1,721,094 research outputs found
The distribution of spectrin along the membranes of normal and echinocytic human erythrocytes
No full textSpectrin molecules are distributed uniformly throughout the submembranous regions of intact human erythrocytes. Spectrin does not appear to extend into the red blood cell cytoplasm to any significant extent. Thus, it does not form a recognizable internal scaffolding nor does it seem to connect distant segments of the cell membrane. Spectrin retains its submembranous location in the spiny processes of echinocytes produced by ATP depletion. Thus, these processes do not seem to form by a simple extrusion mechanism powered by contraction of the spectrin netwerk. Spectrin seems to be important for the stability of the lipid bilayer of the red cell membrane, and it probably also plays a role in regulating red cell shape. How it performs either function is still unknown
COMBINAZIONE DI INIBITORI DEL FATTORE HIF-1 E AGONISTI DEL RECETTORE TLR3 PER LA TERAPIA DI TUMORI SOLIDI
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DUAL CONTROL OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE CONTRACTILITY MEDIATED BY ETA AND ETB ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPES
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Two distinct antitumor patwways activated by transfected poly(I:C) in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells
No full textIntroduction
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second leading cause of cancer death in men and develops as a result of the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Data from literature suggest that new therapeutic targets are emerging and in particular, it is known that the activation of Toll-like Receptors 3 (TLR3), expressed by cancer cells has a pro-apoptotic and thus anti-tumoral effect in different tumors (Cheng & Xu, 2010). We previously demonstrated that the synthetic analogue of dsRNA, poly(I:C), (specific TLR3-ligand), induces apoptosis in the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP in a TLR3-dependent fashion, whereas a weaker apoptotic effect is observed in more aggressive and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines PC3 (Paone et al, 2008) and DU-145 (Galli et al, 2013). In this regard, we have recently demonstrated that the encapsulation of poly(I:C) with three different formulations of cationic liposomes were up to 10 times more efficient than the free drug in eliminating both PC3 and DU145 cells (Palchetti et al, 2013). These data suggest that transfected poly(I:C) could raise apoptotic rate by stimulating cytosolic dsRNA receptors. In the present paper we analyzed the receptors and signalling pathways involved in apoptosis induced by poly(I:C) transfected by lipofectamine (the most common transfection agent) compared with free poly(I:C) in PC3 and DU145 cells.
Material and Method
We evaluated cell viability by MTT assay and apoptosis by cell cycle analysis by FACS and caspase activity. SiRNA approach and Western Blot analysis were performed to determine the receptors and signal transduction molecules involved in transfected poly(I:C)-induced effects.
Results and discussion
Poly(I:C) transfected by lipofectamine [in-poly(I:C)] inhibits cell viability in PC3 and DU145 cells in a dose dependent manner with the highest efficiency at 2μg/ml of poly(I:C) compared to twelve-fold higher poly(I:C) concentration (25μg/ml) and induces caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis.
By using genetic inhibition of different poly(I:C) receptors we demonstrated the crucial role of TLR3 and Src in in-poly(I:C) induced apoptosis. Moreover, we show that IRF3-mediated signaling causes the upregulation of TLR3, cytosolic receptors (RLH) and interferon-beta expression. Our data highlight the multiple signaling triggered by in-poly(I:C) leading to antitumor responses.
Conclusion
We can conclude that the treatment of PC3 and DU145 cells with in-poly(I:C) activates two distinct anti-tumor pathways: one mediated by TLR3, dependent on Src leading to a remarkable apoptosis and the other one mediated by cytosolic receptors, dependent on IRF-3 leading to themselves up-regulation and interferon-beta expression
A combination of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 inhibitors and toll-like receptor-3 agonists for treating solid tumours
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