1,615 research outputs found
Waves in hyperbolic and double negative metamaterials including rogues and solitons
No full textThe topics here deal with some current progress in electromagnetic wave propagation in a family of substances known as metamaterials. To begin with, it is discussed how a pulse can develop a leading edge that steepens and it is emphasised that such self-steepening is an important inclusion within a metamaterial environment together with Raman scattering and third-order dispersion whenever very short pulses are being investigated. It is emphasised that the self-steepening parameter is highly metamaterial-driven compared to Raman scattering, which is associated with a coefficient of the same form whether a normal positive phase, or a metamaterial waveguide is the vehicle for any soliton propagation. It is also shown that the influence of magnetooptics provides a beautiful and important control mechanism for metamaterial devices and that, in the future, this feature will have a significant impact upon the design of data control systems for optical computing. A major objective is fulfiled by the investigations of the fascinating properties of hyperbolic media that exhibit asymmetry of supported modes due to the tilt of optical axes. This is a topic that really merits elaboration because structural and optical asymmetry in optical components that end up manipulating electromagnetic waves is now the foundation of how to operate some of the most successful devices in photonics and electronics. It is pointed out, in this context, that graphene is one of the most famous plasmonic media with very low losses. It is a two-dimensional material that makes the implementation of an effective-medium approximation more feasible. Nonlinear non-stationary diffraction in active planar anisotropic hyperbolic metamaterials is discussed in detail and two approaches are compared. One of them is based on the averaging over a unit cell, while the other one does not include sort of averaging. The formation and propagation of optical spatial solitons in hyperbolic metamaterials is also considered with a model of the response of hyperbolic metamaterials in terms of the homogenisation ('effective medium') approach. The model has a macroscopic dielectric tensor encompassing at least one negative eigenvalue. It is shown that light propagating in the presence of hyperbolic dispersion undergoes negative (anomalous) diffraction. The theory is ten broadened out to include the influence of the orientation of the optical axis with respect to the propagation wave vector. Optical rogue waves are discussed in terms of how they are influenced, but not suppressed, by a metamaterial background. It is strongly discussed that metamaterials and optical rogue waves have both been making headlines in recent years and that they are, separately, large areas of research to study. A brief background of the inevitable linkage of them is considered and important new possibilities are discussed. After this background is revealed some new rogue wave configurations combining the two areas are presented alongside a discussion of the way forward for the future
{Rebuttal to: Comments on 'The HARP Time Projection Chamber: Characteristics and physics performance'}
No full textComplex-plasma boundaries
No full textThis study deals with the boundary between a normal plasma of ions and electrons, and an adjacent complex plasma of ions, electrons, and microparticles, as found in innumerable examples in nature. Here we show that the matching between the two plasmas involve electrostatic double layers. These double layers explain the sharp boundaries observed in the laboratory and in astrophysics. A modified theory is derived for the double layers that form at the discontinuity between two different complex plasmas and at the point of contact of three complex plasmas. The theory is applied to the first measurements from the Plasma Kristall Experiment (PKE) Nefedov Laboratory in the International Space Station
Boron-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons: Electronic Structure and Raman Fingerprint
No full textWe investigate the electronic and vibrational properties of bottom-up
synthesized aligned armchair graphene nanoribbons of N = 7 carbon atoms
width periodically doped by substitutional boron atoms (B-7AGNRs). Using
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory
calculations, we find that the dopant-derived valence and conduction
band states are notably hybridized with electronic states of Au
substrate and spread in energy. The interaction with the substrate
leaves the bands with pure carbon character rather unperturbed. This
results in an identical effective mass of approximate to 0.2 m(0) for
the next-highest valence band compared with pristine 7AGNRs. We probe
