177,028 research outputs found
Le tre «spezie» di lingue nella «Scienza nuova» di Vico: interpretazione diacronica e funzionale
No full textMoving from the connection between language and thought, which plays a central role in Vico’s philosophy, R.M. Zagarella discusses the alternative between the diachronic (or chronological) and the functional (or phenomenological) interpretation of the «three languages» that respectively mark the age of gods, the age of heroes and the age of men in the «New Science». This article reconstructs the most recent debate and, by going into some of the most relevant Vico’s pages on this subject, argues in favor of a coexistence of both the interpretative perspectives
L’animale insaturo: antropologia filosofica e retorica
No full textIn the macro-area of philosophical anthropology and philosophy of language we can find an important relationship between philosophical anthropology and rhetoric.
Starting from the analysis of Blumenberg’s essay An Anthropological Approach to the Contemporary Significance of Rhetoric, the paper will focus on the relation between rhetoric and evidence, on the status of shared assumptions that form the basis of argumentation and on the role of pistis in human nature. I will also try to propose a new concept of poor humanity: man is that animal whose poverty is tied to the biological need to believe in the inherited background that we have because we belong to a community which is bound together by science and education.
I will discuss Blumenberg’s ideas in the light of contemporary argumentation theories that consider rhetoric in the anthropological key and I will also use Wittgenstein’s On Certainty as a contemporary rhetorical text.
I will consider, according to the New Rhetoric, that self-evidence is not a specific element of argumentation. The argumentation background is not a group of necessary truths but, as Wittgenstein says, it is a system that is the element in which arguments have their own life. Furthermore I will try to show that it is not a single axiom that strikes me as obvious, but a system in which consequences and premises give each other mutual support. In conclusion, I will try to explain that learning is based on what is transmitted by the members of a community
Salvatore Di Piazza. 2011. Congetture e approssimazioni. Forme del sapere in Aristotele (Milano-Udine : Mimesis)
No full textIngenium e natura umana in Giambattista Vico.
No full textAbstract. In the present theories about human nature there are some attempts to naturalize the mind; on the other hand there are tendencies of thought that criticise those ideas. Vico’s work can be considered the foundation of theories which refuse to naturalize humans. Vico had an anti-dualistic view of human nature, centred on ingenium and related to the ideas of action, language, civil world and culture. This essay analyses Vico’s concept of ingenium and proposes a reflection about his epistemology (1), philosophy of mind (2) and philosophy of language (3).
(1) Knowledge and truth are connected to human praxis and action. Vico’s theory of knowledge is based on the verum-factum principle. This principle states that what can be known is what can be done. We can only have science about the mathematical world and about the civil world because they have been created by humans. These two worlds are products of ingenium, the faculty that connects disparate and diverse things. (2) Furthermore, ingenium was the root of early nations’ thought. The first Gentile people were poets. Incapable of forming abstract universals, people had a natural need to create poetic characters, which are products of ingenium. (3) Also the first language was a product of ingenium. In their mute condition, primitive peoples made themselves ingenious. They had difficulty in articulating sounds because they had very rigid vocal organs; so they expressed themselves by using mute gestures and physical objects
Sensi e senso comune. La sinestesia come struttura basilare del consenso
No full textAristotle defines synaisthesis as the ability to directly understand
the actions and passions of another man. It is
formed through shared experience and the exchange of
conversations and thoughts (Nicomachean Ethics, 1170b
10-14): thus we will investigate the epistemological status
of the rhetorical consent and its philosophical roots.
Analyzing synaisthesis we will work from an anthropological
point of view rather than a neuropsychological
one. We will prove synaisthesis is one of the basic starting
points of consent. This Aristotelian notion is the cornerstone
of the original inter-subjectivity. It creates space
for certainty (according to Vico and Wittgenstein not
Descartes). It is also a key concept to analyze in depth
how social relations and the public sphere constitute
one of the main conditions of consent and language.
To further our approach we will also work on available
studies on philosophical anthropology, embodied simulations
and pre-linguistic empathy
Accordo e persona nell’argomentazione: il caso dell’ad hominem.
