1,720,976 research outputs found
Feeding various fat sources to sows: effects on immune status and performance of sows and piglets
No full textFoetal energy demands are greatly increased during late gestation and catabolism of maternal reserves occurs if dietary energy supply is insufficient to meet requirements. Fats and oils are traditionally introduced into late gestation and lactation diets as a high-energy supply to improve neonatal survival and milk yield, and to reduce mobilization of body reserves. Furthermore, the efficiency of using metabolizable energy from lipids is very high, and they have a minimum heat increment compared with other nutrients, thereby reducing summer heat stress. Increasing the energy intake of sows during the anabolic phase of gestation is likely to increase the amount of fat available for mobilization during late pregnancy, and may result in enhanced sow performance during lactation. Besides their general importance as an energy source, fats and oils are also a source of essential fatty acids. Recent studies have shown that several fatty acids appear to improve body function and may be important in physiological processes such as neonatal immune function and sow fertility. This chapter mainly focuses on the recent advances in dietary uses of omega fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 FA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to enhance reproductive performance and immunology of sows as well as the performance and immune status of their foetuses and neonates
IMPACT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS ON GUT HEALTH OF POST-WEANING PIGLETS
Full text linkPost-weaning is the most crucial period in pig management. Associated with weaning are marked changes to the histology and biochemistry of the gut which cause decreased digestive and absorptive capacity and contribute to post-weaning diarrhoea. In last years, the interest in developing management and feeding strategies to stimulate gut development and health in newly-weaned pigs was increasing.
In order to increase general health in post-weaning piglets and be alternative to in-feeding antibiotic, three trials were created in this thesis to determine the utilizations of some functional foods which have been widely used to improve growth performance while minimizing the use of antibiotics and rather expensive feed ingredients in weaned piglets.
We utilized essential oils (Thymol and Cinnamaldehyde, EO) and/or enzymes (Xylanase and β-glucanase, XB) in the first 2 trials. The first trial mainly focused on the effects of those additives on general parameters such as performance and digestibility of weaned piglets. To investigate the possible protective effects of EO and/or XB on health status in weaned piglets, we created a model of challenge using Escherichia coli in the second trial. After first two investigations, we intended to enlarge the categories of functional foods and determine the effects on regulation of systemic inflammatory reaction and, in addition, we supposed that initial body weight might also influence the regulation. Therefore, the third trial was desined to determine the effects of dietary cocktail (bovine colostrums, cranberry extract, encapsulated essential oil, yeast-derived products, the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M, vitamins A, D, E and B complex, seleno-methionine) and body weight on inflammatory cytokines and time responses under Lipopolysaccharides challenge in early weaned piglets.
In the first trial, a total of 192 weaned piglets (Stambo HBI Dalland 40, 24 d) with an average initial body weight of 8.10 kg were allocated according to body weight into 4 experimental treatments (12 replicates per treatment with 4 piglets per replicate). Each group was fed the basal diet alone or supplemented with either essential oils or enzymes, or their combination. There was no effect of essential oils and/or enzymes supplementation on the growth performance of piglets. However, the combination of essential oils and enzymes decreased feed conversion ratio during the last week. Although the fecal digestibilities of all the piglets were increased from d 21 to 35 (P < 0.001), no effect of essential oils or enzymes or the combination on the fecal digestibility was observed. All the additives significantly decreased counts of Coliforms at 42 days of the trial (P < 0.001). Dietary enzymes improved gut morphology by decreasing crypt depth, increasing villus:crypt ratio and reducing the number of macrophages (P < 0.001). Supplementation of essential oils and the combination with enzymes also improved gut morphology by decreasing crypt depth (P = 0.065; P < 0.001), and decreasing the number of lymphatic follicles (P = 0.002; P < 0.001) and macrophages (P < 0.001). No effect of additives on mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was observed in ileal mucosa. Results showed that diet supplementation with EO and/or XB had positive effects on intestinal bacterial counts and gut morphology, although there was no significant diet effect on grow performance or digestibility.