the phonons of B-7AGNRs by ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) Raman spectroscopy and
reveal the existence of characteristic splitting and red shifts in Raman
modes due to the presence of substitutional boron atoms. Comparing the
Raman spectra for three visible lasers (red, green, and blue), we find
that interaction with gold suppresses the Raman signal from B-7AGNRs and
the energy of the green laser (2.33 eV) is closer to the resonant E-22
transition. The hybridized electronic structure of the B-7AGNR-Au
interface is expected to improve electrical characteristics of contacts
between graphene nanoribbon and Au. The Raman fingerprint allows the
easy identification of B-7AGNRs, which is particularly useful for device
fabrication
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 07
No full textdc.description[en_US]Plasma Physics Reports -- July 2000
Volume 26, Issue 7, pp. 539-632
TOKAMAKS
Simulation of START Shots with the Canonical Profile Transport Model
Yu. N. Dnestrovskij, M. P. Gryaznevich, A. Yu. Dnestrovskij, J. W. Connor, S. E. Lysenko, K. N. Tarasyan, S. V. Cherkasov, and M. J. Walsh
pp. 539-549 Full Text: PDF (146 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Pseudosymmetry Near a Magnetic Surface in a Plasma Confinement System
A. A. Skovoroda
pp. 550-559 Full Text: PDF (119 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Formation of Current Sheets in Structurally Stable and Structurally Unstable Magnetic Configurations with Two Null Lines
S. V. Bulanov, E. Yu. Echkina, I. N. Inovenkov, F. Pegoraro, and V. V. Pichushkin
pp. 560-574 Full Text: PDF (597 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Parametric Turbulence���Sustained Gas Discharges
A. I. Akhiezer, V. S. Mikhailenko, V. V. Ol'shansky, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 575-585 Full Text: PDF (167 kB)
DUSTY PLASMA
Analysis of the Formation of Ordered Dust-Grain Structures in a Thermal Plasma
A. A. Samarian, O. S. Vaulina, A. P. Nefedov, and O. F. Petrov
pp. 586-591 Full Text: PDF (89 kB)
PLASMA ELECTRONICS
Tunable Plasma Relativistic Microwave Amplifier
A. V. Ponomarev, P. S. Strelkov, and A. G. Shkvarunets
pp. 592-597 Full Text: PDF (99 kB)
Generation of Broadband Radio Pulses by a New-Type Reflex Triode with a Virtual Cathode
S. V. Bulychev, A. E. Dubinov, V. S. Zhdanov, I. L. L'vov, S. A. Sadovoy, V. D. Selemir, and V. N. Khaldeev
pp. 598-601 Full Text: PDF (72 kB)
NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Thomson Scattering in a Plasma Created by a Short Intense Laser Pulse
M. V. Chegotov
pp. 602-605 Full Text: PDF (55 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Negative-Polarity Fast Ionization Wave in Molecular Gases: Electric Field, Electron Density, and Energy Branching
N. B. Anikin, S. M. Starikovskaia, and A. Yu. Starikovskii
pp. 606-616 Full Text: PDF (220 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in Crossed Laser Beams
�. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 617-620 Full Text: PDF (73 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in a Gravitational Field
�. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 621-625 Full Text: PDF (88 kB)
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Ion Separation by a Curved Magnetic Field in a Multicomponent Plasma
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 626-627 Full Text: PDF (32 kB)
Pair Correlation Function for a Dusty Plasma
S. A. Maiorov
pp. 628-631 Full Text: PDF (49 kB)
NEW BOOKS
New Textbook on Plasma Electrodynamics: A. F. Aleksandrov and A. A. Rukhadze, Course on Electrodynamics of Plasmalike Media (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1999)
p. 632 Full Text: PDF (15 kB)dc.description.contributor[en_US]dc.description.contributor[en_US
When and Why the Doctrine of a “Rules-Based International Order” Emerged
No full textINTRODUCTION. It is no understatement to say that the “rules-based international order” doctrine, as opposed to the “international order based on law”, has emerged as one of the most debated concepts in global politics during in the late ХХ and early ХХI centuries. This concept presents a framework where general rules of conduct for states, though not norms of jus cogens under general international law, are considered legally binding for all states and other participants in international relations. Consequently, it challenges the traditionally recognized supremacy of international law in governing these relations, seeking to erode established practices of international law-making. This doctrine is actively utilized by leading Western powers to substantiate their political positions and accuse strategic competitors of failing to adhere to these “rules” deemed as legally binding. Understanding the essence and origin of this doctrine is crucial in unraveling its significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The set of used methodological approaches encompass a range of general scientific and specialized methods, including historical analysis, formal logic, synthesis, as well as systemic and comparative legal methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. The research indicates that the doctrine of a rules-based international order entered international diplomatic discourse in the early 1990s, arising as a consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a unipolar world.