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(A) Study On Ou-Yang-Xiu-Ci
No full textEstablished studies on Ou-Yang-Xiu-Ci(歐陽修詞) have been fragmentary investigations, restricted to its succession of Feng-Yan-Si-Ci (馮延巳詞) or to comparison to Yan-Shu-Ci(晏殊詞). Therefore, the purposes of this study are evaluation of literary value of Ou-Yang-Xiu-Ci(歐陽修詞) and its contribution to development of Ci(詞) through re-examining it in a wholesale way.
Ou-Yang Xiu(歐陽修) but it up the literary status of Ci(詞) by means of using various theme. He inherited the tradition of "Ci by Writer of Ci(詞人之詞)" established from Hua-Jian-Ci(花間詞)·Nan-Tang-Ci(南唐詞) during the late Tang(唐)·Wu-Dai(五代), and led it to Su Shi (蘇軾) ·Xin Qi Ji(辛棄疾). The contribution of Ou-Yang-Xiu-Ci(歐陽修詞) for reviewing the old and learning the new make great effects on the stimulation of smooth and noble-minded tone of Ci(詞).
Due to his natural talent for music, Ou-Yang Xiu(歐陽修) was able to make a great number of song of his own making. Moreover, Using Chang-diao(長調) for his creation, he became a forerunner of Liu Yong(柳永)·Zhang Xian(張先), the writer of Man-ci(慢詞). His operation of Ci-diao(詞調) endowed Ci(詞) with a peculiar form as Singing-Literature(演唱文學).
His exceptional talent for literature enabled Ou-Yang Xiu(歐陽修) to absorb Ci(詞) of grassroot and Tang-Shi(唐詩) and employed them effectively. Specifically, he employed a great deal of Lian-zhang-Ci(聯章詞) for conquesting limitation and raised the artistic value of his writings by means of Dui-ju(對句)·Jie-ju(借句). He tried to apply various expression technique to his Ci(詞) such as Zhuan-zhe(轉折), Jian-ceng(漸層) and unrestricted Kou-yu(口語).
Ou-Yang Xiu(歐陽修) had mi Id and vivid temper and had superior literary ability. His life was full of ups and downs. Accordingly, his temper and life history formed a special Fengge(風格) of Ou-Yang-Xiu-Ci (歐陽修詞).;기존의 歐陽修調연구는 馮延巳詞의 계승이나 晏殊詞와의 비교 등 단편적인 고찰에 국한되어 있었다. 이에 본 논문은 歐陽修詞를 전면적으로 재검토하여 그 문학적 성취를 평가하고 아울러 詞의 발전에 기여한 점을 살피는데 연구 목적이 있다.
歐陽修는 다양한 제재를 사용하여 詞의 문학적 역량을 증강시켰다. 곧 晩唐·五代의 花間詞, 南唐詞에서 수립된 「詞人之詞」의 전통을 계승하고 나아가 蘇軾·辛棄疾에 이르는 「詩人之詞」의 전통을 啓導하였다. 歐陽修詞의 이러한 承先啓後의 역할은 婉約과 豪放이라는 詞風의 振作에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.
歐陽修는 천부적으로 풍부한 음악적 소양을 지니고 있었으므로 이를 바탕으로 상당수의 詞調를 창제하여 周邦彦·姜樂의 自度曲 전통에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 長調를 보급하여 柳永 ·張先의 慢調창작에 선구적 역할을 하였다. 이와 같은 詞調의 운용에 힘입어 歐陽修詞는 歌唱文學의 특성을 충분히 발휘할 수 있었다.
歐陽修는 뛰어난 문학적 자질을 지니고 있었으므로 民間詞와 唐詩의 作法을 흡수하여 詞를 효과적으로 창작할 수 있었다. 즉 韻文의 한계를 극복하고자 聯章詞를 다량 사용하였으며 對句나 對句와 같은 句法의 운용으로 예술성을 높였다. 轉折法·漸層法 및 자유자재한 口語를 활용함으로써 意境을 深化시키고 生動하는 예술효과를 거둘 수 있었다.
