1,721,056 research outputs found
An investigation into Chinese cybercrime and the applicability of social network analysis
No full textWith the support from the UK’s Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), this paper presents the findings from a two-month comparison study between the underground economy in China and the West. Significant differences were found which are due to traditional boundaries of crime, such as cultural and language barriers. Lastly, Social Network Analysis (SNA) is proposed and discussed as a tool for future cybercrime research
Fascial Spaces and Communicating Apertures Found in the Neck. A Visual Learning Module of The Retropharyngeal Space
No full text2023The complex existence of fascial spaces in the head and neck remain vague and difficult to visualize for prospective students. This may be due to historical disagreement on the nomenclature and having only cross-sectional images, which prove inefficient in illustrating every aspect of a fascial space. This raises concern for fundamental knowledge on anatomical relationships found in the head and neck. The objective of this study is to design a learning module that demonstrates the three-dimensional retropharyngeal space (RPS). This study uses a series of research articles and academic textbooks to restate current descriptions of fascia and fascial spaces. In addition, a fresh frozen cadaver was utilized to develop the learning module. We collected a series of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images following injection of radiopaque materials into the RPS. This will lay the foundation of this learning module for the RPS. With appropriate data, a more detailed perspective of fascial spaces could be developed, which could a useful for future health and medical professionals to diagnose and treat the pathway of RPS abscess and infection
Hacktivism: a theoretical and empirical exploration of China’s cyber warriors
No full textChina is frequently reported as the source of many politically motivated cyber-attacks. Yet, there have been very few studies on the people behind such attacks, also known as hacktivists. In this paper, we have taken a step back and studied some of the reasons behind the rise of freelance hacktivism emanating from China. Using various criminological theories, as well as political and sociological approaches, we propose a novel theoretical framework behind Chinese hacktivism. Furthermore, we present an empirical analysis on the membership growth patterns of online Chinese hacktivist forums and use the observed patterns to support our proposed framework
An investigation into Chinese cybercrime and the underground economy in comparison with the West
No full textWith 420 million Internet users, China has become the world’s largest Internet population. Yet, the Internet penetration rate in China is only 31.6%, which means that the Chinese Internet population has the potential to triple in size in the foreseeable future. With cybercrimes transcending national boundaries, the security of the Internet in China is becoming increasingly significant to the global Internet. As in the West, organised cybercrimes are flourishing in China. With a rapidly expanding Internet population, China is fast becoming a giant hub of cybercrime activities. Therefore, it is in the interest of Western cyber-security experts to increase their attention to China’s cyber-security
Drifting on and off-line: humanising the cyber criminal
No full textTechnological change represents one of the clearest areas in which criminology has had to work hard to keep-up. In this chapter Webber and Yip provide a cutting edge analysis of a particular kind of cybercrime, carding, and use online forums as a means of investigating the mechanisms and culture of hackers working in this illicit economy. Using this data they develop ideas taken from criminological theory to suggest that hackers operate within disorganised fields in which association with others allows hackers to learn how to operate effectively. In contrast to the sterility of much web crime analysis the authors use their data to highlight some of the more complex aspects of hacker identity and the conflicts that sometimes emerge around the relative morality of their actions
Why forums? An empirical analysis into the facilitating factors of carding forums
No full textOver the last decade, the nature of cybercrime has transformed from naive vandalism to profit-driven, leading to the emergence of a global underground economy. A noticeable trend which has surfaced in this economy is the repeated use of forums to operate online stolen data markets. Using interaction data from three prominent carding forums: Shadowcrew, Cardersmarket and Darkmarket, this study sets out to understand why forums are repeatedly chosen to operate online stolen data markets despite numerous successful infiltrations by law enforcement in the past. Drawing on theories from criminology, social psychology, economics and network science, this study has identified four fundamental socio-economic mechanisms offered by carding forums: (1) formal control and coordination; (2) social networking; (3) identity uncertainty mitigation; (4) quality uncertainty mitigation. Together, they give rise to a sophisticated underground market regulatory system that facilitates underground trading over the Internet and thus drives the expansion of the underground economy
The rise of Chinese cyber warriors: towards a theoretical model of online hacktivism
No full textChina is frequently reported as the source of many transnational cyber-attacks. Yet, there have been very few studies on the people behind such attacks. In this paper, we have studied some of the reasons behind the rise of a specific form of hacking: hacktivism emanating from China. Using various criminological theories, as well as political and sociological approaches, a novel theoretical framework behind Chinese hacktivism is proposed in this paper. This is supported by an empirical analysis that was carried out on the membership growth patterns of online Chinese hacktivist forums and the observed patterns are used to support the proposed framework.</p
The digital underground economy: a social network approach to understanding cybercrime
No full textEmphasized in both the National Security Strategy [11] and the Cyber Security Strategy [3], cybercrime is now a Tier-One national threat to the United Kingdom, a threat which must be addressed as our lives become ever more embedded in the digital economy. Recent cybercrime statistics [14, 24] indicate that with hundreds of millions worth of damage, cybercrime remains one of the primary threats facing nations, corporations and ordinary people. The intriguing question then is how has cybercrime managed to evolve into such a persistent problem despite almost a decade of extensive research into cybersecurity
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