In the second trial, 192 weaned piglets (Stambo HBI Dalland 40, 8.64 kg) were allocated according to body weight into eight experimental treatments (6 replicates per treatment with 4 piglets per replicate). The treatments were in a factorial arrangement: 1) dietary treatments [a weaned piglet control diet (CTR), CTR + 0.05 g/kg essential oils (EO), CTR + 0.1 g/kg enzymes (XB), and CTR + 0.05 g/kg EO + 0.1 g/kg XB] and 2) with or without an E. coli challenge. On d 8, half of piglets in each dietary group were challenged with E. coli. E. coli challenge significantly impaired growth performance, induced severe diarrhea, increased populations of E. coli, Clostridia and Coliforms, depressed antioxidant activities, damaged gut morphology and promoted TLR-4 and TNF-α mRNA expression in ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). In the E. coli challenge group, dietary enzymes or combinated with essential oils improved feed efficiency compared with control treatment during the last week (P = 0.025; P = 0.020). The Coliforms populations in the cecum of challenged piglets fed combination of essential oils and enzymes were lower than control treatment (P < 0.001). In the E. coli challenge group, supplemented essential oils and/or enzymes improved gut morphology by increasing villus height and villus:crypt ratio and decreasing crypt depth (P < 0.001). The positive effects on intestinal bacterial counts and gut morphology suggests that supplementation of EO and/or XB might improve the protective capacity against pathogenic bacteria when piglets were submitted to a bacterial challenge.
In the third study, a total of 256 Yorkshire × Landrace weaned piglets (20 ± 1 d) were allocated into eight experimental treatments (8 replicates per treatment with 4 piglets per replicate). The treatments were in a factorial arrangement: 1) dietary treatments: a basal weaning diet added [spray-dried plasma protein (PP) (CTR), PP + antibiotic (ATB), PP + dietary cocktail (DC), or bovine colostrum + the dietary cocktail (BC+DC)] and 2) low weight (LW) or high weight (HW). At 37 d of age, 2 piglets in each pen were injected with LPS. Stimulations of LPS and PMA in PBMCs of piglets significantly induced TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 (P 0.05). Piglets had low weight tended to increase the concentration of IL-8 (P = 0.106) and IL-10 (P = 0.098) in the PBMCs stimulated by LPS 0.5μg/ml LPS and the concentration of IL-10 (P = 0.097) in PMA stimulated PMBC compared with high weight animals. Infection with LPS increased (P 0.05). At 4 h after challenge, low weight piglets had partially greater serum concentrations of TNF-α (P = 0.046), IL-6 (P = 0.158), IL-8 (P = 0.179) and IL-10 (P = 0.185) than high weight animals. Dietary cocktail or combined with bovine colostrum may replace plasma protein and antibiotics and weight difference may influence the production of inflammatory cytokines after infected by LPS.
In conclusion, we observed that supplementation of functional foods as essential oils and enzymes might strengthen protective capacity of weaned piglets against pathogenic bacteria by decreasing negative intestinal bacterial counts and improving gut morphology. Dietary cocktail or combined with bovine colostrums, at the amount used in this work, may replace plasma protein and antibiotics. Besides, weight difference may influence the production of inflammatory cytokines after infected by LPS
The effects of a novel synthetic emulsifier product on growth performance of chickens for fattening and weaned piglets
Full text linkTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a novel synthetic emulsifier product (AVI-MUL TOP) on the growth performance of chickens for fattening and weaned piglets. The emulsifier product consists of 50% vegetal bi-distillated oleic acid emulsified with 50% glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate. In experiment 1, 480 1-day-old female Cobb500 chickens for fattening were assigned to two treatments: (1) a control diet (CTR); and (2) the control diet+the emulsifier (AMT, 1 g/kg from day 0 to day 10, 0.75 g/kg from day 10 to day 20 and 0.5 g/kg from day 20 to day 34 of the trial). AMT supplementation increased BW on days 20 and 34 (P<0.01). Dietary AMT increased the average daily gain and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from day 10 to day 20, from day 20 to day 34 and from day 0 to day 34 (P<0.01). A reduced feed conversion ratio was observed in the AMT group from day 10 to day 20 (P<0.01). In experiment 2, 96 Stambo HBI×Dalland piglets were weaned at 24 days and assigned to two treatments (the basal diet without the product (CTR) or with 2 g/kg emulsifier from day 0 to day 14 and 1.5 g/kg from day 14 to day 42 (AMT)). There was an increase in the ADFI associated with AMT supplementation from day 14 to day 42 (P=0.04). These results indicated that supplementation with the synthetic emulsifier may significantly improve the growth performance of chickens for fattening and numerically improve that of weaned piglets