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author reaches the conclusion that in the context of this emerging unipolarity, the United States deemed it appropriate to unilaterally (or at most in conjunction with its closest allies) dictate universally binding rules of conduct in international relations to the global community. The doctrine of a rules-based internation[1]al order provided the necessary scientific justification to validate such a policy. Initially, this doctrine garnered substantial support in international politics but subsequently faced a decline in its proponents, particularly with the shift towards a polycentric world order. While it continues to exist to some extent, the goals for which it was originally conceived have been largely nullified
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 07
No full textPlasma Physics Reports -- July 2000
Volume 26, Issue 7, pp. 539-632
TOKAMAKS
Simulation of START Shots with the Canonical Profile Transport Model
Yu. N. Dnestrovskij, M. P. Gryaznevich, A. Yu. Dnestrovskij, J. W. Connor, S. E. Lysenko, K. N. Tarasyan, S. V. Cherkasov, and M. J. Walsh
pp. 539-549 Full Text: PDF (146 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Pseudosymmetry Near a Magnetic Surface in a Plasma Confinement System
A. A. Skovoroda
pp. 550-559 Full Text: PDF (119 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Formation of Current Sheets in Structurally Stable and Structurally Unstable Magnetic Configurations with Two Null Lines
S. V. Bulanov, E. Yu. Echkina, I. N. Inovenkov, F. Pegoraro, and V. V. Pichushkin
pp. 560-574 Full Text: PDF (597 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Parametric Turbulence–Sustained Gas Discharges
A. I. Akhiezer, V. S. Mikhailenko, V. V. Ol'shansky, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 575-585 Full Text: PDF (167 kB)
DUSTY PLASMA
Analysis of the Formation of Ordered Dust-Grain Structures in a Thermal Plasma
A. A. Samarian, O. S. Vaulina, A. P. Nefedov, and O. F. Petrov
pp. 586-591 Full Text: PDF (89 kB)
PLASMA ELECTRONICS
Tunable Plasma Relativistic Microwave Amplifier
A. V. Ponomarev, P. S. Strelkov, and A. G. Shkvarunets
pp. 592-597 Full Text: PDF (99 kB)
Generation of Broadband Radio Pulses by a New-Type Reflex Triode with a Virtual Cathode
S. V. Bulychev, A. E. Dubinov, V. S. Zhdanov, I. L. L'vov, S. A. Sadovoy, V. D. Selemir, and V. N. Khaldeev
pp. 598-601 Full Text: PDF (72 kB)
NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Thomson Scattering in a Plasma Created by a Short Intense Laser Pulse
M. V. Chegotov
pp. 602-605 Full Text: PDF (55 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Negative-Polarity Fast Ionization Wave in Molecular Gases: Electric Field, Electron Density, and Energy Branching
N. B. Anikin, S. M. Starikovskaia, and A. Yu. Starikovskii
pp. 606-616 Full Text: PDF (220 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in Crossed Laser Beams
É. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 617-620 Full Text: PDF (73 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in a Gravitational Field
É. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 621-625 Full Text: PDF (88 kB)
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Ion Separation by a Curved Magnetic Field in a Multicomponent Plasma
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 626-627 Full Text: PDF (32 kB)
Pair Correlation Function for a Dusty Plasma
S. A. Maiorov
pp. 628-631 Full Text: PDF (49 kB)
NEW BOOKS
New Textbook on Plasma Electrodynamics: A. F. Aleksandrov and A. A. Rukhadze, Course on Electrodynamics of Plasmalike Media (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1999)
p. 632 Full Text: PDF (15 kB)Archived web conten
Plasma Physics Reports V. 29, I. 01
No full textPlasma Physics Reports -- January 2003
Volume 29, Issue 1, pp. 1-95
DUSTY PLASMA
Complex Plasmas: II. Elementary Processes in Complex Plasmas
G. E. Morfill, V. N. Tsytovich, and H. Thomas
pp. 1-30 Full Text: PDF (574 kB)
Dynamics of Dust Grains in a Two-Component Dusty Plasma Induced by Solar Radiation under Microgravity Conditions
A. P. Nefedov[dagger], O. S. Vaulina, O. F. Petrov, V. E. Fortov, I. E. Dranzhevskii, and A. M. Lipaev
pp. 31-41 Full Text: PDF (160 kB)
