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Preliminary evaluation of the oxygen reserve index as a surrogate for the arterial partial pressure of oxygen in anesthetized dogs
No full textRetrospective preliminary evaluation of dexmedetodine-ketamine-midazolam chemical immobilization in pumas (Puma concolor)
No full textEffect of perfusion index on oxygen reserve index accuracy in estimating arterial oxygen tension in anesthetized dogs: Data reanalysis
Full text linkMulti-wave CO-oximetry, utilizing the oxygen reserve index (ORi), estimates arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in mild hyperoxemia, between 100 and 200 mmHg, and concurrently quantifies local perfusion at the measurement site using the perfusion index (PI). This study explores how variations in PI influence the accuracy of ORi in estimating PaO2 in anesthetized dogs. Data from 37 mechanically ventilated dogs were retrospectively reanalyzed using a different approach. ORi and PI values were collected using a CO-oximeter. The data were categorized into four groups based on PI quartiles. In each group, the relationship between ORi and PaO2 was assessed using linear regression analysis, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) investigated the diagnostic performance of ORi in detecting PaO2 > 150 mmHg. Strong relationships between ORi and PaO2 were observed in groups with PI values 150 mmHg decre..
Exploring oxygen reserve index for timely detection of deoxygenation in canine patients recovering from anesthesia
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Evaluation of a chemical immobilization protocol in Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeustralis) undergoing surgical gonadectomy
No full textChemical immobilization of porcupine is often required for wildlife studies or specific clinical needs, but details and clinical effect of general anaesthesia for surgical procedures in this specie is not reported in literature. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the use of a novel balanced anaesthesia protocol in Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeustralis). The primary objectives were to evaluate the quality of sedation, intubation, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia and the impact of the combination of drugs used on the physiological parameters. The secondary objective was to assess the ease of orotracheal intubation using a traditional laryngoscope versus video-assisted intubation by means of a smartphone otoscope.
The study was conducted at the Valcorba Zoological Park, following approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee of the University of Padova. Six porcupines received a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.008 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly. All the animals achieved recumbency within 5 minutes of injection and lost palpebral reflex within 10 minutes.
Intubation was firstly attempted using a video-otoscope and then achieved within 12 minutes from injection in all porcupines after 1 to 4 attempts using a laryngoscope with a Miller blade and a urinary catheter as guidewire inserted into the endotracheal uncuffed tube.
All animals underwent volatile anaesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen by spontaneous ventilation. Echocardiography and abdominal ultrasound were performed on all porcupines, surgical orchiectomy on 5 subjects. Physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse-oximetry, arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2 and temperature were stable in all animals during the procedures. Intratesticular administration of lidocaine 2 mg/kg contributed to preventing any pain-response to surgical stimuli. Extubation was feasible in less than a minute after the isoflurane was turned off and all porcupines were able to walk within 12 minutes of intramuscular administration of atipamezole (0.08 mg/kg).
Sedation, intubation, maintenance, and recovery quality were assessed as good in all animals, ensuring safe and effective immobilization during procedures. Moreover, recovery was predictable, and smooth in all animals. No complications occurred during the procedure nor in the follow-up. The studied drug combination might be a valid alternative in porcupine chemical immobilization and offers the possibility to perform a safe and stable anaesthesia allowing surgical orchiectomy. Moreover, the drug combination used allowed intubation, nevertheless some technical difficulties were encountered. Larynx visualization was challenging due to the anatomical features of porcupines and laryngoscope provided acceptable larynx visualization, but many attempts were often required to perform intubation. In contrast, otoscope laryngoscopy was unsuccessful in this study, although it has been reported as a simple and effective in small laboratory rodents. Other investigations are needed to optimize intubation technique, as correct airway management is fundamental to safe anaesthetic practice
Use of the oxygen reserve index/FiO2 as a non-invasive index to estimate venous admixture in anesthetized dogs
Full text linkThe oxygen reserve index (ORi) is a novel, non-invasive parameter that estimates arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) during hyperoxia when the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is elevated. This study aimed to assess the utility of the ORi/FiO2 ratio as an index for quantifying F-shunt, serving as an estimate of venous admixture. Anesthetic records were reviewed from 44 dogs undergoing general anesthesia and requiring arterial catheterization. ORi was measured via a CO-oximeter using a probe on the tongue. Paired measurements of PaO2, obtained by blood gas analysis, and ORi were taken at various FiO2 levels to achieve an ORi between 0 and 1. Venous admixture was quantified by F-shunt. Spearman’s correlation coefficient assessed the relationship between ORi/FiO2 and F-shunt. Youden’s index identified the optimal cut-off point to predict a physiological F-shunt (≤ 10%). A total of 77 paired observations were collected, revealing a moderate negative correlation between F-shunt and ORi/FiO2 (rho = −0.59, p < 0.001). An ORi/FiO2 cut-off of 1.2 demonstrated 80% sensitivity for identifying dogs with an F-shunt ≤10%, with a ROC curve area above 80%. However, the index was less effective at distinguishing dogs with higher shunt fractions. The ORi/FiO2 index identifies dogs with low F-shunt during anesthesia with strong sensitivity and predictive accuracy, potentially ruling out the occurrence of ventilation-perfusion inequality. However, it cannot replace blood gas analysis for quantifying venous admixture
A case of progressive weight loss, dysorexia and behavioral changes in a geriatric camel (Camelus batracianus) with dental disorders.
