170,501 research outputs found
Die proto-konstitutionelle Etablierung der europäischen Innenpolitik, Rückblick und Ausblick auf Bedingungen föderaler Ordnung in Europa = The proto-constitutional establishment of European domestic policy. Review and outlook on conditions of federal order in Europe. ZEI Discussion Paper C225, 2014
No full textZEI Director Prof. Ludger Kühnhardt recalls the leading ideas of federalism as territorial equivalent for political pluralism. Celebrating the 80th anniversary of Bonn historian and political scientist Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schwarz, he reflects on the emerging EU domestic policies in ZEI Discussion Paper C 225
LA NORMAZIONE TECNICA NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA
No full text1. Introduzione. – 2. Gli elementi essenziali del “Nuovo approccio” per la regolamentazione delle applicazioni tecnologiche nell’Unione europea: il recepimento del modello consolidatosi in Germania. – 3. Il “Nuovo approccio” alla normalizzazione comunitaria. – 4. Gli oneri della regolamentazione delle applicazioni tecnologiche. – 5. Idoneità delle norme tecniche private, la cui diffusione dipende da un adeguamento spontaneo da parte dei singoli operatori, a configurare barriere non tariffarie alla libera circolazione dei prodotti all’interno del mercato comunitario. – a) Sanzionabilità del rinvio alle norme tecniche private da parte delle autorità nazionali. – b) Sanzionabilità delle norme tecniche adottate da soggetti di diritto privato controllati dalle autorità nazionali. – c) Sanzionabilità delle norme tecniche adottate da soggetti di diritto privato in quanto sostanziano comportamenti restrittivi della concorrenza. – 6. L’istituzionalizzazione dei soggetti della normalizzazione: la direttiva 83/189/CEE sulla procedura d'informazione nel settore delle norme e delle regolamentazioni tecniche. – 7. Il controllo sulla normazione tecnica comunitaria. – a) L’ipotesi di un controllo sull’idoneità delle norme tecniche armonizzate in sede giurisdizionale: l’impossibilità di inficiare la presunzione di conformità da parte dei tribunali. – b) Segue - asimmetria degli effetti introdotti che configurano una presunzione che è assoluta per il giudice, mentre rimane solamente relativa per le autorità amministrative. – c) L’ipotesi di un controllo sulle norme tecniche armonizzate da parte della Commissione europea: la pubblicazione degli estremi delle norme sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale delle Comunità europee – d) Segue - la cancellazione degli estremi delle norme disposta dalla Commissione al termine della procedura di verifica. – e) Il ruolo degli Stati membri a garanzia della “sicurezza” delle norme tecniche armonizzate. – f) Segue - l’ipotesi di un controllo sulle norme tecniche armonizzate attraverso i Comitati tecnici composti dai rappresentanti degli Stati che operano presso la Commissione europea: il ruolo della cooperazione amministrativa interstatale. – g) Impossibilità di un controllo sulle norme tecniche nella fase del recepimento da parte degli enti nazionali di normazione. 8. Il controllo “indiretto” delle norme tecniche attraverso un controllo sugli enti di normazione. – a) La partecipazione delle “parti interessate“ ai lavori di normazione a livello nazionale. – b) La partecipazione delle “parti interessate” ai lavori di normazione a livello comunitario. – c) Segue - il fallimento del “Libro verde sullo sviluppo della standardizzazione europea”. – d) Gli strumenti per un controllo sul procedimento di elaborazione delle norme tecniche private. – 9. Delegazione di competenze normative agli enti tecnici di normazione?. – 10. Democraticità degli enti di normazione e sindacato giurisdizionale come ipotesi di controllo sulla normazione tecnica europea.1. Introduction. - 2. The essential elements of the "new approach" for the regulation of technological applications in the European Union: the implementation of the model been consolidated in Germany. - 3. The "New Approach" to the Community Standards. - 4. The costs of the regulation of technological applications. - 5. Suitability of private technical standards, the disclosure of which is dependent on a spontaneous adaptation by individual operators to configure non-tariff barriers to the free movement of goods within the Community market. - A) enforceability of the technical standards it private by the national authorities. - B) enforceability of technical standards adopted by a private entity controlled by national authorities. - C) enforceability of technical standards adopted by private persons as substantiate the anti-competitive behavior. - 6. The institutionalization of the subjects of standardization: Directive 83/189/EEC on the provision of information in the field of standards and technical regulations. - 7. Control over the standardization community. - A) The hypothesis of a check on the suitability of harmonized standards in the courts: the inability to affect the presumption of conformity by the courts. - B) Follows - asymmetry of the effects introduced which constitute a presumption that the judge is absolute, while it remains only relative to the administrative authorities. - C) The assumption of control over technical standards harmonized by the European Commission: the publication of the details of the standards in the Official Journal of the European Communities - d) Follows - the cancellation of the extremes of the standards prepared by the Commission at the end of the procedure verification. - E) The role of the Member States to guarantee the "safety" of harmonized standards. - F) Follows - the assumption of control over the harmonized technical standards through technical committees composed of representatives of the States, working at the European Commission: the role of inter-administrative cooperation. - G) Inability to control the technical standards at the stage of transposition by the national standards organizations. 8. Control "indirect" of technical standards through a control on the standardization bodies. - A) The participation of "stakeholders" in the work of standardization at national level. - B) The involvement of "interested parties" to the standardization work at Community level. - C) Follows - the failure of the "Green Paper on the development of European standardization." - D) The means of control over the process of drafting of technical standards private. - 9. Delegation of legislative powers to the institutions of technical standardization '. - 10. Democratic nature of standardization bodies and judicial review as a check on the assumption of European standardization
Differential fertility as a mechanism maintaining balanced polymorphisms in Sardinia.
