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Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley 2015
No full textCycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015 Type species. Cycadophila debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015, by original designation. Adult diagnosis. The genus Cycadophila is easily distinguished from other genera of Pharaxonothinae by the head surface with transverse occipital ridge (vertexal line); large eyes that encroach upon head ventrally; supraocular striae present, often short; having a remnant of the submental-gular suture visible to variously depressed; male genitalia with median lobe and tegmen twisted, spiculum gastrale asymmetrical; and lacking abdominal calli. Many members of Cycadophila are known to be associated with Cycas spp. in SE Asia. Updated description. Length 3.04–6.95 mm, width 1.15–2.80 mm. Body form elongate, not strongly parallel sided; dorsoventrally flattened, weakly convex; widest anterior to or at middle of elytra; color pale to dark reddishbrown with or without variously sized dark macula on elytra; dorsal punctation fine, evenly distributed. Head with dorsal surface flat to convex (swollen) above eyes, clypeus flat or curved downward apically, may have vague depressions basally; clypeus apically truncate or rounded; supraocular striae present, extending along posterior 1/3 length of eye to entire length of eye; transverse occipital ridge present; stridulatory file on occipital region of head present, one on each side of the midline, widely separated, weakly convergent anteriorly; eyes prominent, coarsely faceted, large, ventrally encroaching upon gular area, distance between eye and lateral corner of mentum 2 times longer than median lobe; flagellum shorter than median lobe, struts not coiled; spiculum gastrale asymmetrical. Note. Xu et al. (2015) provided additional images, some species accounts and key to genera of Pharaxonothinae.Published as part of Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.57564
Wen xian tong kao quan shu
No full text馬端臨著.綫裝, 12函.框21.4x14.8公分, 9行20字, 小字雙行同, 白口, 四周單邊, 單黑魚尾, 版心上鐫題名, 中鐫卷次, 下鐫葉次.刻書年據序.内封題鐫"馬貴與先生纂輯", "寶旭堂藏板".Xian zhuang, 12 han.Kuang 21.4 x 14.8 gong fen, 9 hang 20 zi, xiao zi shuang hang tong, bai kou, si zhou dan bian, dan hei yu wei, ban xin shang juan ti ming, zhong juan juan ci, xia juan ye ci.Ke shu nian ju xu.Nei feng ti juan "Ma Guiyu xian sheng zuan ji", "Bao xu tang cang ban".Ma Duanlin zhu
Cycadophila (Cycadophila) debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley
No full textCycadophila (Cycadophila) debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley Figs. 2 E, 2H–I, 2L, 2P, 3C, 3D, 3I Cycadophila debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley in Xu et al. 2015: 7 –12. Adult diagnosis. A member of the C. (Cycadophila) lata species group as discussed above, distinguished most readily by the long supraocular striae, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio <3.5; width of elytra greatest at middle, with fine actute projection at posterior pronotal hind angle, and major males with mesofemora gradually narrowing to the apex. Most similar morphologically to C. collina which has an indistinct obtuse projection at posterior pronotal hind angle and major males with mesofemora parallel-sided nearly to apex. Most confidently distinguishable from C. (C.) collina by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (GenBank Accession numbers KR005715 – KR00717, KY365239, KY365249, KY365251), as discussed earlier. Full descriptions and images of adults and larvae are presented in Xu et al. (2015). Type locality. China, Guangxi Province, Debao County, Fuping village, 23°29.624'N, 106°12.980'E. Range. Known from Debao and Napo counties of Guangxi Province, China. The range of the host, C. debaoensis, extends to Banshui, Baise City, Guangxi Province and Funing County, Yunnan Province with 16 known natural populations (Xie et al. 2005; Fang 2009). Material examined. Holotype, allotype and paratypes as discussed in Xu et al. (2015). Others examined: VIETNAM, Hoa Binh Province, Lac Thuy Distr., Phu Lao Comm., 20°33'19″N, 105°45'42″E, 50–100m, 25-IV- 2015, N. S. Khang ex ♂ Cycas hoabinhensis (1; deposited at the FSCA). Remarks. Xu et al. (2015) demonstrated that adults and larvae of this species occur together in male cones of Cycas debaoensis in Guangxi, China, where they appear to feed and reproduce. DNA analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicates that a population of Cycadophila debaonica in Vietnam south of Hanoi on Cycas hoabinhensis display DNA sequences similar to those type populations in Guangxi Province, China. Populations in northern Vietnam west of Hanoi, in northern Laos and in southern Yunnan Province, China on Cycas tanqingii and the C. collina species complex exhibit enough genetic differences to warrant recognition as a species distinct from Cycadophila debaonica and is named above as Cycadophila collina. Morphologically, many specimens of these two species are difficult to distinguish and form part of a cryptic species complex. They are both, however, morphologically distinguishable from the closely related Cycadophila lata (discussed below), which also occurs in Vietnam.Published as part of Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.57564
Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley 2015
No full textGenus <i>Cycadophila</i> Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015 <p> <b>Note.</b> The specimens considered here were assigned to the subfamily Pharaxonothinae based on a combination of the following visible external morphological characters: (1) lateral pockets on the mentum present; (2) tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 absent; (3) metepisternal ctenidium absent; (4) antennal insertion hidden in dorsal view; (4) anterior angles of pronotum poorly developed; (5) mesometaventral articulation monocondylic; (6) ventrite 1 without subcoxal lines. According to Leschen (2003), the above mentioned combination of characters (especially possession of distinct lateral pockets on the mentum) can distinguish these specimens from the habitually similar representatives of the subfamily Xenoscelinae. However, characters not visible or that require dissection are needed to unequivocally confirm placement in the Pharaxonothinae.</p> <p> Within the Pharaxonothinae, these fossils were assigned to the genus <i>Cycadophila</i> based on: (1) large eyes that encroach upon head ventrally; (2) 11-segmented antennae with a 3-segmented antennal club not flattened; (3) pro- and mesocoxal cavities open; (4) supraocular stria present, not extending posteriorly beyond eyes; (5) pronotal callosity absent; (6) elytra glabrous with non-impressed rows of punctures; (7) pronotum with narrow basal sulci; (8) submentum separated from gula by transverse impression (submental-gular suture); (9) 5-segmented tarsi with tarsomeres 1–3 pubescent ventrally with long, fine, dense, distally directed setae, not lobed beneath.</p> <p> According to the up-to-date key of Skelley <i>et al</i>. (2017), the studied extinct specimens can be assigned to the subgenus <i>Cycadophila</i> Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015 due to (1) lateral pronotal carinae narrow in lateral view, and (2) protibia without stout setae along lateral margin. Several morphological characters (e.g. head swollen dorsally; clypeus convex in lateral view; ventral interocular distance 0.58× head width; pronotal surface near anterior angles slightly impressed; pronotal lateral carinae parallel most length; elytra without colour patterns) allow placement of these specimens in the extant <i>nigra</i> species group. This placement is tentative and not irreproachable at the moment, because the shape of the prosternal process is not clear due to the position of the legs, and anterior pronotal angles are not sharply angulate as is typical for the <i>nigra</i> species group.</p>Published as part of <i>Alekseev, Vitalii I. & Bukejs, Andris, 2017, First fossil representatives of Pharaxonothinae Crowson (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): indirect evidence for cycads existence in Baltic amber forest, pp. 413-422 in Zootaxa 4337 (3)</i> on page 414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4337.3.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1025008">http://zenodo.org/record/1025008</a>
Cycadophila (Cycadophila) Xu, Tang & Skelley
No full textCycadophila (Cycadophila) Xu, Tang & Skelley, nominate subgenus Type species. Cycadophila debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015, by original designation. Adult diagnosis. Cycadophila (Cycadophila) is distinguished externally from the subgenus Strobilophila by the thin lateral pronotal carinae in lateral view with single row of punctation, by the lack of stout setae on the lateral margin of the protibia or with only a few setae at the extreme apex and with sexual dimorphism present or not, when present appearing on various legs. Adult description. Length 3.04–6.95 mm, width 1.15–2.80 mm. Body: form elongate, not strongly parallel sided; dorsoventrally flattened to weakly convex; widest at middle of elytra; color reddish-brown or dark brown, with or without color pattern; dorsal punctation moderately coarse, evenly distributed, dense. Head: dorsal surface of head relatively flat to convex in profile; convex between eyes, clypeus flat to convex apically; some with vague depressions basally; clypeus truncate anteriorly; supraocular striae length variable; transverse occipital ridge present (vertexal line); stridulatory file on occipital region of head present, one on each side, widely separated, parallel; eyes prominent, coarsely faceted; usually lacking lateral temple behind eye. Antenna: antennomere I–VI length subequal to width, moniliform in most; antenna with 3-segmented club. Mouthparts: terminal maxillary palpomere cylindrical, acuminate at apex, elongate, 2–3× longer than preceding palpomere; terminal labial palpomere flattened, roughly oval in shape, 3/4 length of terminal maxillary palpomere; mentum with large triangular base defined by carina; lateral pockets in front of carina evident or not; submentum and gula relatively flat, suture not obvious, medially with weak to distinct depression bearing setose punctures. Pronotum: pronotal anterior marginal bead complete, fine; pronotal anterior margin near eyes emarginate, anterior angles rounded; pronotal basal pits present, associated longitudinal groove distinct, groove approximately 1/4 pronotal length; secondary transverse groove between pits present, broad, curving along posterior margin except medially where slightly separated from margin; pronotal lateral carinae evenly arcuate, lacking modifications; pronotal lateral carinal bead narrow. Scutellar shield: broadly pentagonal. Elytra: finely setose, indistinct; with coarse, dense interval punctures; elytra with marginal bead basally. Prosternum: mostly flat, depressed or not posterior of coxa; procoxal cavities narrowly open; pronotal hypomeron with longitudinal striations, weak in some. Legs: protibia dilated distally or not, angled laterally but without apical tooth; ventral apical margin with or without fringe of stout ventrally directed, tooth-like spinules, some present on disto-lateral margin; meso- and metafemora elongate oval, meso- and metatibiae moderately angularly dilated at apex. Abdomen: ventrites I–IV each with pair of long erect sensory hairs located adjacent to midline (often abraded). Sexual dimorphism: when evident, present in variously developed legs of males, being more robust, dilated distally or variously curved. Male genitalia: median lobe and tegmen flattened laterally, weakly twisted basally; penile struts not fused, separate for entire length, each 5–6× longer than median lobe; flagellum shorter than penile strut, not coiled; spiculum gastrale asymmetrical. Female genitalia: gonocoxites triangular, gradually narrowed posteriorly; apices of gonocoxites laterally with concave impression and setae. Gonostylus small, inserted at the concave impression of the gonocoxite, with several short setae and one long seta. Valvifers expanded posteriorly. Spermatheca elongated, C-shaped. Remarks. Cycadophila (Cycadophila) presently comprises four species groups as diagnosed below: the lata group, fupingensis group, nigra group and papua group. Preliminary morphological and molecular data show these to be monophyletic groups, but further data and analyses are needed to substantiate relationships amongst them before they can be confidently assigned into separate subgenera. They are readily distinguished from each other by characters in the key and by diagnostic characters presented in the following accounts. The external morphological diversity of these groups makes a simple diagnosis of C. (Cycadophila) as presented here difficult.Published as part of Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1) on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.57564
Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley
No full textGenus Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley, new genus Type species. Cycadophila debaonica n. sp., here designated. Diagnosis. Cycadophila is distinguished from other currently known cycad-associated genera of Erotylidae by the presence of a transverse occipital ridge; supraocular striae present; having a remnant of the submental-gular suture visible to variously depressed; lack of abdominal calli; male genitalia with median lobe and tegmen twisted like a corkscrew, and spiculum gastrale asymmetrical; wings with anal cell present. Description. Length 3.12–5.27 mm, width 1.29–2.31 mm. Body form elongate, not strongly parallel sided; dorsoventrally flattened, weakly convex; widest anterior to or at middle of elytra; color pale to dark reddish-brown with or without variously sized dark macula on elytra; dorsal punctation fine, evenly distributed. Head with dorsal surface flat to convex (swollen) above eyes, clypeus flat or curved downward apically, may have vague depressions basally; clypeus apically truncate or rounded; supraocular striae present, about 1 / 3 length of eye; transverse occipital ridge present; stridulatory file on occipital region of head present, one on each side of the midline, widely separated, weakly convergent anteriorly; eyes prominent, coarsely faceted, large, ventrally encroaching upon gular area, distance between eye and lateral corner of mentum 2 times longer than median lobe; flagellum shorter than median lobe, struts not coiled; spiculum gastrale asymmetrical. Etymology. The name Cycadophila is formed from the words “cycad” and “philia”, ancient