4 research outputs found
A, Wulandhari, Rayu MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI BERBICARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DISKUSI PADA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI KELAS X MIPA 11 SMAN 2 KOTA CIREBON TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016/2017
No full textModel pembelajaran berbasis proyek merupakan model pembelajaran kooperatif yang mengarahkan siswa untuk berani berbicara dan menyampaikan gagasan. Dalam kasus lain model pembelajaran ini juga merupakan rangsangan terbaik untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan berbicara siswa dan tindak lanjutnya. Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan kelas X MIPA 11 SMA Negeri 2 Cirebon tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 sebagai sampel sekaligus populasi.Menurut pengamatan peneliti, kelas tersebut merupakan kelas dengan kemampuan berbicara yang masih rendah, sehingga tepat jika dijadikan sebagai populasi, sampel, dan/atau subjek penelitian. Nilai kemampuan berbicara kelas X MIPA 11 pada awal penelitian (pra siklus) adalah 61,3. Kemudian nilai tersebut meningkat menjadi 76,08 di siklus I dan menginjak angka 88,2 di siklus II. Merujuk pada peningkatan tersebut, peneliti berkesimpulan bahwa model pembelajarna berbasis diskusi memiliki dampak baik untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara siswa kelas X MIPA 11 SMA Negeri 2 Cirebon tahun pelajaran 2016/2017
Web-based multimodal graphs for visually impaired people
No full textThis paper describes the development and evaluation of Web-based multimodal graphs designed for visually impaired and blind people. The information in the graphs is conveyed to visually impaired people through haptic and audio channels. The motivation of this work is to address problems faced by visually impaired people in accessing graphical information on the Internet, particularly the common types of graphs for data visualization. In our work, line graphs, bar charts and pie charts are accessible through a force feedback device, the Logitech WingMan Force Feedback Mouse. Pre-recorded sound files are used to represent graph contents to users. In order to test the usability of the developed Web graphs, an evaluation was conducted with bar charts as the experimental platform. The results showed that the participants could successfully use the haptic and audio features to extract information from the Web graphs
Parathelphusa oxygona Nobili 1901
No full textParathelphusa oxygona Nobili, 1901 (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, C, E, 3 A, C, E, G, I, 4 A–E, 5) Potamon (Parathelphusa) tridentatum var. incertum — Lanchester 1900 b: 255, pl. 12 fig. 2.—Hanitsch 1900: 9 (part) (not Potamon (Parathelphusa) tridentatum var. incertum Lanchester, 1900 a). Parathelphusa maculata oxygona Nobili, 1901: 9. Potamon (Parathelphusa) oxygonus — Rathbun 1905: 239 (part). Parathelphusa (Parathelphusa) maculata — Colosi 1920: 23 (part) (not Paratelphusa maculata De Man, 1879). Parathelphusa (Parathelphusa) incerta — Bott 1970: 118 (part). Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa) maculatus — Yang 1979: 16 (part). Potamon maculata oxygona — Leh 1982: 4. Parathelphusa maculata oxygona — Leh 1982: 6. Parathelphusa oxygona —Ng & Goh 1987: 317 (part).—Ng 1988: 96; Ng 1990 a: 54.— Ng 1990 b: 245.—Ng 1993: 191.— Ng 2004: 330, fig. 13 C.— Ng & Grinang 2004: 315 (part).