Dietary supplementation of mannanooligosaccharides in nutritionally stressed piglets : effects on gut health
No full textThe aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of the administration of mannanooligosaccharides (MOS) on growth performance, villi height and crypts depth of gastrointestinal tracts, intestinal inflammatory responsive parameters and microbial population in feces and cecum of piglets fed a low digestible diet. Forty-eight weaned piglets (6.72 ± 0.32 kg of BW, 24 d of age) were used in a 35-d experiment and randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments: basal diet (Control) and basal diet + 0.2 % MOS. Growth performance were recorded weekly, fecal samples were collected at 0, 14 and 35 d. At the end of trial, 10 piglets from each group were slaughtered and intestinal samples were collected. Data were analysed by a General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. BW, ADG, ADFI were not influenced by MOS supplementation; FCR was lower in treated animals in the last 2 weeks. Mean fecal score was improved in MOS piglets. At the end of trial treated piglets had higher anaerobic, aerobic bacteria and Lactobacilli fecal count. No difference was detected among groups for Coliforms, while lower Clostridia occurred on day 14 in MOS piglets. Intestinal villi height in the duodenum was higher in MOS than Control. MOS supplementation also led to significant increase of NO production in ileal mucosa. Results indicate that MOS supplementation slightly improved feed efficiency and intestinal morphometry of piglets fed low digestible diet
The effect of plant polyphenols on the antioxidant defence system of weaned piglets subjected to an Escherichia coli challenge
No full textThe goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of an optimized plant polyphenol (PP) mixture consisting of polyphenols extracted from apples, grape seeds, green teas and olive leaves on the systemic antioxidant capacity in piglets orally challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 24 piglets were weaned at 28 days and allocated to 4 groups for a 42-d experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial design comparing different dietary treatments [a basal diet without (CTR) or with 0.1% of the optimized PP mixture (PP)] and oral E. coli challenges on days 21 and 25 (saline or E. coli). On days 25, 27 and 34 of the trial, one piglet from each pen was selected for blood sampling. The E. coli challenge decreased the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) from day 21 to day 42 (P < 0.10), reduced plasma superoxide anion (SAIC) and hydroxyl radical (HRIC) inhibiting capacities, and increased the plasma ceruloplasmin content on day 27 (P < 0.10). PP supplementation increased the G:F ratio from day 21 to day 42 (P < 0.10). Compared with the CTR diet, PP supplementation increased plasma GSH-Px activity on day 25 and plasma T-AOC activity on day 27 (P < 0.10), and dietary PP increased plasma SAIC on day 27 and plasma HRIC on day 34 (P < 0.10). These results suggest that PP supplementation may improve the antioxidant status of post-weaning piglets and counteract some of the negative effects that occur when piglets are challenged with E. coli
Effects of plant polyphenols and mannan-oligosaccharides on growth performance, antioxidant plasma activity and health in E. coli Challenged piglets
No full textThe objective of the current study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of plant polyphenols (PP, mixture containing anthocyanin, catechins, chlorgenic and oleuropein as active ingredients) and/or mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth performance, plasma antioxidant capacity and gut health of weanling piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. Ninety-six weanling piglets (LxLW)xPenerland, 22 days old, 6.85 ± 0.71 kg L.W.) were homogenously allocated to 24 pens and fed a basal diet for one week. After diet adaptation period, piglets were divided into 4 treatments (6 replicates per treatment, 4 piglets per replicate) and fed the basal diet (Ctr) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% of PP, MOS or PP+MOS. The study lasted 6 weeks. At 28 and 32 d on trial, all piglets were orally inoculated with 4 ml of E.coli (1×109cfu/ml) or saline water. Blood samples were collected at 14, 28, 32, 34 and 41 d to analyse plasma antioxidative property : Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), ceruloplasmin. At 32 and 34 d 1 piglet per replicate was slaughtered and ileal mucosa samples collected to determine the following intestinal inflammatory response parameters : inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO).