No full textProgressive weight loss and behavioural changes in elderly animals could indicate serious underlying conditions and require accurate investigation. A 20-year-old intact male camel (Camelus bactrianus, 750kg) presented with a 5-month history of progressive reduction in physical condition, behavioural changes (agitation, nervousness, aggression, irritability), dysorexia and peculiar chewing. Xylazine 0.4mg/kg(300mg Xilagesic, Calier srl, Italy) and butorphanol 0.06mg/kg (50mg Dolorex, MSD-Animal Health srl, Italy) were administered intramuscularly to perform physical examination, blood sampling, abdominal ultrasound and oral radiographic imaging. Supplemental xylazine (0.4mg/kg, 300mg) and butorphanol (0.04mg/kg, 30mg) were administered intramuscularly when necessary to maintain sternal recumbency. Radiographic imaging showed the absence of the upper left first molar, the presence of broken teeth (lower left first and second molars) and osteolytic lesions. Mobile fractured dental fragments were removed, and all the sharp enamel points were rasped using motorized equipment and water-dip cooling (Macrima Pharmavet Srl, Italy). Atipamezole 0.06mg/kg (50mg Atipam, Dechra Veterinary Products srl, Italy) was administered intramuscularly 120 minutes after the first injection, and the camel was able to stand within 20 minutes. Physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure and oxygen saturation) were stable during procedures. Complete blood work and ultrasound examination were unremarkable. The camel gained weight, improved its physical condition and became calmer within 2 weeks. The prevalence of oral disorders ranges from 10 to 27% in camels over 10 years old. Loss of condition resulting from poor prehension, and improper mastication is quite common but changes in normal behaviour are probably underestimated in camels
Assessment of pain-related emotions in dogs by three observer groups using a qualitative method and a pain scale
No full textPain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. In contrast with humans, who can usually communicate their emotional states, animals do not have any verbal means of communication [1]. Thus, the capability of human observers to appreciate animal emotions is essential. Free Choice Profiling (FCP) methodology was used in qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) in many species [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. QBA investigates the emotional status of the animals and it does not rely on what an animal does, but on how it does what it does. FCP approach allows observers to generate their own vocabulary to describe emotional expression of observed animals, enhancing the active interpretation of animals rather than providing them with a fixed list of terms [2]. To our knowledge, FCP methodology has been never applied to pain assessment. This study aims to investigate the ability of three observer groups to blindly recognize pain-related emotions in 20 dogs (10 “in pain” dogs and 10 “healthy” dogs) using FCP methodology. The observers (10 dog owners, 10 veterinary medical students and 10 veterinarians) applied FCP watching twice the footages of the dogs. In video session 3, students and veterinarians assessed dogs’ pain using Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF) [8]. FCP data were analyzed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA): a good agreement was achieved by each observer group, confirming the applicability of this methodology in dogs [5]. “Healthy” dogs were mainly described as tranquillo (“quiet”) and vivace (“lively”), while the majority of “in pain” dogs were considered dolorante (“sore/in pain”) and sofferente (“suffering”). Pain-related dimension of the consensus profile was different among groups as well as the capability to differentiate between “healthy” and “in pain” dogs. Thus, observers’ cultural background and personal experience could affect QBA in suffering dogs. Moreover, a high correlation was found between FCP data and GCPS-SF scores. The results of this study show that qualitative methods such as FCP could be used in association with semi-quantitative methods to investigate the effect of pain on animal emotional expression
Severe abdominal distension associated with a paraovarian cyst in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
No full textAbdominal distension in guinea pigs might be a subtle symptom, not easily attributed to an underlying disease. Progressive abdominal enlargement can be caused by many factors, such as weight gain, intra-abdominal fluid, abdominal neoplasia or enlarged abdominal cyst. A 3-year-old intact female guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) weighing 1.5kg was referred to the University of Padova Veterinary Teaching Hospital after 2 months of progressive abdominal distension, and 2 days of anxiety, dysorexia and reduced faecal output. At physical examination, abdominal distention did not allow palpation. Ultrasound examination revealed the presence of abundant intra-abdominal fluid and cytology was not diagnostic. The animal was sedated with ketamine 10 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine 70 mcg/kg, midazolam 0.6 mg/ kg and buprenorphine 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously (SQ). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. At the midline abdominal wall incision, a 12 cm fluid- filled cystic mass was found, tightly adhered to spleen, pancreas and left ovarium. The cyst was gently isolated, and ovariohysterectomy was performed. A total of 700g including the cyst and intra-abdominal fluid was removed.
Enrofloxacine, meloxicam and prokinetic drugs were administered for 5 days. The animal appeared calm but still dysorexic the day after surgery. From the second day it began to progressively increase its appetite and faecal output. No complications were observed in the following 6 months.
Histologically, the cyst was in continuity with the ovary and the uterus and showed a wall covered with cubic or flattened and keratinized epithelium with no atypical features. The cystic wall was composed of a layer of smooth muscle and was externally lined by degenerate mesothelium. These findings support the diagnosis of benign paraovarian cyst most likely pertaining to the mesonephric duct. Paraovarian cysts are the rarest type of cysts affecting reproductive system of guinea pigs.(1) Unlike the more common ovarian follicular cysts, paraovarian cysts are not associated to obvious hormone-related symptoms, such as flank alopecia, and could remain unidentified until they reach a large size. Therefore, changes in the volume and shape of the abdomen in female guinea pigs should be carefully investigated
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