No full textIs the ad hominem argument a fallacy or not? In this paper I will try to demonstrate that an ad hominem is not intrinsically fallacious and that the speaker’s personal convictions, commitments and actions are deeply involved in every argument. This paper starts with a comparison between dialectical and rhetorical approaches to the argumentation, and, in particular, to the agreement. Briefly: from a dialectical standpoint, the argumentation is aimed at resolving a difference of opinion or a disagreement. On the other hand, from the rhetorical perspective argumentation also often deals with dialogues of the deaf, with incommensurable points of view. The agreement is a key concept of Perelman’s and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s new rhetoric. Agreement is not only what is ensured by the argumentative process. It is also the starting point of argumentation (prior argument): all argumentation must proceed from points of agreement (e. g. common values and hierarchies). These are aspects that would be agreed upon by the audience as conceived by the orator. Therefore, the audience is part of the arguments and we cannot divide the speaker, the subject on which he speaks and the hearer. In the last part of the paper, I focus on Perelman’s and Olbrects-Tyteca’s snowball interrelation between act and person – which mutually affect each other in the same direction – showing the role of ethos of both orator and audience in argument. Ad hominem argument represents an important testing ground because it expressly relates with personal conduct, character, motives, etc
From COVID-19 vaccine candidates to compulsory vaccination: The attitudes of Italian citizens in the key 7-month of vaccination campaign
No full textIntroduction: The aim of the study is to understand the evolution of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance over the key 7-month vaccine campaign in Italy, a period in which the country moved from candidate vaccines to products administered to the public. The research focus points to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine attitudes in adults and their children, propension towards compulsory vaccination, past and present adherence to anti-flu and anti-pneumococcal vaccines, and the reasons for trust/mistrust of vaccines. Methods: Italian residents aged 16->65 years were invited to complete an online survey from September 2020 to April 2021. The survey contained 13 questions: 3 on demographic data; 8 on vaccine attitudes; and 2 open-ended questions about the reasons of vaccine confidence/refusal. A preliminary word frequency analysis has been conducted, as well as a statistical bivariate analysis. Results: Of 21.537 participants, the confidence of those in favor of the COVID-19 vaccine increases of 50 % and the number of people who wanted more information decreases by two-third. Willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 also increased from 51 % to 66.5 %. Only one-third of the strong vaccine-hesitant participants, i.e. 10 %, remained hostile. Compulsory vaccination showed a large and increasing favor by participants up to 78 %, in a way similar to their propensity for children's mandatory vaccination (70.6 %). Respondents’ past and present adherence to anti-flu and anti-pneumococcal vaccines does not predict their intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19. Finally, a semantic analysis of the reasons of acceptance/refusal of COVID-19 vaccination suggests a complex decision-making process revealed by the participants’ use of common words in pro-and-cons arguments. Conclusion: The heterogeneity in the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, determinants and opinions detected at different ages, genders and pandemic phases suggests that health authorities should avoid one-size-fits-all vaccination campaigns. The results emphasize the long-term importance of reinforcing vaccine information, communication and education needs
Biophilic Architecture and the New Paradigm Building-Man-Environment
No full textThe concept of biophilic design is based on a wide variety of experiences ranging from physical, sensory, metaphorical, morphological, and material to spiritual. Certain elements (such as air, daylight, plants, and landscapes) offer opportunities to develop design strategies with multiple benefits, particularly to enhance health and well-being, productivity, increase biodiversity, circularity, and resilience of the built environment. Investigating the human-nature relationship is, therefore, the task of biophilic design, which constitutes a new frontier in green building aiming to improve collective well-being in human environments and to restore, through the incorporation of greenery, a general sense of fulfillment to those who inhabit architecture. Moreover, through the use of passive and active design strategies, an optimal balance between living comfort, energy savings, and environmental respect can be achieved. This contribution aims to present the genesis of biophilic architecture, its principles, and how these are applied in design. To verify the results of this approach, a method for the multiparametric evaluation of the effects of design, based on the principles of biophilic architecture in terms of living comfort and environmental sustainability, is also proposed. Biophilic architecture not only responds to the immediate and practical needs of creating healthier and more engaging spaces but also aligns with broader environmental and societal goals. By fostering deeper connections between individuals and the natural environment, it encourages a more mindful and sustainable way of living and working. This approach has the potential to transform urban landscapes, making them more resilient to environmental challenges such as climate change and urban heat islands, while also enhancing the mental and physical health of the inhabitants
Determinazione dei limiti di rivelazione di agenti contaminanti in matrici biologiche e ambientali mediante spettrometria XRF
No full textNel presente lavoro viene descritta l’applicazione della tecnica XRF (fluorescenza a raggi X) per la determinazione di ele-menti inquinanti in matrici biologiche e ambientali. In particolare sono descritte alcune applicazioni (riconoscimento di le-ghe metalliche e metalli pesanti nel terreno, di polonio nel tabacco di sigaretta, di cromo nell’acqua e di stronzio nel latte vaccino) e per ciascuna di esse vengono individuati i limiti di rivelazione.Lo studio ha evidenziato che le principali limitazioni della metodica sono legate all’autoassorbimento del campione e che essa può essere applicata con ottimi risultatia matrici liquide come acqua e latte, con alcune limitazioni a campioni di terreno mentre non è al momento impiegabile “tal quale” per l’individuazione del polonio nel tabacco
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