45,726 research outputs found
Investigation of combustion and performance characteristics of CAI combustion engine with positive and negative valve overlap
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.In the first part of studies, Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) combustion was investigated in a Ricardo E6 single cylinder, four stroke gasoline engine. CAI combustion is achieved by employing positive valve overlap configuration in combination with various compression ratios and intake air temperature strategies. The CAI operational region is limited by engine load due to knock and partial burned boundaries. The combustion characteristics and emissions are studied in order to understand the major advantages and drawbacks of CAI combustion with positive valve overlap.
The enlargement of the CAI operational region is obtained by boosting intake air and external EGR. The lean-boosted operation elevators the range of CAI combustion to the higher load region, and the use of external EGR allows the engine to operation with CAI combustion in the mid range of region between boosted and N/A CAI operational range. The results are analyzed and combustion characteristics, performance and emissions are investigated.
A Ricardo Hydra single cylinder, four stroke optical gasoline engine with optical access is then experimented to investigate CAI combustion through negative valve overlap configuration and an intake heater. The effects of direct fuel injection timings spark timings and air/fuel ratio are studied by means of simultaneous incylinder heat release study and direct visualization, chemiluminescence techniques which uses full, OH radical and CHO species. Both heat release analysis and chemiluminescence results have identified the pressure of minor combustion during the NVO period. Both the charge cooling and local air/fuel ratio effects are also investigated by varying the quantity of direct air injection
How to Sell Information Optimally: An Algorithmic Study
No full textWe investigate the algorithmic problem of selling information to agents who face a decision-making problem under uncertainty. We adopt the model recently proposed by Bergemann et al. [Bergemann et al., 2018], in which information is revealed through signaling schemes called experiments. In the single-agent setting, any mechanism can be represented as a menu of experiments. Our results show that the computational complexity of designing the revenue-optimal menu depends heavily on the way the model is specified. When all the parameters of the problem are given explicitly, we provide a polynomial time algorithm that computes the revenue-optimal menu. For cases where the model is specified with a succinct implicit description, we show that the tractability of the problem is tightly related to the efficient implementation of a Best Response Oracle: when it can be implemented efficiently, we provide an additive FPTAS whose running time is independent of the number of actions. On the other hand, we provide a family of problems, where it is computationally intractable to construct a best response oracle, and we show that it is NP-hard to get even a constant fraction of the optimal revenue. Moreover, we investigate a generalization of the original model by Bergemann et al. [Bergemann et al., 2018] that allows multiple agents to compete for useful information. We leverage techniques developed in the study of auction design (see e.g. [Yang Cai et al., 2012; Saeed Alaei et al., 2012; Yang Cai et al., 2012; Yang Cai et al., 2013; Yang Cai et al., 2013]) to design a polynomial time algorithm that computes the revenue-optimal mechanism for selling information
Libiocoris sinensis Bai, Yang & Cai, sp. nov.
No full text2. <i>Libiocoris sinensis</i> Bai, Yang & Cai sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2, 8–12)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> This species is most similar to <i>L. heissi</i> Bai, Yang & Cai <b>sp. nov.</b> But it may be recognized by postocular borders without tubercles and with shallow sulcus on medial plate of meso- and metanota (Figs. 2, 6, 10) (vs. postocular borders with tubercles and without shallow sulcus on medial plate of meso- and metanota in <i>L. heissi</i> Bai, Yang & Cai <b>sp. nov.</b>).</p> <p> <b>Description of female.</b> Color: Body reddish brown to blackish brown, incrustation grayish brown. Eyes reddish.</p> <p>Structure: Head, thoracic tergites and pleura, most of abdominal tergites, connexiva, lateral sides of third to sixth abdominal sterna covered with incrustation. Antenna and legs covered with erect setae (Fig. 2). Head longer than wide across eyes; genae short, slightly notched anteriorly, reaching basal one-third of first antennal segment; clypeus strongly raised anteriorly, with tubercle near apex. Antenniferous tubercles short, dilated, apices acute, divergent anteriorly. Eyes small, convex laterally. Postocular borders without tubercles, nearly straight and converging. Vertex with irregular granulate carinae; infraocular callosities large, ovate, separated from median carinae by deep sulci; posterior margin of vetex with a U-shaped carina. Antenna 2.12 times as long as head width across eyes; first segment stout, clavate; second and third cylindrical, third pendunculate at base; fourth fusiform with pilose at apex (Fig. 10). Rostrum short, rostral groove broad, deep, closed posteriorly (Fig. 9). Pronotum 2.5 times as wide as long; collar narrow; anterolateral angles produced forward beyond collar as 2 (1+1) large, blunt lobes; disc with narrow median sulcus, flanked by 2 (1+1) small callosities, and further laterad 2 (1+1) short carinae and irregular small callous spots, lateral border granulate; posterior margin of pronotum slightly produced