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Microwave Enhanced-Scattering Correlation Diagnostics of a Turbulent Plasma
E. Z. Gusakov and A. V. Surkov
pp. 42-52 Full Text: PDF (135 kB)
OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES IN PLASMA
Numerical Simulations of Tangential Microwave Launching for EC Heating in a Tokamak
M. A. Balakina, O. B. Smolyakova, and M. D. Tokman
pp. 53-64 Full Text: PDF (226 kB)
MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMAS
Steady-State Axisymmetric Configurations of a Weakly Ionized Plasma in the Field of a Rotating Magnetized Spherical Body
A. O. Soldatkin and Yu. V. Chugunov
pp. 65-77 Full Text: PDF (156 kB)
NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Waves of States in an Electron Beam with a Distributed Virtual Cathode
A. G. Lymar'
pp. 78-81 Full Text: PDF (77 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Comparison of the AC Barrier Corona with DC Positive and Negative Coronas and Barrier Discharge
Yu. S. Akishev, A. V. Dem'yanov, V. B. Karal'nik, A. E. Monich, and N. I. Trushkin
pp. 82-91 Full Text: PDF (176 kB)
COMMENTS
The Problem of Obtaining Exact Solutions to the Equations for an Intense Charged-Particle Beam and an Analysis of the Paper by N.D. Naumov "Self-Similar Motion of Charged Particles"
V. A. Syrovoy
pp. 92-95 Full Text: PDF (43 kB)Archived web conten
Boron Doped Graphene Nanoribbons Electronic Structure and Raman Fingerprint
No full textWe show that strong chemical interaction between boron doped graphene nanoribbons with N = 7 atoms width (B-7AGNRs) and an Au substrate leads to periodic out-of-plane corrugation and electron doping of B-7AGNRs. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we find that the dopant-derived bands hybridize with substrate electronic states and spread in energy. The interaction with the substrate leaves the bands with pure carbon character unperturbed. This results in an identical effectives mass of ∼ 0.2 m0 compared to pristine 7AGNRs. The presence of boron atoms further manifests in the vibrational properties. We probe the phonons of B-7AGNRs in situ by Raman spectroscopy. We reveal the existence of characteristic splittings and red-shifts of Raman modes due to the presence of C-B bonds. The strongly hybridized electronic structure of the B-7AGNR - Au contact can be useful for carbon based nanoelectronics. The Raman fingerprint allows easy identification in device geometries
PRINCIPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: TERMINOLOGY
No full textIntroduction. In international law the research of the notions “general principles of law”, “basic principles of international law”, “generally recognized (generally binding) principles of international law”, “sectoral principles of international law”, etc., seems to be relevant, due to their fundamental significance. Their content is the subject of many scientific discussions in foreign, as well as in the domestic science.Materials and methods. The research was conducted based on the analysis of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, the Declaration on Principles of International Law, which concern friendly relations and cooperation between states in conformity with the UN Charter 1970, materials of the International Law Commission, the Digest of Justinian and the interpretation of these documents in the doctrine. The research is based on methods such as historical research, formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, and modeling, as well as systematic, comparative and interpretation.Research results. Based on the results of the analysis, the author notes that due to the absence in international law of an official interpretation of the mentioned principles they are not infrequently perceived in the doctrine as synonyms. In particular, “general principles of law, recognized by the civilized nations”, due to the fact that they are noted as sources of international law in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, are often perceived as fundamental principles of international law.Discussion and conclusions. The article substantiates the conclusion that the notions “general principles of law”, “basic principles of international law”, “generally recognized (generally binding) principles of international law”, “sectoral principles of international law” have actually different content, despite the fact that they are perceived (by ear) as notions that are very close to each other in meaning or even identical by definition. At the same time, in particular, “general principles of law” constitute not fundamental principles of international law, but the rules of juridical logic and juridical technique that are used in international law in defining and using legal norms, as well as in national legal systems
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