1,749,138 research outputs found
Inflation and stabilization in Yugoslavia
No full textThis paper shows that inflation in Yugoslavia shares common elements with inflation in other highly indebted countries, despite appearances other-wise. These common elements include a large transfer of resources abroad unmatched by an internal adjustment, resulting in a large internal redistribution of real resources through inflation. The author argues that Yugoslavia differs from other countries in that these internal conditions are not transparent. Instead of an open fiscal deficit, there were complex interactions among enterprises, commercial banks, and the central bank, involving, among other things, the absorption and servicing of a large stock of foreign exchange liabilities by the central bank. Events in the second half of 1990 also indicate that, for a stabilization program to succeed in Yugoslavia, there must be much greater political resolve to cope with wage indiscipline and loss-making enterprises than was observed in 1990. And the question remains whether financial discipline can be imposed in the system only at the macroeconomic level and without introducing private ownership of capital. The ultimate question may be whether stabilization can succeed without a comprehensive privatization program.Economic Stabilization,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Macroeconomic Management
Trusted Tales: Creating Authenticity in Literary Representations from Ex-Yugoslavia
No full textThis research deals with questions of authority and authenticity and how they are expressed, constructed, and appropriated within the Anglophone book market. It considers the body of literature written about ex-Yugoslavia since the 1990s Balkan conflicts by exiled writers from the region which has entered the international literary canon. Books’ routes from original publishers into English translation are discussed through practices of trust, one of the crucial social devices underpinning their exchange. Within these cross-cultural processes, the role of cultural brokers is crucial. Symbolic and cultural resources are specifically mobilised through their powerful author brands.
By exploring authenticity in the context of book publishing, I further look at how ideas and practices of community are employed and negotiated by writers and those who promote their books. My field is multi-sited and fluid, reflecting how different individual and national positions are enacted and performed through strategies ranging from unconscious dispositions to deliberate intentions. This research thus brings together ideas of the author as an authentic, representative voice together with exile as a position that grants them a new lease of relevancy in the post-socialist context.
Although ex-Yugoslav books occupy a ‘high end’ niche of the UK market, constrained by commercial as well as political, cultural, and institutional forces, in public discourse ideas of the ‘free market’ and ‘free speech’ are mobilised to produce various types of modernisation narratives. The (post)socialist production of literature is perceived as having to ‘evolve’ into a capitalist model: this would allow not only healthy competition and consumer choice but guarantee an individual writer ‘free speech’ as a basic human right. Therefore, the most general question this research raises is what kind of foreign literature gets translated into English, under what socio-cultural conditions and which politics of representation it serves within the project of world literature
Yugoslavia
No full textPresent-day Yugoslavia covers the territory of what was left of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socialistićka Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (SFRJ) following the secession, from late 1991, first of Slovenia, then, successively, of Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and finally, Macedonia. This ‘rump’ - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Savezna Republika Jugoslavija (SRJ) consists constitutionally of two sovereign republics, Serbia and Montenegro. Each has a separate government, legal and administrative system within the Federal constitution. They are often separately represented at international fora: within SRJ their relationship is uneasy and its future uncertain. Serbia today includes the former (SFRJ) ‘autonomous provinces’ of Vojvodina to the North and Kosovo to the south. Since 1987, both were progressively assimilated - administratively and politically - into the Republic of Serbia and were formally stripped of their autonomy under a new constitution adopted by Serbia in September 1990. Both SRJ and its constituent entities have uncertain status in international law. The declaration in April 1992 by Serbia and Montenegro that SRJ was the legal successor of the SFRJ was a de facto recognition of the secession of the other four republics. However, the United Nations ruled in September of that year that this could not automatically be the case and excluded SRJ from the General Assembly; subsequently the recognition of SRJ by other nations has been uncertain. Kosovo is presently under military control of NATO (and Russian) armed forces (KFOR), its administration in the hands of a United Nations mission (UNMIK); its future can only be a matter of conjecture.
Examination of environmental issues in Yugoslavia must be informed by two principal considerations:
• The physical and ecological characteristics of the region, and its social and economic development up to and including the collapse of the former Yugoslavia in 1991
• Events since 1991, including socioeconomic changes, the effect of external sanctions consequent on Yugoslavia’s involvement in the civil war in neighbouring Bosnia and Hercegovina (1992-95) and, most recently, the civil war in Kosovo and the intervention of NATO.