歐陽修는 온화하면서도 활발한 성품을 지닌 가운데 窮達을 모두 경험한 일생을 살았다. 歐陽修의 이러한 성품과 人生遭遇는 歐陽修詞의 風格 특성을 형성하는 중요한 요인이 되었다. 이에 傳統題材를 사용한 詞들은 和平深婉, 新題材를 사용한 詞들은 豪放沈着의 風格특성을 나타내었다.
이상 歐陽修詞의 탁월한 문학성취는 詞의 예술적 가치를 제고시켜, 宋을 대표하는 一代之文學으로 성장하는데 막대한 역할을 하였다.국문개요 = ⅴ
第1章. 序論 = 1
第2章. 歐陽修의 生涯와 創作背景 = 3
第1節. 生涯와人品 = 3
(1) 歐陽修의 생애 = 3
(2) 歐陽修의 人品 = 10
第2節. 創作背景 = 14
(1) 時代的 背景 = 15
(2) 文學的 背景 = 18
第3章. 歐陽修詞의 內容 = 22
第1節. 歐陽修詞의 眞僞問題 = 22
第2節. 題材에 따른 內容區分 = 24
(1) 傳統題材 = 26
① 離別相思 = 26
② 男女相歡 = 31
③ 歌舞宴席 = 35
(2) 新題材 = 37
① 詠懷 = 38
② 詠物 = 48
③ 詠史 = 52
④ 節序 = 54
第4章. 歐陽修詞의 形式 = 58
第1節. 詞調 = 58
(1) 詞調의 創製 = 59
(2) 長調의 普及 = 61
(3) 聲調의 運用 = 64
第2節. 章句法 = 65
(1) 聯章詞 = 65
(2) 借句와 對句 = 69
第3節. 表現法 = 76
(1) 轉折法 = 79
(2) 漸層法 = 80
第4節. 口語의 活用 = 81
第5章. 歐陽修詞의 風格 = 87
第1節. 豪放沈着 = 88
第2節. 和平深婉 = 92
第6章. 結論 = 97
≪參考文獻≫ = 99
Abstract = 10
Identification Models for Chinese Herbal Medicines Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
No full text中草藥在現代醫學上的用途越來越多而廣，對其中的多種成份也有許多的科學家進行研究。對製藥廠而言藥材的控管和辨識是很重要的一件工作，如何能快速的辨識中草藥的原料是否為正確的物種與品項，是一個很大的挑戰。本論文針對中草藥，以近紅外光技術進行光譜分析，建立鑑別模式為研究主題。以傳統的化學分析方法作藥材的鑑別，其檢測成本與效率都有改善的空間。近紅外光譜(near infrared spectroscopy)檢測技術與現行其他科學檢測方法相比，具有非破壞性、量測快速等優點，因此可以利用其優點發展為中草藥材快速鑑別之檢測工具。本論文主要包括六個研究，第一部份為背景研究：先使用之50種及100種中藥材原料，包含草藥、菌菇類及動物藥材等進行初步進紅外光譜之分析測試。並依樹狀分析法(hierarchical clustering analysis, HCA)及形質分析法將樣品分群；再以244種藥材為樣品，建立HCA、SVM(support vector machines, SVM)及類神經網路(artificial neural network, ANN)三種分析方法之鑑別模式，結果發現可以使用HCA先將樣品分群後再利用類神經網路建立鑑別模式，為可行之中藥材原料辨識方法。
另因草藥為中藥原料藥材之大宗，草藥的鑑別在中藥製藥與用藥過程非常關鍵，由於藥用植物來源非常廣泛，就算不是近源種，其外觀也可能相似，因此第二部份的研究以中草藥製藥廠的18種原料藥材利用傅立葉轉換近紅外光譜建立鑑別模式，對校正組71個樣本，可以達到100%的辨識率；而對於驗證組的34個樣本，以校正組所建立之模式進行預測分析，可準確辨識33個樣本，其辨識正確率達97%，以FT-NIR進行18種中草藥105個樣本之鑑別可達99%之辨識正確率。第三部份再進一步應用近紅外光及類神經網路技術建立中草藥鑑別模式以辨識不同藥材原料，尤其是無法由其外觀以肉眼判斷之藥材；本研究所建立之模式，是以類神經網路分析中草藥的近紅外光吸收光譜，成功建立可有效區分30種藥品的中草藥粉末鑑別模式，以最佳模式鑑別具有600個樣本的校正組，其正確率為99.67%，鑑別含300個樣本的預測組則可達到100%。
而許多中草藥為了儲藏與流通方便，或是進行科學製藥的前處理，常以粉末型態保存。因此對於此階段的原料藥品進行外觀判斷藥品種類是非常困難的。所以對於藥廠應用於言，建立一項快速而準確的檢測方法與模式就成了很重要的目標與工作。論文的第四個研究：研究利用非破壞性的近紅外光光譜檢測製藥加工前的中草藥原料48種各30個樣品，共1440個樣本數，並利用柔性獨立模式分類分析法(soft independent modeling classification analogy, SIMCA)建立生藥粗原料之定性分類模式。由模式分析可剔除摻假的樣本，樣品辨識率可達到98~100%的辨識率，此方法不僅可以使用於製藥工業，對於食品工業而言，其原料辨識也可以使用此檢測模式及方法，以有效確保樣品的鑑別與摻假的檢測。
本文第五個主題則討論傳統中藥材中時常使用之保育類野生動物穿山甲之圈養調查，彙整自1877以來全世界七種穿山甲的飼養記錄，並討論台北市立動物園飼養穿山甲的歷史及配方的改進，了解穿山甲人工飼養的困難。第六部份：探討如何研究利用近紅光譜學及遺傳學來鑑定含有瀕危動物組成之中藥材原料，利用已建立的穿山甲鱗片及含有犀牛角近紅外光譜資料庫，可以成功區分非屬資料庫的樣品。
