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Post-War Migration Flows and Disparities in Mortality from Age 50 Years Onwards: the Case of Turin in Italy
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Unobserved Heterogeneity of Frailty in the Analysis of Socioeconomic Differences in Health and Mortality
No full textThe effect of mortality shocks on the age-pattern of adult mortality
No full textQuel sont les effets des modifications soudaines des conditions extérieures sur le niveau et les profils par âge de la mortalité humaine ? Divers travaux ont analysé des événements brutaux comme la famine ou la déportation, mais on ne dispose pas d’évaluation systématique de l’effet des chocs sur le taux de croissance de la mortalité au fil des âges. À la suite d’un choc, l’évolution de la mortalité peut suivre trois scénarios : elle peut augmenter proportionnellement à tous les âges, davantage aux âges élevés, ou davantage aux jeunes âges. Deux cas d’expérience naturelle sont analysés : celui des prisonniers civils australiens dans un camp japonais pendant la seconde guerre mondiale et celui de la famine en Ukraine en 1933. Les taux de mortalité des prisonniers de guerre se sont accrus pendant leur détention mais la pente de la courbe est restée la même que dans un régime de mortalité normale. En revanche, en Ukraine, les courbes de mortalité se sont élevées pendant les années de famine, mais la hausse a été moindre aux âges élevés, la pente des courbes étant ainsi modifiée. En outre, quand la mortalité augmente moins aux âges élevés, la preuve de l’existence d’un effet de sélection comme mécanisme sous-jacent apparaît faible et peu concluante. Mais d’autres mécanismes pourraient contribuer à des schémas semblables, aussi serait-il nécessaire d’analyser davantage d’expériences de mortalité naturelle et de recueillir davantage de données sur le sujet.This article aims to investigate the effect of sudden changes in external conditions on human mortality levels and age-patterns. Although several studies have analysed shocking events such as famines or deportations, a systematic assessment of the effect of the shock on the rate of mortality increase by age is missing. In the case of a shock, three scenarios may occur: mortality may be raised proportionally at all ages, more at older ages, or more at younger ages. Two cases of natural mortality experiments were analysed: Australian civilian prisoners in a Japanese camp during the Second World War and the Ukrainian Famine of 1933. The death rates of the prisoners of war were higher during imprisonment but the slope of the curve appeared to resemble that of the normal mortality regime. During the Ukrainian Famine, by contrast, the mortality curves in the different famine years were raised but the increase was smaller at old ages, resulting in different slopes. When mortality increases less at older ages, the evidence that selection could be the underlying mechanism appears to be weak and inconclusive. However, as other mechanisms could lead to similar patterns, more cases of natural morality experiments need to be analysed and more evidence collected
Patterns in age and cause of death contribution to the sex gap in life expectancy: a comparison among ten countries
Full text linkWomen live longer than men and the absolute difference between male and female mortality risk reaches its maximum at old ages. We decomposed the sex gap in life expectancy and investigated the changes over time of the profile of the age–cause specific contributions with indicators of location, magnitude and dispersion in ten countries. Data were retrieved from the Human Cause-of-Death Database. The decomposition analyses revealed that neoplasm, heart diseases and external causes were the main drivers of the gender gap. We also find two main patterns in the development of age-specific contributions. With mortality delay, regarding neoplasm-related mortality and heart disease-related mortality, the shift (i.e., movement of the modal age at contribution towards older ages) and compression (i.e., dispersion concentrated on a shorter age interval) of the survival advantage of women over a narrower age range reveal that men are gradually improving their survival. This might be linked to improvements in survival, diagnosis and access to treatment, at least to those ages no longer affected by the most significant differences
Beyond being eaten or swept away: Ontogenetic transitions drive developmental mortality in marine barnacle larvae
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