posteriorly, separated from mesonotum by deep furrow. Mesonotum wider than pronotum; separated from metanotum by 2 (1+1) thin sulci laterally; across meso- and metanota medially with elongate, rhomboid plate, subrounded anteriorly and truncate posteriorly, with sulci; laterad of median plate disc with 6 (3+3) longitudinal ridges, lateral border densely granulate. Metanotum wider than mesonotum; separated from tergum I by slightly sinuate thin sulcus; laterad of median plate with 4 (2+2) large, ovate ridges; lateral border granulate, similar to those on mesonotum. Legs long and slender, without spines, preapical comb on fore tibia present, femur subcylindrical, claws with fine pulvilli (Fig. 11). Tergum I fused with tergum II, disc with 2 (1+1) tubercles separated medially by wide, deep depression; tergum II wide, sloping posteriorly and sideways, forming 2 (1+1) large, ovate plates flanking median depression. Central dorsal plate subrectangular, consisting of terga III to VI; moderately carina raised medially on tergum III, pentagonal elevation on terga IV and V, tapering ridge on tergum VI; laterad of median ridge with a usual pattern of large and small callous spots. Connexiva strongly reflected; deltg II and III separated by thin carina; posteroexterior angles of deltg II to VII progressively protruding; paratergites clavate; terminal part of abdomen as in Figs. 1, 12. Abdominal spiracle II ventral, III–VII lateral and visible from above, VIII terminal. Prosternum raised medially and with thin sulcus on elevation medially; meso- and metanota and sternum II flattened medially, without sulci. Sterna III to VI raised along posterior border, depressed along fore border, and with triangular, smooth spots medially, flanked by 2 (1+1) large, transversely ovate depressions, these bearing 2 (1+1) round callous spots; more laterad 4 (2+2) smaller round callous spots.</p> <p> <b>Measurements</b> [in mm, Ψ (n=1)]. Body length 5.0; maximal width of abdomen 2.6. Length head (including neck) 0.98, width 0.83. Length pronotum 0.52, width 1.3. Width mesonotum 1.70; width metanotum 2.03. Length antennal segments I–IV = 0.62, 0.26, 0.57, 0.31.</p> <p> <b>Type material:</b> Holotype: Ψ, China, Hainan, Jianfengling, 21.VII. 2004, J. Wu & Y. J. Chen leg. (CAU).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> This specific name is based on the holotype locality.</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> China (Hainan).</p>Published as part of <i>Bai, Xiaoshuan, Yang, Chunwang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2006, First record of the genus Libiocoris Kormilev 1957 (Heteroptera: Aradidae) from China, with the description of two new species, pp. 39-47 in Zootaxa 1370</i> on pages 43-44, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174895">10.5281/zenodo.174895</a>
Kirejtomma Li & Cai 2021, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Kirejtomma Li & Cai gen. nov. Type species: Clessidromma zengi Kirejtshuk, 2020.Published as part of Li, Yan-Da & Cai, Chen-Yang, 2021, Revisiting the morphology of the Cretaceous ommatid beetle Clessidromma palmeri (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Ommatidae), pp. 1-8 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 61 on page 5, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.95, http://zenodo.org/record/717733
Nothattagenus LI & HUANG & CAI 2022, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Nothattagenus Li & Cai gen. nov. Type species. Attagenus burmiticus Cai, Háva & Huang, 2016 (in Cai et al., 2017) Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek “ nothos ”, false, and the generic name Attagenus Latreille. The name is masculine in gender. Composition. Only Nothattagenus burmiticus (Cai, Háva & Huang, 2016 in Cai et al. 2017) comb. nov. Diagnosis. Dorsal surface pubescent (Figs 1A, 2E). Antennomere 11 abruptly narrowed in apical half (Fig. 2A, B). Mandibular apex normally situated (rather than displaced proximally) (Fig. 2A). Metacoxae strongly transverse, reaching elytral margins laterally (Fig. 2C). Abdominal ventrites completely lined by sharp outer carina (Fig. 2D).Published as part of LI, YAN-DA, HUANG, DI‑YING & CAI, CHEN‑YANG, 2022, " Attagenus " burmiticus from mid-Cretaceous amber reinterpreted as a member of Orphilinae (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), pp. 390-394 in Palaeoentomology 5 (4) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.4.12, http://zenodo.org/record/733336
Migration and Labor Mobility in China
No full textChina has witnessed the largest labor migration since the reform and opening up policies were implemented. According to the most recent statistics, the total number of rural to urban migrant workers reached 136 million. Migrants are defined as persons who have left out of township for more than 6 months. The migration flow has propelled the economic and societal transition in China through labor productivity enhancement and social restructuring. Accordingly, the Chinese government has improved the migration policies with increasing migration flow and the changes of labor market situations. This report is organized as follows. Section one briefly introduces when and how the migration started by reviewing the history, size and trend, impacts of migration in China and the vulnerability of migrants. Section two reviews the main migration policy changes in the past three decades. Section three illuminates the Lewisian turning point that marks economic development and transitioning in China. Section four discusses the relevance of China’s experiences to other developing economies in terms of economic development and migration policy changes.Migration in China, Labor mobility, Impact of crisis
Platerus tenuicorpus Zhao, Yang & Cai, sp. nov.
