione della Doe di genere ha luogo ai livelli d’istruzione superiori, mentre nella scuola dell’obbligo persiste un vantaggio maschile; b) la diminuzione della Doe di genere è più forte nelle classi agricole, dove le donne erano più svantaggiate; c) a parte questo, la diminuzione è la stessa per tutte le classi di origine e per tutti i livelli d’istruzione delle famiglie di origine
Abbandoni scolastici e stratificazione sociale nell’Italia contemporanea
No full textEarly school leaving, despite being quite common in Italy, has not been studied much. There is a lack of data and quantitative research concerning its pattern over time, and its relation to social stratification and inequality. The paper contributes to this topic using the first two waves of the ILFI data (1997,1999), which contain detailed informations on both educational and occupational careers of a representative sample of Italians. This makes it possible to describe the pattern over time of early school leaving in Italy for each level of schooling.
The main aim of the paper is, however, to integrate early leaving in the typical research questions concerning the association between social class of origin, education and occupational attainment. The general problem is: what happens if education is measured taking early leaving into account? More in detail, two research questions are asked:
a) does the association among class of origin and education found measuring education according to the highest title achieved still hold when early leaving are considered? in other words: is school leaving class-biased?
b) does the picture of the transition from school to work change when early leaving is taken into account? how do early leavers perform in the labour market, with respect to both those who do not even start and those who complete a given educational level
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