Greek for affection. Gender feminine. Remarks. With the addition of Cycadophila there are now 6 genera in Pharaxonothinae. However, an understanding of the relationship of Cycadophila within Pharaxonothinae, particularly with respect to Pharaxonotha, requires further studies using morphological characters and multilocus sequence analysis. Furthermore, a phylogenetic comparison of pharaxonothines and their food plants may sharpen our understanding of their co-evolutionary relationships. All specimens of Cycadophila with biological data were collected from male cones of Asian cycads, Cycas spp. Tang et al. (1999) divided “ Xenocryptus ” (now Cycadophila) into different groups (XA and XB, for “ Xenocryptus A” and “ Xenocryptus B”) based on an initial assessment of morphology. In field observations, Tang (see below) noted members of the XA type (C. debaonica and C. fupingensis) appear to reproduce in the male cones with fresh pollen. Specimens of the XB type (C. nigra and C. yunnanensis) are abundant on cones that have finished shedding their pollen and may be saprophytes feeding on old rotting cones, pollen and fungi. There are presently four species herein placed in the genus Cycadophila that occur on cones of C. debaoensis. Other Asian species previously placed in “ Pharaxonotha ” and additional new species of Cycadophila that occur on other species of cycads will be treated in a separate future publication (Xu et al. in prep) reviewing all known members of the genus. We here focus only on the species of Cycadophila known to occur on C. debaoensis.Published as part of Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Skelley, Paul, Liu, Nian & Rich, Stephen, 2015, Cycadophila, a new genus (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas debaoensis (Cycadaceae) in Asia, pp. 251-278 in Zootaxa 3986 (3) on pages 255-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3986.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24031
Cycadophila (Strobilophila) Skelley, Xu & Tang, new subgenus
No full textCycadophila (Strobilophila) Skelley, Xu & Tang, new subgenus Type species. Cycadophila (Strobilophila) tansachai, n. sp., here designated. Adult diagnosis. The subgenus C. (Strobilophila) is easily distinguished from other members of the genus by the pronotal lateral carina flat and thickened in lateral view with punctation scattered on carinal surface, by the presence of stout setae on the lateral margin of the protibia and sexual dimorphism, when present, on abdominal ventrite V, not legs as in other groups. Adult description. Length 3.60–6.40 mm, width 1.40–2.40mm. Body: form elongate, not strongly parallel sided; dorsoventrally flattened to weakly convex; widest at middle of elytra; color reddish-brown without color pattern; dorsal punctation moderately coarse, evenly distributed, dense. Head: dorsal surface of head relatively flat; convex between eyes, clypeus flat apically; some with vague depressions near base of clypeus; clypeus truncate anteriorly; supraocular stria extending about 3/4 of length of eye from posterior end; transverse occipital ridge present; stridulatory file on occipital region of head present, one on each side, widely separated, parallel; eye prominent, coarsely faceted; lacking lateral temple behind eye. Mouthparts: mentum with large triangular base defined by carina; lateral pockets in front of carina small or indistinct; submentum and gula relatively flat, suture not obvious, medially with transverse, anteriorly concave depression with row of setose punctures. Pronotum: pronotal anterior marginal bead complete, fine; pronotal anterior margin near eyes emarginate, anterior angles rounded; surface near anterior angle convex; pronotal basal pits present, associated longitudinal groove present or not, groove up to 1/4 pronotal length; secondary transverse groove between pits present, broad, curving along posterior margin except medially where slightly separated from margin; pronotal lateral carina evenly arcuate, lacking modifications; pronotal lateral carinal bead thin in dorsal view; in lateral view thickening anteriorly, surface flattened laterally, appearing double edged. Scutellar shield broadly pentagonal. Elytra with coarse, dense interval punctures. Prosternum: pronotal hypomeron with longitudinal striations, weak in some. Legs: protibia dilated distally, angled laterally but without apical tooth; disto-ventral margin with fringe of stout ventrally directed, tooth-like spinules, some present on apical-lateral margin; meso- and metafemora elongate oval, meso and metatibiae moderately angularly dilated at apex. Abdomen: ventrites I–IV lacking pair of erect sensory hairs located on either side of the middle. Sexual dimorphism: not evident on legs. Male genitalia: median lobe and tegmen flattened laterally, weakly twisted basally; penile struts not fused, separate entire length, each 5.00–6. 