最後的補充部份為附錄，附錄的內容主要為探討中藥的定量分析、西洋蔘與人蔘的辨識及人蔘產地及品質的研究以及有毒性之中藥材廣防己與粉防已的近紅外光快速辨識方法的建立等。The inclusion of herbal medicines in modern medical treatment is steadily increasing. Many constituents of the herbal medicines are known and analyzed by scientists. The control and monitoring of the herbal medicine materials is a crucial work in the pharmaceutical factory. Rapid recognition of the plant species and varieties for herbal medicine is a big challenge. The identification by wet chemical methods is usually higher in cost and lower in efficiency. Compared with other modern inspection methods, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an alternative, which is non-destructive, rapid, and easy to operate. There are six main research projects in this dissertation. Firstly is the previous backgrand study: the ability of using NIR spectroscopy in differentiating from 50 to 100 different herbal medicine raw materials was demonstrated. The examples included a variety of samples based on plant, fungi and animal derived materials. In addition, to simplify the identification, the author used hierarchical cluster analysis and other pattern recognition techniques, groupings of similar materials (based on NIR spectra, not priory groupings). The identification for the products in each grouping could then be definitively made using pattern recognition techniques that were customized for each distinct group of materials. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) were applied to 244 herbal medicine raw materials classification problems by NIR. The SVM training resulted in models showing a method for the identification of herbal medicine raw materials. The results indicate when (HCA) distances were computed, 10 PCs were used to cover 95% of information. If threshold 1 is used, library will be divided into 16 clusters. The following different clusters can be used for the local ID methods developments. Clustering total samples into secondary groupings make identification more definitive. When using the feed forward network as a classifier, choose output neurons as many classes in the calibration dataset, each of the output neurons are set to react for only one specific material, if connected to the same hidden layers showed the better results on the same training times calibrations.
In the sencond study, 18 raw materials from Herbal Medicines industry were used to examine the FT-NIR performance. Regarding 71 samples in the calibration set, the identification accuracy was 100%. In the validation set of 34 samples, 33 samples were successfully discriminated, and the identification accuracy was 97%. As a result, the identification accuracy of 18 medicinal herbs with 105 samples was 99% using FT-NIR spectroscopy.