No full textWomen's fertility, gathered from the 1961 Italian population census, and estimates of heterozygote frequencies for thalassemia and G6PD deficiency (Siniscalco et al. 1961, 1966) in 52 Sardinian villages were examined to study at the population level the mechanisms that have maintained the stability of these polymorphisms over long periods. Sardinian villages were classified according to low or high frequency of heterozygotes, and the reproductive behavior of the women living in these areas was analyzed. A high mean number of children per woman and a low percentage of women without children with a high heterozygote frequency was demonstrated. The observed differential fertility and sterility were interpreted as being the result of different numeric ratios within each area between normal homozygous and heterozygous women, who were less and more resistant, respectively, to malarial infection, according to Haldane's theory. The effect of differing degrees of malaria on fertility rates has been demonstrated previously (Zei et al. 1990). To account for the effect of the genetic and epidemiological composition of an area on reproductive behavior, we classified data on women's fertility and sterility by heterozygote frequency level and malarial morbidity level. A combined and direct effect of inherited and acquired immunities on fertility and sterility rates was shown. The level of endemicity in an area may contribute to decreasing or increasing fitness, which is already influenced by the stable balanced polymorphisms
Is the European Federation a "Mission Impossible"?: A Critical Analysis of the German Constitutional Court's Judgement on the Lisbon Treaty. ZEI Discussion Paper No. 201, 2010
No full text[From the Introduction]. The Court’s Reasoning and Conclusions to be Analyzed. The Court based these two barriers mainly on its understanding of • its own notion of an "association of sovereign national states" ("Staatenverbund") • the characteristics of the EU as a supranational body • the notions of "constitutional identity" and in that context of "sovereignty" • the requirements for democratic representation in a federally or quasifederally organized body • the "principle of conferral", the new categorization of EU competences and its implications • the rejection of an EU "competence on competence" and the need for clear delimitations of EU-competences. After investigating these matters and summing up the results of that analysis the judicial prospects for a European Federation will have to be considered
How did Sweden Manage the European Union? ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C 96
No full text[Introduction]. From a Swedish perspective the Swedish Presidency during the spring of 2001 was the single most important European event since the accession in 1995. It has even been argued that for the first time since the Vienna conference 1814-1815 Sweden could act on equal terms with the more powerful nations in determining European security policy (Wahlbäck, 2000, p 1). This raises several questions: (1) Does the presidency, as such, carry any weight? (2) Could a small member state, like Sweden, manage the EU as well as a large one like Germany or Great Britain? Is it possible that small is more efficient? (3) Did Sweden, in the role of the Presidency, influence the policies of the European Union? (4) To what extent can a reluctant and neutral nation like Sweden manage the Common Foreign and Security Policy area despite its non-NATO membership? What about the EMU? (5) What were the national and international reactions
Die proto-konstitutionelle Etablierung der europäischen Innenpolitik : Rückblick und Ausblick auf Bedingungen föderaler Ordnung in Europa
No full textZEI Direktor Prof. Dr. Ludger Kühnhardt erinnert anlässlich des 80.Geburtstages des Bonner Historikers und Politikwissenschaftlers Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schwarz an die tragenden Ideen des Föderalismus als territoriales Äquivalent des politischen Pluralismus. Im ZEI Discussion Paper C 225 untersucht er die Herausbildung einer Innenpolitik in der Europäischen Union
New Winners and Old Losers. A Priori Voting Power in the EU25. ZEI Discussion Papers C. 149, 2005
No full text[From the Introduction]. Analysis of the development of power distributions is one of the core tasks of political science. How much do the EU member states have a priori voting power in the Council of Ministers? In particular, what have the modifications in the voting weights after the various enlargements meant for the distribution of a priori voting power in the Council? We will in the following use the standardized Penrose-Banzhaf-index when analyzing the distribution of power among member-states (Banzhaf 1965 and Penrose 1946) (cf. Raunio and Wiberg 1998 and 2002)
CFTIlandslides, Italian database of historical earthquake-induced landslides.
No full textKnowing the location, the extent and the characteristics of any earthquake-induced environmental phenomena is becoming an increasingly pressing need for civil protection agencies and local administrations. In particular, earthquake-triggered landslides may cause significant losses and may delay rescue operations across large areas.
The CFTIlandslides was designed as "work in progress", and as such it is open to later additions and improvements in future releases. This first version of the database features over 1,000 landslides, subdivided into classes based on location accuracy and type of movement. It is addressed to a large audience of potential users, including researchers and scholars, administrators and technicians belonging to local institutions, and civil protection authorities
CFTIlandslides, Italian database of historical earthquake-induced landslides
No full textKnowing the location, the extent and the characteristics of any earthquake-induced environmental phenomenon is becoming an increasingly pressing need for civil protection agencies and local administrations. In particular, earthquake-triggered landslides are known for being among the most important sources of secondary hazard, as they may cause significant losses and may delay rescue operations across large areas. The combination of the relatively frequent seismic release with a very high landslide susceptibility makes the Italian territory especially prone to the occurrence of earthquake-induced landslides. The CFTIlandslides dataset features over 1,000 landslides triggered by historical Italian earthquakes (up to 1997). The landslides effects are subdivided into classes based on location accuracy and type of movement. Knowing the distribution of the past earthquake-induced landslides provides the input information for assessing the related hazard. This dataset is addressed to a large audience of potential users, including researchers and scholars, administrators and technicians belonging to local institutions, and civil protection authorities
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