0 0× longer than median lobe; flagellum shorter than penile strut, not coiled; spiculum gastrale asymmetrical. Female genitalia: gonocoxites triangular, gradually narrowed posteriorly; apices of gonocoxites laterally with concave impression and setae. Gonostylus small, inserted at the concave impression of the gonocoxite, with several short setae and 1 long seta. Valvifers expanded posteriorly. Spermatheca elongated, C-shaped. Larva. Description based on a larval morphotype found with adults of Cycadophila (Strobilophila) tansachai in Cycas elephantipes male cones. 16S rRNA gene sequences from one individual of this larval morphotype from this host match those of adult C. (S.) tansachai, but a second sample of this larval morphotype from Cycas pectinata did not match any sampled adults of subgenus Strobilophila. This second larva may correspond with C. (S.) yangi adults, which have been collected together with adults of C. (S.) tansachai in Cycas pectinata. For further discussion, see paragraph prior to larval key and description of C. (S.) yangi below. Individuals up to 7.00 mm; body elongate, in dorsal view sides subparallel and narrowing anteriorly and posteriorly, cylindrical, lightly pigmented except for head and sections of tergum (Figs. 15 A–B). Head: sclerotized, dark brown with faint pattern of reticulation, smooth without ornamentation, protracted, prognathous and slightly flattened; epicranial stem absent, frontal arms lyriform and contiguous basally; median epicranial suture distinct, extending half the length of the frontal arms; 5 stemmata on each side; antenna length approximately half of midlength of head, 3-segmented, antennomere I slightly shorter than wide, II more than 3 times as long as I, III slightly longer than I; frontoclypeal suture absent; labrum free. Mandibles symmetrical, incisor cleft with dorsal prong shorter than ventral prong, both prongs smooth; mola well-developed, asperate with asperites forming transverse rows; accessory ventral process present; prostheca hyaline, with single edge, broad basally, triangular with angulate apex (Fig. 15 F). Ventral mouthparts retracted, with well-developed maxillary articulating area; maxilla with transverse cardo, elongate stipes, 3-segmented palp, terminal palpomere>3× its own width, mala falciform with apex divided into 3 lobes; labium more or less free to base of mentum, labial palps 2-segmented, separated by 1.50× width of basal palpomere (Fig. 15 G), distal palpomere length 2.00× its own width. Hypostomal rods diverging; ventral epicranial ridges weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen: dorsal surface: anterior 1/2 of T2–3 and A1–A7, anterior 3/4 of A8, central 1/2 of T1 and all of A9 pigmented dark brown, sclerotized; brown areas, except for anterior 1/4–1/3, more or less randomly covered with granules; sclerotized regions of T1–3 and A1–8 distinctly bisected by light-colored middorsal line; T2–3 and A1–8 with transverse row of 5–6 pairs of large tubercules along posterior margin and transverse row of 3–4 pairs of large tubercles 1/3 of length from anterior margin; tubercles appearing light colored and contrasting against dark background, setiferous; A9 tergum with pair of urogomphi; urogomphi covered with granules basally, dorsal and lateral sides of base with 3 pairs of prominent setiferous tubercles, in dorsal view tubercles form approximately semicircular pattern, pair of tubercles closest to midline just anterior to urogomphi (labeled t 1 in Figs. 15 C–D) with hook at apex, base of this pair angled vertically, apical hook shaped like a bird head and neck with bill pointing posteriad (Figs. 15 A, C), top of bird head with a prominence with a single setae; bird beak length about 2.00× its own vertical width, without sharply curved tip; urogomphi length from basal tubercle t3 (see Fig. 15 D) to apex approximately 1.00× length of remainder of segment, apical 1/3 of length smooth without tubercles. Legs 5-segmented; coxae moderately widely separated, procoxae separated by>1.00× coxal width; meso- and metacoxae each separated by>2.00× coxal width (Fig. 15 E). Spiracles raised, annular-biforous. Etymology. An intentional combination of the plant structure name ‘strobili’, with the Greek -phil-, having a strong affinity or love. The name is feminine in gender. Remarks. Strobilophila is distinct among the cycad inhabiting erotylids by the strongly dilated protibia fringed with stout spinules apically and the thickened lateral pronotal carina. In size and superficial characters, Strobilophila resembles Xenocryptus tenebrionoides Arrow which inhabits cycads in Australia and has been cited as “ Xenocryptus ” in Tang et al. (1999). However, the genus Xenocryptus has internal abdominal calli, symmetrical male genitalia, and belongs in the Xenocryptinae (Leschen 2003). The distinction between the Pharaxonothinae and the Xenocryptinae is tenuous and in need of further study (Xu et al. 2015). This must be done considering all known taxa of these subfamilies, including other problematic and undescribed taxa that are cycad associates.Published as part of Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1) on pages 45-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.57564