Furthermore, a robust identification model for herbal medicine was developed by combining near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and artificial neural network (ANN) to discriminate raw materials of herbal medicine, which are often similar in appearance and practically impossible to identify by visual inspection alone. The third part research was employed ANN to analyze the absorption spectra of herbal medicines and successfully built an identification model, which is able to identify 30 different herbal medicines. The best identification model can reach a correct identification rate (CIR) of 99.67% when applied to a training set of 600 samples, and 100% CIR when applied to a test set of 300 samples.
Moreover, because the storage and conveyance of the raw materials are always in dry powder forms before the materials are used in scientific pharmaceutical procedures, it is difficult to determine specific varieties of the herbal medicine constituents by visual observation of the raw materials at this step. Consequently, the development of a rapid and accurate inspection method and model for pharmaceutical factory applications is greatly needed. The fourth, a variety of herbal medicines according 48 raw materials with every material content 30 samples were measured using non-destructive near-infrared spectroscopy with soft independent modeling classification analogy (SIMCA) to build up the classification model. The adulterated samples could be eliminated by the analysis of the model, and identification rates were demonstrated in the range of 98 to 100%. The method could be applied not only to the pharmaceutical industry but also to the food industry. The food materials could be measured with the inspection model for effective identification and determination of adulteration.
The fifth study: because the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the quintessence of Chinese culture with long history. It has, for many years, enriched the quality of people’s life. TCM is mainly obtained from nature. Unfortunately, some of the nature resources are no longer sustainable due to habitat destruction and over-exploitation. Many of the animals and plants that are used in TCM have become endangered. The objects of this part study was to establish a history of feeding and dietary husbandry of pangolin in captivity since 1877 to 2001, and discuss the methods of identify those endangered species which used in TCM by NIR and DNA analysis in the six part.
Finally, in addition on appendixs: there were 3 main studies in the appendix：1. Quantitative analysis of herbal materials, 2. Genseng and western ginseng study: species differentiation, geographical origins, quality assessment and 3. Fangij compare with the poisonous herbal material guangfangji by NIR
The Process and Mechanism of Water Erosion on Mudstone Regolith – a case study in Taiwan
No full text臺灣面臨極端降雨與氣候乾旱並存的天氣型態，可預見的未來，土壤流失的問題將會逐漸嚴重，不僅影響土地利用方式亦會造成地質災害，若能掌握土壤侵蝕，尤其是侵蝕過程與機制將有助於水土保持工作進行與後續科學研究之用。
本研究可分為室外降雨模擬實驗與室內水槽沖蝕實驗，室外實驗利用人工降雨機模擬高強度的降雨事件，選在臺南市龍崎區的泥岩邊坡進行土壤沖蝕實驗，並利用地面光達資料製作高精度數值高程模型，用於重建侵蝕過程並量測土壤侵蝕量。考慮野外實驗難以模擬逕流對泥岩風化層的侵蝕作用，所以於室內實驗設計沖蝕水槽，利用樣區所採集的泥岩風化層為材料，模擬地表逕流侵蝕，配合地面光達測繪技術，記錄地表形態受侵蝕後的逐時變化。
研究結果顯示：(1)泥岩邊坡風化層水力侵蝕過程可分為四個階段，a.片狀侵蝕(Sheet erosion)，約占總侵蝕量的6%；b.紋溝侵蝕(Rill erosion)，約占總侵蝕量的54%；c.崩塌(Failure)，約占總侵蝕量的28%；d.穩定(stable)，約占總侵蝕量的12%。(2)有泥裂(mud-cracks)的沖蝕量比無泥裂的邊坡高125%，侵蝕速率快120%。(3)泥裂會影響紋溝發育形貌。(4)初期逕流沉積物濃度可達16g/ml，隨後降低至2-3 g/ml，隨後則會因紋溝發育而略有上升至4-5 g/ml。(5) 泥岩吸水回脹無論在土體乾燥或濕潤狀態，皆會影響邊坡侵蝕過程。(6)風化泥岩係母岩風化後的產物，且泥岩邊坡侵蝕具有侵蝕限制，故母岩需要經過數次乾燥－濕潤風化過程才得以產生足夠厚的風化泥岩讓蝕溝發育。In recent years, the whole world is facing the extreme rainstorm or drought due to global warming. For drought condition, the common micromorphology on dry soil is mud-cracks. It might cause serious problems on soil loss during high intensity rainstorms. It not only affects land use but also reduces slope stability. Therefore, for soil and water conservation, it is necessary to clarify the factors which may cause erosion, such as crack on soil erosion that we do not confirm yet.