No full text2. Platerus tenuicorpus Zhao, Yang & Cai, sp. nov. (Figs. 7–16) Description. Coloration: Body mostly brown to blackish brown. Head, outer surface of fore femur (except pale markings), first rostral segment (except inner side), anterior pronotal lobe, four spines on posterior pronotal lobe, scutellum, and veins of membrane blackish brown to black; two annulations on first antennal segment, one annulation on second antennal segment, third antennal segment, fourth antennal segment (except apex brownish black), inner side of first rostral segment, second rostral segment (except outer side brown), three markings of outer surface of fore femur, annulations on near base of fore tibia, three annulations on mid and hind femura, two annulations on mid and mid tibia, round markings on base of mid and hind tibia, and apical half of each connexival segment ivorywhite to yellowishwhite; eyes purplish brown with pale irregular markings, ocelli ivorywhite; round spots on lateral margins of anterior pronotal lobe, round spots on posterior pronotal lobe and pleuron, and reticulate markings on corium (except base), yellowish to whitish (Fig. 7, 8). Structure: Body slender. Body clothed with pale short bent setae and sparsely suberect setae of different length, ventral surface of fore leg with dense short setae; first and second antennal segments with sparse oblique setae, two distal segments densely covered with dense pubescence; legs clothed with subvertical long setae of different length, apical half of tibia with dense oblique setae. Anteocular portion subequal to postocular; long spine posterior to antenna acute and pointed laterally; interocellar space 2 times as long as distance between ocellus and eye on each side; transverse constriction between eyes wide; first rostral segment extending to middle of eyes, slightly shorter than second and third segments combined. Pronotum wider than long; collar processes short; anterior pronotal lobe slightly bulging with indistinctly elevations; posterior pronotal lobe about 2 times as long as anterior lobe, posterior margin nearly straight; posterior angle undeveloped; lateral pronotal angles acutely produced laterally as spines, posteriorlateral margin slightly notched near base (Fig. 7); discal tuberculous spines of posterior pronotal lobe erect and long, apex rounded (Figs. 7, 8, 9); scutellum triangular, disk slightly concave, apex tongueshaped and round; fore femur slightly incrassated; membrane of hemelytron extending beyond tip of abdomen. Abdomen elongate, expended at basal half of sixth connexival segment; pygophore oblong (Fig. 10), median process with a small process on dorsal surface and a sharp process on each side (Figs. 10, 11); paramere clavate with a long posteriorly directed spine (Figs. 10, 12); basal plate of phallus slightly thicker than plate bridge, pedicel short; phallosoma ovate in dorsal and ventral views; middle portion of base of dorsal phallotheca sclerite concave (Figs. 13, 14); struts with two annular sclerotized structures subasally and separated apically, longer than half of phallus in resting condition (Fig. 14). Measurements [in mm, ɗ (n= 2)]. Body length 20.39–20.96; abdomen width 4.42–4.84. Head length 3.20–3.33; anteocular portion length 1.28–1.29; postocular portion length 1.26–1.31; synthlipsis length 0.74–0.75; interocellar space 0.43–0.47; length of antennal segments I–IV= 9.78–10.13, 4.88–5.05, 5.51–5.91, 2.89–2.96; length of rostral segments I–III = 1.84–1.94, 1.31–1.34, 0.63–0.70; anterior pronotal lobe length 1.08–1.18, posterior lobe length 2.31–2.42; thorax width 5.67–5.70; scutellum length 1.47–1.61; hemelytron length 14.20–14.51. Material examined. Holotype, ɗ, China, Xizang (Tibet), Hanmo, 27 VIII 2005, Zhou Dakang leg., third to fourth segments of left antenna abnormal. Paratype, 1 ɗ, same collecting data as for holotype. Etymology: The specific name alludes to its slender body. Distribution: China (Xizang).Published as part of Zhao, Ping, Yang, Chunwang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2006, First record of the genus Platerus Distant (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from China, with the description of a third species of the genus, pp. 23-31 in Zootaxa 1286 on pages 28-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17350
