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Toleration and State Neutrality: The Case of Symbolic FGM
No full textTraditional theories of toleration have to face the well-known problem of preemption
of toleration. A liberal state should maximize individual liberties and be
neutral with respect to diverse religions and theories of the good. In this scenario,
the state cannot tolerate a certain practice because for toleration to obtain the state
should object to a practice, while accepting it for some other reason. However, if
the state is neutral, there should be no reason to object to a given practice, while
allowing it. Hence, either the state allows a certain practice, without objecting to it, or such a practice should be banned. Then, toleration in a liberal state seems
pre-empted by state neutrality and individual liberties.
Within this traditional understanding of toleration, the case of symbolic genital
cutting might represent a genuine case of toleration insofar as a liberal state might
have reasons to accept it, while still having reasons of objection. The reasons for
accepting this symbolic practice include the principle of harm reduction and the
idea that a symbolic formulation of this practice might contribute to an evolution
of the practice that does not harm women. However, the conditions for these
reasons to apply are hard to obtain. Hence, the case for toleration in a liberal state,
although possible in theory for symbolic genital cutting, might not easily be
translated into practice
È possibile una tirannide stabile? La tirannide come modello politologico nella Grecia classica
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