1,721,014 research outputs found
A quarter of a century of the DBQ: some supplementary notes on its validity with regard to accidents
No full textThis article synthesises the latest information on the relationship between the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and accidents. We show by means of computer simulation that correlations with accidents are necessarily small because accidents are rare events. An updated meta-analysis on the zero-order correlations between the DBQ and self-reported accidents yielded an overall r of .13 (fixed-effect and random-effects models) for violations (57,480 participants; 67 samples) and .09 (fixed-effect and random-effects models) for errors (66,028 participants; 56 samples). An analysis of a previously published DBQ dataset (975 participants) showed that by aggregating across four measurement occasions, the correlation coefficient with self-reported accidents increased from .14 to .24 for violations and from .11 to .19 for errors. Our meta-analysis also showed that DBQ violations (r = .24; 6353 participants; 20 samples) but not DBQ errors (r = - .08; 1086 participants; 16 samples) correlated with recorded vehicle spee
The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance
No full textUntil automated cars function perfectly, drivers will have to take over control when automation fails or reaches its functional limits. Two simulator experiments (N = 24 and 27) were conducted, each testing four automation levels ranging from manual control (MC) to highly automated driving. In both experiments, participants about once every 3 min experienced an event that required intervention. Participants performed a secondary divided attention task while driving. Automation generally resulted in improved secondary task performance and reduced self-reported physical demand and effort as compared to MC. However, automated speed control was experienced as more frustrating than MC. Participants responded quickly to the events when the stimulus was salient (i.e., stop sign, crossing pedestrian, and braking lead car), but often failed to react to an automation failure when their vehicle was driving slowly. In conclusion, driving with imperfect automation can be frustrating, even though mental and physical demands are reduced
Supplementary data for the paper: Situation awareness based on eye movements in relation to the task environment.
No full textSupplementary data for the paper: de Winter, J.C.F., Eisma, Y.B., Cabrall, C.D.D., Hancock, P.A., and Stanton, N.A.; Situation awareness based on eye movements in relation to the task environment; Cognition, Technology and Work
Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: a review of the empirical evidence
Full text linkAdaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers’ workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway
Book review of: Modeling Human–System Interaction: Philosophical and Methodological Considerations, With Examples By Thomas B. Sheridan
No full textModeling Human–System Interaction: Philosophical and Methodological Considerations, With Examples By Thomas B. Sheridan 2017, 192 pages, $110.00 Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-119-275268-2Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Human-Robot InteractionBiomechatronics & Human-Machine Contro
The relationship between tweets, citations, and article views for PLOS ONE articles
No full textAn analysis of article-level metrics of 27,856 PLOS ONE articles reveals that the number of tweets was weakly associated with the number of citations (β = 0.10), and weakly negatively associated with citations when the number of article views was held constant (β = −0.06). The number of tweets was predictive of other social media activity (β = 0.34 for Mendeley and β = 0.41 for Facebook), but not of the number of article views on PubMed Central (β = 0.01). It is concluded that the scientific citation process acts relatively independently of the social dynamics on Twitter.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Contro
Workload Assessment for Mental Arithmetic Tasks using the Task-Evoked Pupillary Response
No full textPupillometry is a promising method for assessing mental workload and could be helpful in the optimization of systems that involve human-computer interaction. The present study focuses on replicating the pupil diameter study by Ahern (1978) for mental multiplications of varying difficulty, using an automatic remote eye tracker. Our results showed that the findings of Ahern were replicated and that the mean pupil diameter and mean pupil diameter change (MPDC) discriminated just as well between the three difficulty levels as did a self-report questionnaire of mental workload (NASA-TLX). A higher mean blink rate was observed during the multiplication period for the highest level of difficulty in comparison with the other two levels. Moderate to strong correlations were found between the MPDC and the proportion of incorrect responses, indicating that the MPDC was higher for participants with a lower performance. For practical applications, validity could be improved by combining pupillometry with other physiological techniques.Automotive Human FactorsBioMechanical EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
A Method for Determining How Much Time People Need to Understand Traffic Situations
No full textIt is expected that in the coming decade, cars with an automated driving mode will become available. Most likely, this automated mode will only be used in specific situations and/or on specific roads, which means that the driver/automation needs to switch between the automated mode and manual control. Such switches are termed ‘transitions of control’ (ToCs). How much time humans need to assess a traffic situation (i.e., to gain situation awareness, SA) while preparing for ToCs is still largely unknown. This study has been designed to assess whether the method used by Gugerty (1997), where particpants were asked to reproduce a traffic scenario in a top-down view, is suited for finding this preparation time by assessing its capabilities for finding effects of preparation time, and traffic density on reproduction performance. Participants were asked to reproduce the positions (i.e., distance & lane) and relative speeds of surrounding traffic in a top-down view after viewing each of 24 videos of simulated traffic scenarios on a three-lane highway, shown on a computer monitor. These scenarios had six different durations (1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 20 seconds), which were participants’ preparation times, as well as two different levels of traffic density (4 vs. 6 surrounding cars). The scenarios were shown to participants in a randomized order. Results of the experiment showed that video length had a positive, and traffic density a negative effect on reproduction performance. The effects of video length on reproduction performance, when comparing scores of videos of 20 s to those of 1 s for combined traffic density, was strongest in the Average absolute error distance of hits and misses. Participants agreed more with having enough time to prepare for the task, and rated the reproduction task as ‘less difficult’ with longer videos, and with lower traffic density. The effect of traffic density on reproduction performance, averaged over all video lengths, was strongest in the hit percentage score. Although both video length and traffic density had clear effects on both self-reported ratings, the effect of video length was stronger in the self-reported time rating, and the effect of traffic density was stronger in the difficulty rating. The effect of increasing video length seemed to diminish for the reproduction of positions and number of surrounding cars. The diminishing of the effect could indicate that there is a saturation level of SA. With a lower traffic density the diminishing effect was stronger, which could indicate that a saturation level of SA is reached earlier when less traffic needs to be assessed. The diminishing effect was absent in the reproduction scores for speeds, which indicates that accurately reproducing the (relative) speeds of these amounts of surrounding traffic might take more time than the maximum of 20 s of this experiment. Although the used desktop-based method may lack the realism needed for direct application of the results, it seems suited for studying the preparation time if implemented in more immersive experimental designs.BioMechanical EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Supplementary materials for the article: Five-Point Likert Items: t test versus Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon
No full textSupplementary materials for the article: De Winter, J. C.F., & Dodou, D. (2010). Five-point Likert items: t test versus Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 15, 1-12
Supplementary materials for the article: Factor recovery by principal axis factoring and maximum likelihood factor analysis as a function of factor pattern and sample size.
No full textSupplementary materials for the article: De Winter, J. C. F., & Dodou, D. (2012). Factor recovery by principal axis factoring and maximum likelihood factor analysis as a function of factor pattern and sample size. Journal of Applied Statistics, 39, 695-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2011.61044
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