FIGURE 20 in Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species
No full textFIGURE 20. SEM of Cycadophila (Strobilophila) tansachai, paratypes: A) head, dorsal; B) head, ventral; C) head and pronotum, antero-lateral; D) protibia, dorsal; E) protibia, ventral.Published as part of Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.57564
Cycadophila debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley, new species
No full textCycadophila debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley, new species (Figures 2–4) Adult diagnosis. Distinguished from other Cycadophila spp. by the long supraocular striae, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio 1 times coxal width; meso- and metacoxae separated by> 2 times coxal width (Fig. 4 E). Spiracles raised, annular-biforous. Type locality. China, Guangxi Province, Debao County, Fuping village, N 23 ° 29.624 ', E 106 ° 12.980 '. Range. Known from Debao and Napo Counties of Guangxi province, China. The range of the host, C. debaoensis, extends to Banshui, Baise City, Guangxi province and Funing County, Yunnan Province with 16 known natural populations (Xie et al. 2005; Fang 2009). Material examined. Holotype (by designation) male with the following labels: 1) [rectangular; white; printed in black ink] CHINA, Guangxi, [Debao,] Fuping, ex ♂ cone Cycas debaoensis, N 23 ° 29.624 ', E 106 ° 12.980 ', 21 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 331; 2) [rectangular; red; printed in black ink] HOLOTYPE ♂ Cycadophila debaonica G. Xu, W. Tang & P. Skelley 2015. Deposited in the FSCA. Allotype (FSCA) and 1683 adult + 329 larval paratypes: CHINA: Guangxi: [Debao Co. ]: Fuping, ex ♂ cone Cycas debaoensis, N 23 ° 29 ’ 50 ” E 106 ° 12 ’ 87 ”, V- 2001, W. Lu (241); N 23 ° 29.643 ', E 106 ° 12.915 ', 21 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 1 (146); N 23 ° 29.663 ', E 106 ° 12.903 ', 21 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 7 (92); N 23 ° 29.655 ', E 106 ° 12.867 ', 21 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 31 (97 larvae); N 23 ° 29.595 ', E 106 ° 12.944 ', 21 - V- 2004, W. Tang, # 210 (31 larvae); N 23 ° 29.624 ', E 106 ° 12.980 ', 21 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 331 (holotype & allotype, FSCA, 535); N 23 ° 29.643 ', E 106 ° 12.914 ', 26 -V- 2006, W. Tang, # 1 (571); N 23 ° 29.601 ', E 106 ° 12.862 ', 26 -V- 2006, W. Tang, # 2 (50 + 85 larvae); N 23 ° 29.669 ', E 106 ° 12.909 ', 26 -V- 2006, W. Tang, # 4 (1 + 8 larvae); 24 -V- 2008, W. Tang (2 + 108 larvae); [Napo Co.]: Dingye, N 23 ° 24 ’ 26 ” E 106 °01’ 27 ”, 22 -V- 2004, W. Tang, # 1 (5); # 2 (38). Paratypes deposited at ANIC, BMNH, FSCA, IZCAS, MNHN, NZAC, USNM. Etymology. Named for the county of collection. Remarks. The only known host of this beetle is Cycas debaoensis. This cycad occurs in small, relict populations (Tang et al. 2004; Xie et al. 2005) and this beetle species has only been collected from the male cones of this host at two localities. Determination and description of larvae were based on large numbers found associated with adults in C. debaoensis male cones and partial 16 S rRNA gene sequences which were identical to the adults. Field observations of the larvae indicate they feed and develop on the male cones of this species in large numbers, feeding on sporophyll tissue. The adults remain on the male cones by the hundreds and dissection of adults confirm cycad pollen in their guts. They typically account for the highest percentage of adult Cycadophila beetles on male cones sampled in the early stage of cone elongation and pollen shed (range 57.6–89.3 %, mean = 79.8 %, n = 5 cones), but their abundance drops in cones that have nearly completed pollen shedding (range 0–55.6 %, mean = 13.6 %, n = 7 cones). Adults of other species of Cycadophila of the “XB” type (Tang et al. 1999) and identified as C. nigra and C. yunnanensis (see below) occur sympatrically within the same cones of C. debaoensis, these being more abundant on male cones that have nearly completed pollen shedding (range = 41.1–100 %, mean = 80.7 %, n = 7 cones). Larvae of the XB type have not been detected in these cones.Published as part of Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Skelley, Paul, Liu, Nian & Rich, Stephen, 2015, Cycadophila, a new genus (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas debaoensis (Cycadaceae) in Asia, pp. 251-278 in Zootaxa 3986 (3) on pages 257-262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3986.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24031
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