There were no significant effect of dietary treatments or challenge in growth of piglets. Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR) of Ctr piglets was lower than PP+MOS during pre-challenge (P< 0.05). Piglets fed diets supplemented with PP or MOS had lower FCR than Ctr and PP+MOS in week after challenge (P< 0.05).
Dietary PP partially enhanced the systemic antioxidant properties with higher T-AOC (P= 0.08) and lower MDA (P= 0.08) compared to Ctr at 28 d. At 32 d, challenge did not affect antioxidant capacity, while dietary PP or MOS increased plasma GSH-Px activity (P= 0.003). Diet supplemented with PP or PP+MOS increased CAT activity (P= 0.013). At 34 d, E. Coli increased plasma superoxide anion inhibiting capacity (P< 0.01), and hydroxyl radical inhibiting capacity (P< 0.05). Challenge tended to increase plasma ceruloplasmin at 32 d (P< 0.05).
E. Coli challenge increased ileal mucosa inflammatory enzyme activities of iNOS and MPO as well as NO production at 32 and 34 d. At 34 d, dietary PP or PP+MOS tended to inhibit the increase of iNOS activity (P= 0.07) and NO production (P= 0.08) and markedly suppressed the increase of MPO activity post infection (P< 0.05) due to challenge compared to Ctr.
Plant polyphenols and MOS supplementation had the potential to improve feed efficiency after E. Coli challenge, while a combination of PP and MOS had no effect. PP and MOS separately enhanced the antioxidant defense system before challenge. Dietary PP and MOS favorably affected the systemic antioxidant capacity during E. Coli post-challenge. Dietary PP shortened the ileal mucosa inflammatory response due to challenge via inhibiting the elevation of MPO and iNOS activity and NO production. The unfavorable response of the combination of PP and MOS might be indicative of some unclear interactive effects between the two additives
Administration of a novel plant extract product via drinking water to post-weaning piglets : effects on performance and gut health
Full text linkThe present study evaluated the effects of a novel plant extract (PE) product (GrazixTM) on the performance and gut health of
weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. The PE was a standardised mixture of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) and
pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) obtained by using the LiveXtractTM process. A total of 144 piglets were weaned at 24 days
and allocated to 8 for a 35-day experiment with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design comparing different treatments (water without product
(CT) or 8 μl/kg per day PE in drinking water (PE)), feeding regimens (ad libitum (AD) or restricted (RE)) and oral E. coli challenges
on day 9 (sham (− ) or infected ( +)). There were six pens per group with three piglets per pen. On day 35, 24 of the RE feeding
piglets were slaughtered. It was found that PE supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) from day 28 to day 35
( P =0.03) and increased the gain to feed ratio (G : F) from day 7 to day 14 ( P = 0.02). RE feeding led to lower feed intake in
piglets during the 1st week ( P<0.01), 2nd week ( P = 0.06), 3rd week ( P = 0.05), and throughout the course of the overall study
period ( P = 0.05). E. coli challenge decreased the ADG and G : F ratio from day 7 to day 14 ( P = 0.08 and <0.01, respectively)
and increased the faecal score (higher values indicate more severe diarrhoea) on days 14, 21, 28 and 35 ( P<0.01). PE
supplementation decreased the faecal score in the challenged piglets during the 1st week post-challenge ( P<0.01). E. coli
challenge increased the faecal E. coli level on day 14 ( P = 0.03) and increased the Enterobacteriaceae level on day 35 ( P<0.01).