Distributed human computation framework for linked data co-reference resolution
No full textDistributed Human Computation (DHC) is a technique used to solve computational problems by incorporating the collaborative effort of a large number of humans. It is also a solution to AI-complete problems such as natural language processing. The Semantic Web with its root in AI is envisioned to be a decentralised world-wide information space for sharing machine-readable data with minimal integration costs. There are many research problems in the Semantic Web that are considered as AI-complete problems. An example is co-reference resolution, which involves determining whether different URIs refer to the same entity. This is considered to be a significant hurdle to overcome in the realisation of large-scale Semantic Web applications. In this paper, we propose a framework for building a DHC system on top of the Linked Data Cloud to solve various computational problems. To demonstrate the concept, we are focusing on handling the co-reference resolution in the Semantic Web when integrating distributed datasets. The traditional way to solve this problem is to design machine-learning algorithms. However, they are often computationally expensive, error-prone and do not scale. We designed a DHC system named iamResearcher, which solves the scientific publication author identity co-reference problem when integrating distributed bibliographic datasets. In our system, we aggregated 6 million bibliographic data from various publication repositories. Users can sign up to the system to audit and align their own publications, thus solving the co-reference problem in a distributed manner. The aggregated results are published to the Linked Data Cloud
Dusuna brunnea Cai & Yang
No full textDusuna brunnea Cai & Yang (Fig. 17) Dusuna brunnea Cai & Yang, 1997: 1 –3, figs 1–7 Distribution. China (Yunnan). Remarks. This species was described from the male holotype with the following data: “ China, Yunnan, Lancang, Menglang, 1050m, 20 April 1981, Fasheng Li”. It was distinguished in its original description in the following way: “Body length (incl. forewing) 6.5 mm, pronotum width 3.5 mm. Male pygofer side with a process [Fig. 17]. Aedeagus curved dorsally, shaft with two subapical processes”. 2 ♂ from Vietnam (BMNH) match the original description of the male genitalia of this species. See also Remarks under D. anacantha.Published as part of Sun, Jing, Webb, Mick & Zhang, Yalin, 2014, Revision of the leafhopper genus Dusuna Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Ledrinae), with description of one new species from China, pp. 575-582 in Zootaxa 3821 (5) on page 577, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/23039
Amanita pallidoverruca Yang-Yang Cui, Qing Cai & Zhu L. Yang 2022, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Amanita pallidoverruca</i> Yang-Yang Cui, Qing Cai & Zhu L. Yang, <i>sp. nov.</i> Figs. 2–3 <p>MycoBank: MB842861</p> <p> Etymology: <i>— pallidoverruca</i> refers to the dirty white to greyish warts on the pileus.</p> <p> Diagnosis:— <i>Amanita pallidoverruca</i> is closely related and similar to <i>A. excelsa</i>, but differs from the latter by its more robust basidioma, dirty white to greyish volval remnants on the pileus, and the greyish yellow to olivaceous edge of the annulus.</p> <p> Holotype: <i>—</i> CHINA. Sichuan Province: Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Batang County, Cuopugou National Forest Park, elevation 4250 m, in a subalpine forest with trees of <i>Picea</i>, 6 August 2016, <i>Bang Feng 2055</i> (HKAS99345!).