1,721,067 research outputs found
Assessing alternative Irpef reforms using microsimulation methods
No full textIn this paper alternative reforms of present Italian personal income taxation, including a
change of the tax unit and the introduction of a flat tax, are studied using a microsimulation
model built on a representative sample of the Italian household population. The comparison
is performed discussing efficiency and equity of each alternative.
Results suggest that main critical points of a family-unit reform include a high effective
marginal tax rate for taxpayers with highly elastic labour supply, namely low-income married
women. Flat taxation systems would cause no efficiency improvements and a dramatic reduction
of tax progressivity and a worsening of redistribution. The analysis of losers and gainers
clearly highlights that the distribution of gains with family-unit and flat tax systems would be
highly in favour of families in the top quintile of incomes. Among the simulations developed,
an adjustment of current IRPEF, roughly along the lines suggested by the White Paper on
IRPEF and family income support, would not worsen inefficiency of current personal income
taxation and produce more equal distribution of disposable income
Welfare Resilience in the Immediate Aftermath of the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy
No full textThis paper analyses the extent to which the Italian welfare system provides monetary compensation for those who lost their earnings due to the lockdown imposed by the government in order to contain the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020. In assessing first-order effects of the businesses temporarily shut down and the government’s policy measures on household income, counterfactual scenarios are simulated with EUROMOD, the EU-wide microsimulation model, integrated with information on the workers who the lockdown is more likely to affect. This paper provides timely evidence on the differing degrees of relative and absolute resilience of the household incomes of the individuals affected by the lockdown. These arise from the variations in the protection offered by the tax-benefit system, coupled with personal and household circumstances of the individuals at risk of income loss
La responsabilità degli enti. Commento articolo per articolo al d. legisl. 8 giugno 2001, n. 231
No full textcommentario dottrina e giurisprudenz
LA RESPONSABILITA' DEGLI ENTI. Commento articolo per articolo al d.legisl. 8 giugno 2001, n.231
No full textConsumers’ satisfaction and regulation of local public transport: evidence from European cities
Full text linkIn recent decades, market-opening policies in local public transport (LPT) have impacted most European countries. However, we can observe a high degree of variability in possible LPT arrangements, from public monopolies to open markets. This work addresses the following research question: How does user satisfaction correlate to alternative organisational models of LPT service provision? We use the results of a large survey conducted in 2009 in 33 European cities to analyse the likelihood of satisfaction with standard probit models. Results show that the highest levels of satisfaction correlate with the presence of a single LPT provider, as opposed to an industry structure in which multiple providers operate in the same market area
Shadow wages for the EU regions
No full textThe shadow wage is the social opportunity cost of labor. After reviewing earlier theoretical and empirical literature, we define four labor market conditions: fairly socially efficient (FSE), quasi-Keynesian unemployment (QKU), urban labor dualism (ULD) and rural labor dualism (RLD). We offer, for the first time to date, an empirical estimation of the shadow wages for the EU at regional (NUTS2) level. Our estimated values are in the form of conversion factors that translate actual observed real wages into shadow wages, as required by social cost-benefit analysis of investment projects under the Structural Funds of the EU. Our results are obtained with an empirical strategy that is easy to implement with aggregate data, differently from micro-data based approaches that are costly, project specific, and often difficult to be applied because of lack of data. We find that the conversion factor for the shadow wage rate is 0.998 in 29 FSE regions (mostly capital cities); 0.943 in 135 ULD regions (mostly in rich areas); 0.8005 in 74 QKU regions, and just 0.519 in 32 RLD regions. These findings point to high variability of labor markets in the EU and have important applications for project evaluatio
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