This research aims to simulate rill development by hydraulic flume and artificial rainfall simulator to understand the influence of micromorphology on erosion process. Mudstone specimens sampled from the mudstone area of Long-Chi, south western of Taiwan. We used ground LIDAR to record volume of erosion and change of landform during experiment. The ground LIDAR data provides high resolution elevation value. therefore high-quality DTM can demonstrate more detail on terrain changes.
Results show that:
(1) The erosion pattern of mudstone slope can be divided into four types: (a) sheet erosion(b) rill erosion (c) Failure (d) stable.(2) Slopes with mud cracks caused 125% more soil loss than non-mud cracks slopes. Moreover, mud cracks caused 120% more soil loss rate than non-mud cracks slopes.(3) Mud cracks will influence the spatial distribution of rill.(4) As far as sediment concentration is concerned, the initial concentration of sediment will increase by slaking. After that it increase by rill development and failure. (5) Whether the states of sample are dry or wet, the phenomenon of swelling will affect water erosion. (6)The evolution of landform on mudstone slope has restriction of erosion. The existing landscape of badland might through the several drying - wetting succession.謝誌……………………………………………………………….………………… ...i
中文摘要………………………………………………………….………………… ..ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………….………………. ..iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………....v
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………..vii
表目錄………………………………………………………………………………....x
第一章 前言
第一節 研究背景說明 …………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的 ………………………………………………………………4
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 全球尺度下的土壤侵蝕現況 …………………………………………5
第二節 影響土壤侵蝕的因子…………………………………………………..8
1. 通用土壤流失量估算公式…………………………………………8
2. 逕流與微地形的影響…………………………………..…………10
第三節 量測土壤侵蝕的工具…………………………………………………13
1. 水槽實驗應用於土壤侵蝕研究……………………….………….13
2. 人工降雨機應用於土壤侵蝕研究……………………….……….14
3. 地面光達應用於土壤侵蝕研究………………………….……….16
第四節 泥岩特性與侵蝕作用的關聯性………………………………………19
1. 泥岩之物理、化學與力學性質………………………….………..19
2. 泥岩邊坡侵蝕研究……………………………………….……….21
第三章 研究區概述
第一節 泥岩區地理分布………………………………………………………24
第二節 地質、地形特徵………………………………………………………27
第三節 氣象概況………………………………………………………………31
第四章 研究方法
第一節 研究概念………………………………………………………………46
第二節 研究流程………………………………………………………………51
第三節 實驗方法與步驟………………………………………………………52
1. 室外人工降雨試驗…………………………………………..……52
2. 室內沖蝕水槽試驗…………………………………………..……61
第五章 研究結果
第一節 室外人工降雨實驗……………………………………………………72
第二節 室內水槽沖蝕實驗……………………………………………………85
第三節 實驗結果小結………………………………………………………..120
第六章 討論
第一節 泥岩風化層侵蝕型態轉變……………………………………..……123
第二節 泥裂在水力侵蝕過程的影響…………………………………..……129
第三節 蝕溝地形演育模式與侵蝕限制………………………………..……134
第七章 結論與建議
第一節 結論…………………………………………………………..….…….137
第二節 未來研究建議………………………………………………………..139
第八章 參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………14
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