</p> <p> Description: <i>—Basidioma</i> (Fig. 2) large. <i>Pileus</i> 9–13 cm diam., at first convex, later plano-convex to applanate, without umbo or depression at center, greyish white (1B1, 3B1, 4B1), greyish brown (4C2–4, 5C3–6) to greybrown (4D2–5, 5D2–4), densely covered with dirty white (4A2) to greyish (1B1–3) warts; margin non-striate and non-appendiculate; trama white (1A1), unchanging when cut. <i>Lamellae</i> free, crowded, white (1A1) to cream (1A2); lamellulae attenuate, plentiful. <i>Stipe</i> 10–15 cm long × 1.5–3 cm diam., subcylindric or slightly tapering upwards, with apex slightly expanded, white (1A1) to dirty white (4A2) above annulus, dirty white (4A2), grey (2B1, 2C1) to greyish brown (4B2–3, 4C2–3, 4D2–3) and decorated with grey (2B1, 2C1), grey-brown (4B2–3, 4C2–3, 4D2–3) to dark grey (3E1–3) squamules below annulus; context white (1A1); stipe base slightly inflated, fusiform, 2–4 cm diam., white (1A1) to dirty white (4A2), upper part covered with indistinct whitish warty volval remnants. <i>Annulus</i> present, subapical, pendent from attachment 2–4 cm below apex of stipe, white (1A1) at upper surface, greyish (1B1–3) to grey (1C1–3, 1D1–3) at lower surface, with greyish yellow (2B3–6) to olivaceous (2C3–5, 1C4–6) appendages at edge. <i>Odor</i> slightly pungent.</p> <p> <i>Lamellar trama</i> bilateral. Mediostratum 30–40 μm wide, composed of abundant ellipsoid to clavate inflated cells (15–50 × 10–20 μm); filamentous hyphae abundant, 4–8 μm wide; vascular hyphae scarce. Lateral stratum composed of abundant subfusiform to ellipsoid inflated cells (15–40 × 10–20 μm), diverging at an angle of ca. 30–60 ° to mediostratum; filamentous hyphae abundant and 2–8 μm wide. Subhymenium (Fig. 3a) 20–50 μm thick, with 2–3 layers of subglobose to ellipsoid or irregular cells, 8–20 × 6–12 μm. <i>Basidia</i> (Fig. 3a) 40–70 × 10–12 μm, clavate, 4- spored; sterigmata 3–5 μm long; basal septa without clamps. <i>Basidiospores</i> (Fig. 3b) [40/2/2] 8–10 (–11) × (5.5–) 6–7 (–8) μm, Q = (1.27–) 1.33–1.58 (–1.75), Qm = 1.46 ± 0.12, predominantly ellipsoid, occasionally broadly ellipsoid or elongate, amyloid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; apiculus small. <i>Lamellar edge</i> appearing as a sterile strip, composed of subglobose to ellipsoid to fusiform inflated cells (20–60 × 10–35 μm), single and terminal or in chains of 2–3, thinwalled, colorless; filamentous hyphae abundant, 2–8 μm wide, irregularly arranged or ± running parallel to lamellar edge. <i>Pileipellis</i> 60–150 μm thick; upper layer (30–50 μm thick) gelatinized, composed of subradially to somewhat interwoven, thin-walled, colorless filamentous hyphae 2–5 μm wide; lower layer (40–100 μm thick) composed of radially and compactly arranged filamentous hyphae 4–8 μm wide, colorless; vascular hyphae scarce. <i>Volval remnants</i> on pileus (Fig. 3c) composed of irregularly to vertically arranged elements: filamentous hyphae abundant, 2–10 μm wide, colorless, yellowish to brownish, thin-walled, branching, anastomosing; inflated cells very abundant, subglobose, fusiform to ellipsoid, 15–90 × 15–80 μm, colorless, yellowish to brownish, thin-walled, terminal or in chains of 2–3; vascular hyphae scarce. <i>Annulus</i> predominantly composed of two parts intergrading into each other. Upper part dominantly composed of radially to interwoven elements: filamentous hyphae scarce to abundant, 2–8 μm wide, brownish to brown, thin-walled; inflated cells very abundant to nearly dominant, subglobose, ellipsoid to fusiform, 25–80 × 10–70 μm, brownish to brown, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. Lower part composed of radially arranged elements: filamentous hyphae very abundant to nearly dominant, 2–6 μm wide, brownish to brown, thin-walled; inflated cells scarce, clavate to long clavate, 30–60 × 10–30 μm, brownish to brown, thin-walled; vascular hyphae scarce. <i>Clamps</i> absent in all parts of basidioma.</p> <p> Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary to scattered on soil in subalpine forests with <i>Picea</i>; known from southwestern China.</p> <p> Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. Sichuan Province: Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Batang County, Cuopugou National Forest Park, elevation 4220 m, in a subalpine forest with trees of <i>Picea</i>, 7 August 2014, <i>Kuan Zhao 707</i> (HKAS89638).</p>Published as part of <i>Cui, Yang-Yang, Yang, Zhu L. & Cai, Qing, 2022, Amanita pallidoverruca, a new species of Amanita section Validae from the Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China, pp. 73-82 in Phytotaxa 542 (1)</i> on pages 76-79, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.542.1.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6404613">http://zenodo.org/record/6404613</a>
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