The latter, in particular, cast a shadow over any analysis of Yugoslavia and its future, including the matters dealt with in this chapter, which therefore includes an assessment of environmental damage and prospects for environmental remediation against the backcloth of an analysis of the pre-1999 situation in the region
A fish stinks from the head: Ethnic diversity, segregation, and the collapse of Yugoslavia
No full textDemographic analysis clarifies political issues in the collapse of Yugoslavia. In most regions, 1961-1991, ethnic diversity (estimated by informational entropy) increased and segregation (estimated by Theil’s H) decreased. In a few regions there was a reversal in 1991 as migration flows or presentations of self perhaps changed in anticipation of war. The analysis strengthens refutations of the view that long standing ethnic hatreds were the root cause of the Yugoslav collapse and supports analyses that attribute collapse to general economic crisis, economic competition between regions, and failures at the peak of government.collapse of Yugoslavia, diversity, ethnic politics, ethnicity, segregation, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia - How redistribution hurts productivity in a socialist economy
No full textSocialism as practiced in Eastern Europe is characterized by massive income redistribution. This paper focuses on: (a) interfirm redistribution, consisting of taxing profitable firms in order to subsidize unprofitable ones; and (b) intrafirm redistribution, consisting of the compression of personal income differentials within a firm. The author constructs a theoretical model of redistribution of income as practiced in Yugoslav firms. Empirical results lead to the conclusions that efficiency in production could be improved at no cost if such redistribution were abolished. Furthermore, economies in which much of the GNP is redistributed through bargaining are also bound to be inefficient in distribution because some groups are less able to represent their common interests than others. Contrary to a common belief, socialist countries can not be praised on the count of equity either. This paper presents the estimating framework and the results of the empirical analysis obtained on the basis of a sample of Slovenian enterprises and a brief discussion of policy implications concludes the paper.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Inequality,Health Economics&Finance,Work&Working Conditions
The concept of legitimacy in international relations : lessons from Yugoslavia
No full textThe thesis builds a model of 'orthodox Western' legitimacy on the basis of the interaction of
'dominant paradigms' in Western thinking about the states-system, the state and the
international economy. These are a Realist vision of the states-system, a liberal conception of
the state and a free-market, economic liberal version of the international economy. The thesis
therefore links the domestic, the international and the economic to overcome the narrow
focus on institutions and procedures in legal accounts of international legitimacy and the lack
of consideration of the international in domestic approaches. By treating legitimacy as a
value judgement the thesis also shows up the failure of existing accounts to consider the
competing and contradictory constraints on action established by the value systems tied up
with dominant paradigms. Therefore, as well as allowing for judgements against institutional
and procedural custom and practice, the model restores the normative content of legitimacy
by rooting such judgements in consistency with underpinning value systems, introducing
flexibility and prescriptive power.
The model is tested and refined by an examination of the rise and fall of Yugoslavia between
1945 and 1992. This looks at the legitimation of Tito's political and economic system and the
crisis it suffered during the 1980s. Despite the Western focus of the model it is shown to
point towards important issues in the loss of legitimacy by Yugoslavia. In particular, reasons
for the timing of its collapse and the bitterness of disputes over reform are shown to be
rooted in fundamental disagreements about value systems as the basis for re-legitimising a
post-communist country. In addition, there is a lengthy and detailed study of the efforts by
the international community to manage the crisis between 1990 and the recognition of Bosnia
in 1992. The value of the model in uncovering limitations on actions, explaining policy
choices and allowing judgement is reaffirmed and lessons for theoretical refinements are
drawn. The thesis is therefore an effort to critique and develop theoretical concepts whilst
also subjecting them to serious empirical analysis
The costs and benefits of Slovenian independence
No full textOne year is not enough time to draw conclusions about independent Slovenia's prospects, and it may not be easy for other countries to copy Slovenia's model. Slovenia is ethnically homogeneous, culturally and historically compatible with the West, and near (and somewhat protected from)friendly Western neighbors. And despite sharp political divisions, it has shown a political will to fight counterproductive redistribution. Still, Slovenia's experience may offer insights for other new post-Communist economies. Despite the obvious short-run costs of the brutal breakup of Yogoslavia's federal structure, Slovenia's medium- and long-run economic prospects are fairly good. Declining trade with the rest of Yugoslavia dims Slovenia's short-run prospects. But in the long run it may benefit from greater macroeconomic stability, freedom from subsidizing less-developed regions of Yugoslavia, and speedier integration with Western Europe. What has happened to Slovenia does not prove that separation necessarily improves welfare. In fact, had forces amenable to rational debate and compromise prevailed in Yogoslavia, Slovenia's secession might have decreased welfare. Slovenia's experience suggests that secession from a larger entity that is wrecked by political instability may produce economic benefits. Local autonomy gives Slovenia a chance to introduce a new currency and achieve macroeconomic stability, for example. This can work only if the local political constellation is not controlled by coalitions bent on preserving the old system of redistribution and is not hampered by major political divisions that paralyze decisionmaking. In short, secession can be beneficial if the new state is more homogeneous and functions more coherently than the old state. Not all newly independent states would face the costs Slovenia has faced. In the Czech-Slovak breakup, for example, political risk and refugee costs (or rather, the costs of migration) were much smaller than in Slovenia. Indeed, the Czech republic may also expect short-term costs but long-term gains.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Stabilization,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,National Governance
Constitution of the Federative People\u27s Republic of Yugoslavia
No full texthttps://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/1385/thumbnail.jp
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Memorandum Regarding Yugoslavia Financing
No full textMemorandum for the President concerning Export-Import Bank Long-Term guarantees on sales to Yugoslavia
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Yugoslavia: Modernization in an Ethnically Diverse State
No full textPublished as "Yugoslavia: Modernization in an Ethnically Diverse State," in Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment, ed. Wayne Vucinich. © 1969 by the Regents of the University of California. Copying and permissions notice: Authorization to copy this content beyond fair use (as specified in Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law) for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the Regents of the University of California for libraries and other users, provided that they are registered with and pay the specified fee via Rightslink® on Caliber (http://caliber.ucpress.net/) or directly with the Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com.
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