3,420 research outputs found
Infectivity and pathogenicity in chimpanzees of a surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus that emerged in a vaccinated infant
No full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) variants with amino acid mutations in the a epitope of the major surface protein have been identified, and questions have been raised regarding their biologic properties. Dilutions of serum that contained the first such described HBV mutant, with an Arg-for-Gly substitution at codon 145 of the S gene, were inoculated into 6 seronegative chimpanzees. Five of the animals developed serologic and/or biochemical evidence of hepatitis B. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay that discriminated between the wild type and mutant vital genomes revealed that a pure population of the mutant genome was present in the 10-6 and 10-7 dilutions of the index serum, resulting in infection of the chimpanzees receiving these dilutions only with the mutant virus. A clone of the mutant virus replicated normally following transfection in vitro. Thus, this HBV surface gene mutant is viable, infectious, and pathogenic in chimpanzees
Effect of 85C/85% R.H. treatment on the Adhesion Strength of CuCr Alloy Films on Polyimide
No full textThe SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility disability for epidemiological studies
No full textBackgroundMobility disability is a major problem in older people. Numerous scales exist for the measurement of disability but often these do not permit comparisons between study groups. The physical functioning (PF) domain of the established and widely used Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire asks about limitations on ten mobility activities.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence of mobility disability in an elderly population, investigate the validity of the SF-36 PF score as a measure of mobility disability, and to establish age and sex specific norms for the PF score.MethodsWe explored relationships between the SF-36 PF score and objectively measured physical performance variables among 349 men and 280 women, 59-72 years of age, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Normative data were derived from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 1996.Results32% of men and 46% of women had at least some limitation in PF scale items. Poor SF-36 PF scores (lowest fifth of the gender-specific distribution) were related to: lower grip strength; longer timed-up-and-go, 3m walk, and chair rises test times in men and women; and lower quadriceps peak torque in women but not men. HSE normative data showed that median PF scores declined with increasing age in men and women.ConclusionOur results are consistent with the SF-36 PF score being a valid measure of mobility disability in epidemiological studies. This approach might be a first step towards enabling simple comparisons of prevalence of mobility disability between different studies of older people. The SF-36 PF score could usefully complement existing detailed schemes for classification of disability and it now requires validation against them
Complex calcium ferrites in the blast furnace process: Fluxed sinter formation and SFCA reduction under simulated conditions
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Experimental investigation of BDFA-based O-band direct-detection transmission using an optical recirculating loop
No full textWe implemented a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) based optical recirculating loop to investigate the performance of amplified O-band transmission over appreciable distances. Both single-wavelength and wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmission were studied, with a variety of direct-detection modulation formats. We report on (a) transmission over lengths of up to 550 km in a single-channel 50-Gb/s system operating at wavelengths ranging from 1325 nm to 1350 nm, and (b) rate-reach products up to 57.6 Tb/s-km (after accounting for theforward error correction redundancy) in a 3-channel system
Coherent O-band transmission of 4×25 GBd DP-16QAM channels over a 50 km BDFA-equipped link
No full textThe first WDM O-band coherent transmission experiment in a BDFA-amplified link is reported. Four 25 GBd DP‑16QAM channels (4×200 Gb/s) are transmitted over 50 km of fiber, occupying a bandwidth of 4.7 THz
Demonstration of 100-km long O-band WDM amplified coherent transmission
No full textO-band WDM 100-Gb/s/λ dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying transmission is demonstrated over a 100-km link, with gain provided by bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers. Two different channel spacings are studied: 0.6nm and 10nm
Softening in the blast furnace process: Local melt formation as the trigger for softening of ironbearing burden materials
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Micromilling of hardened tool steels
No full textMiniaturized parts are increasingly demanded in different fields like medical, transportation, environmental, and communication industries. In order to manufacture these parts in an economical way, mass replication methods, such as micro injection molding, have to be applied. Currently, Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) process is mainly used to manufacture the needed moulds for micro injection molding in industries. In order to achieve the final shape, several electrodes have to be made by milling with different levels of geometrical accuracy. Besides, the material removal rate of EDM is relatively low. This results in a long throughput-time and high manufacturing cost. Therefore, industries are looking for alternative technologies to overcome these drawbacks; micromilling is one of the promising technologies. The advantages of the micromilling technology include the applicability of a broad range of materials including hardened tool steels, the capability of manufacturing three dimensional geometries, accurate machining of complex features, and it is economical for small and medium lot sizes, etc. However, although micromilling in principle is a good alternative for the EDM process, it is found in research that some challenges have to be overcome before this technology is ready to be adopted in industrial applications. The literature survey shows that the fundamental micro cutting mechanism has been well investigated and understood through the study of micro orthogonal cutting and ultraprecision machining. Issues related to the application of micromilling have however not yet been well studied. Besides, inconsistent observations are commonly seen in literature. This is because observed results in micromilling are highly dependent on the experimental conditions. Based on the literature survey and initial micromilling tests, the general goal of this research has been defined as to develop and describe a reliable micromilling process for precision machining of hardened tool steels. It was decided to first improve lives of micro endmills to achieve a reliable cutting, and then to improve the performance of the process through process planning. In this research, experiments were mainly done with Ø 0.5 mm square endmills on hardened tool steels (AISI H11, H13, etc.). Experimental investigations were done to identify the main problems in micromilling. It was observed that the used commercial micro tools suffered severe wear, the tool life was too short to conduct a successful task, and the workpiece quality was not achieving the requirements. Investigations were conducted to understand tool wear types and mechanism. The factors which influence the tool performance were analyzed. It was found that the geometry of commercial tools is mainly derived from macro endmills, with which the cutting edge corners have the highest stress level. The machining parameters and tool paths are two factors that have significant effect on the tool performance; however, there was no good method available for the planning of the micromilling process. The geometry of micro endmills was studied theoretically by means of analytical modeling and FEA method. Having understood the relationship between geometrical features of the cutting tool and their influence on the tool performance (stiffness and strength of the cutting edge corners), the geometry of the micro endmill can be designed specifically for a given application to achieve the desired performance. This method was demonstrated by designing the micro square endmill especially for hard milling applications. The newly designed tools were manufactured and validated through experiments in comparison with the commercial tools. The experimental results have shown that the new designs have improved the tool performance as expected. The planning of the micromilling process has been divided into two parts. In the first part, design of experiments has been used to understand the relationship between input variables (machining parameters and tool paths) and process response (tool wear and surface finish). With this method, the significant variables can be identified by means of ANOVA analysis, and the cutting conditions can be planned accordingly to optimize the process output. For example, to have a long tool life is important for the roughing operation, and to achieve a good surface finish is of interest for the finishing operation. In the second part of the process planning, a knowledge-based method is used to plan cutting conditions for the machining of micro features with high aspect ratios. The selection of machining parameters was done by means of a force model, which describes the relation between machining parameters and average forces. The tool paths were tested by a FEM model. An improved tool path was proposed to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional tool path. Experiments were done with conditions chosen by the theoretical analysis, and the results proved the validity of the developed method. Micro ribs with aspect ratios higher than 50 could be machined successfully.Precision and Microsystems EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Demonstration of up to 480-km BDFA-based WDM Direct-detection Transmission in the O-band
No full textWe report on experiments of 3×50-Gb/s O-band WDM direct-detection transmission using a BDFA-based optical recirculating loop. Record-long transmission distances up to 480 km are achieved at the SD-FEC limit in experiments with two different channel spacings. </p
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