Reduced faecal E. coli was observed on days 14 and 35 ( P = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively), and reduced Enterobacteriaceae
( P<0.01) was found on day 35 in the PE animals. RE feeding increased the faecal Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and
E. coli levels on day 35 ( P = 0.02, <0.01 and <0.01, respectively). These results suggest that PE supplementation may improve
the gut health status of post-weaning piglets and counteract some of the negative effects that occur when piglets are challenged
with E. coli
Effect of an essential oils blend on growth performance, and selected parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence of Escherichia coli challenged piglets
No full textThis study evaluated the effect of diet supplementation with an essential oil blend (13.5% thymol and 4.5% cinnamaldehyde, EO) on growth performance and selected parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant de- fence in Escherichia coli challenged piglets. Ninety-six weaned piglets were al- located into 4 experimental treatments (6 replicates per treatment with 4 piglets per replicate) for 35 days arranged in a 2×2 factorial design: diet [a basal diet without additive (CT) or with 50 mg · kg−1 EO] and E. coli challenge [sham (−) or infected (+)]. On day 8, half of the piglets from each dietary group was orally inoculated with 4 ml of E. coli O149:F4 (K88). The E. coli challenge increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in piglet serum on day 9 (P < 0.01), and tended to reduce average daily feed intake (P = 0.08) and average daily gain (P = 0.08) from day 7 to day 35. Dietary EO addition did not affect growth performance but tended to reduce MDA content in piglet serum in comparison with CT group on day 9 (P = 0.07). Neither EO addition nor E. coli challenge in uenced antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione per- oxidase) activity. The obtained results suggest that EO rich in thymol and cin- namaldehyde had tendency to reduce serum lipid peroxidation level by EO addition, however no such effect was observed in piglets challenged by E. coli. So, further studies are needed to con rm the EO in uence on systemic antioxi- dant defence of weaned piglets
Effects of plant polyphenols and mannan-oligosaccharides on growth performance, antioxidant defense system and inflammatory responses of ileal mucosa in Escherichia coli Challenged piglets
Full text linkThe objective of the current study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of nutritional supplements (plant polyphenols (PP) mixture containing anthocyanin, catechins, chlorgenic and oleuropein as active ingredients, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and PP+MOS) on growth performance, systemic antioxidant capacity and gut health in piglets under Escherichia coli challenged condition. Ninety six weanling piglets (Stambo HBI Dalland 40) (22-d-old) were homogenously allocated to 24 pens and fed a basal diet for one week. After the adaptation period, piglets were divided into 4 treatments (6 replicates with 4 piglets per treatment) and fed a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% of PP, MOS or PP+MOS for 6 weeks. At 21 and 25 d, half of the piglets in each treatment were orally inoculated with 4 ml of E.coli (1×109cfu/ml) or same amount of saline water. Plasma samples collected at 7, 21, 25, 27 and 34 d and ileac mucosa samples prepared at 25 and 27 d were determined for antioxidative property and intestinal inflammatory responsive parameters. Dietary PP+MOS worsened the feed efficiency throughout the experiment. Compared to PP+MOS treatment, control group had better feed conversion ratio (FCR) during first two weeks, dietary MOS improved feed efficiency during 7 - 14 d, 0 - 34 d and 0 - 42 d, and dietary PP decreased FCR throughout the trial. Supplementation of PP markedly enhanced the systemic antioxidant property with higher total antioxidant capacity and lower malondialchehyche content compared to control or PP+MOS treatment at 21 d. At 4 d post infection (DPI), challenge didn’t affect antioxidant capacity, dietary PP or MOS increased plasma GSH-Px activity. Increased plasma Malondialdehyde content, decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and catalase (CAT) activity were observed at 6 DPI. Reduced TAOC were seen in challenged piglets, dietary PP or MOS increased TAOC compared to PP+MOS diet, dietary PP or PP+MOS increased CAT activity than basal or MOS diet at 13 DPI. Challenged increased plasma ceruloplasmin at 4 and 6 DPI, dietary PP or PP+MOS decreased ceruloplasmin compared to basal diet at 6 DPI. Increased ileac activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as well as nitric oxide (NO) production were observed in challenged piglets at 4 and 6 DPI. At 6 DPI, Dietary PP significantly inhibited the elevation of MPO activity and iNOS activity as well as NO production due to challenge. The overall results demonstrated that nutritional supplementation PP improved growth performance and dietary PP or MOS improved feed efficiency in presence of E.coli challenge. Dietary PP or MOS had the potential to improve the antioxidant property, and dietary PP favorably modulated gut mucosa inflammatory response induced by E.coli infection. Dietary combination of PP and MOS did not show effects and even was adverse to growth performance probably due to some unclear interactions between PP and MOS that warranted further research
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