—Ng & Yeo 2007: 113.— Cumberlidge et al. 2009: unpaginated appendix.— Klaus et al. 2013: 68. Material examined. Lectotype (here designated)— 1 crushed specimen (MUT Cr 1211 Ex 1347), Sadong River, Sarawak, don. R. Shelford, 1900 (det. as Parathelphusa (Parathelphusa) maculata by Colosi 1920). Others: 2 males (larger 32.2 × 24.9 mm), 2 females (ZRC 1986.7512–7515), 1 male, 1 female (MBA 981 c), Sadong River (det. as Palawanthelphusa pulcherrima by R. Bott), ca. 1 ° 55 'N 113 °08'E, coll. 1901; 1 male (34.0×30.0 mm) (SM Cru 1986.115); 1 female (SM Cru 1986.78), Simunjan, Upper Sadong, 1 ° 22 'N, 110 ° 44 'E, coll. Loong Tak, 18 June 1901; 2 males (42.0× 33.4 mm, 41.9 ×32.0 mm), 1 female (43.0× 32.6 mm) (SM Cru 1986.5 – 7), Bidi (= Bau Caves), 1 ° 23 'N, 110 ° 6 'E, coll. C.J. Brooks, June 1903; 5 males (largest 32.2 × 24.9 mm, 31.4 × 24.8 mm), 4 females (ZRC 1989.2248, ZRC 1989.2239-2246), lowland stream, base of Gunong Serapi (Gunong Matang), near Kuching, 1 ° 33.3 'N 110 ° 12.9 'E, coll. P.K.L. Ng & M. Nimbon, 29 January 1986; 1 female (ZRC 1989.3401), Sungei Rayu, Kuala Sendok, Matang, relatively fast flowing water, about 20 cm deep, ca. 30m asl, 1 ° 36.8 'N 110 ° 9.4 'E, coll. S. Yussof, 1988; 7 males (largest 36.6 ×28.0 mm), 5 females (ZRC 1992.10546–10557), Serian, near Kuching, coll. P.K.L. Ng, July 1992; 2 females (ZRC 1996.1942), 1 °36.0'N 110 ° 41.3 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 4 September 1995; 1 female (ZRC 1996.1941), Sungai Sebiris, 1 ° 41.5 'N 109 °47.0'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 1 September 1996; 2 males, 1 female (ZRC 1996.1943), Sungai Belit, 1 ° 3 'N 110 ° 45 'E, coll. M. Kottelat et al., 2 July 1992; 6 males, 3 females (ZRC 1996.1944), Red Bridge, at Matang, near Bau, 1 ° 36.5 'N 110 ° 18.4 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 30 August 1996; 1 female (ZRC 1996.1945), Lundu area, 1 ° 46.6 'N 109 ° 44.7 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 6 September 1995; 2 females (ZRC 1996.1948), Bau to Lundu road, 1 ° 29.3 'N 110 ° 2.7 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 6 September 1995; 1 female (ZRC 1996.1949), Bau to Lundu road, 1 °39.0'N 110 °41.0'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 4 September 1995; 5 males, 6 females (ZRC 1996.1950), Lundu area, Bau to Lundu road, 1 ° 48.1 'N 109 ° 43.7 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 1 September 1996; 1 female (ZRC 1996.1951), Lundu area, 1 ° 45.1 'N 109 ° 45.9 'E, coll. coll. H.H. Tan et al., 1 September 1996; 2 males, 1 female (ZRC 1996.1952), Bau-Lundu area, 1 ° 22.9 'N 110 ° 7.1 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 7 September 1995; 6 males, 1 female (ZRC 1996.1953), stream near Sungai Tengah, ca. 12.6 km into turn-off towards Singal, from Bau to Lundu road, 1 ° 32.6 'N 110 ° 12.8 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 2 September 1996; 1 female (ZRC 1996.1945), Sungai Stumm Muda, near Lundu, 1 ° 28.9 'N 109 ° 58.3 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 2 September 1995; 1 female, 18 juveniles (ZRC 1998. 547), Sungai Stumm Muda, before Lundu, 1 ° 28.9 'N 109 ° 58.3 'E, coll. students, 25 June 1998; 1 male, 1 female (39.4 × 30.1 mm) (ZRC 2008.1327), Sungai Stumm Muda, before Lundu, 1 ° 28.9 'N 109 ° 58.3 'E, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 6 September 1995; 1 male (ZRC 1998.548), stream, Fairy Cave, 1 ° 22.8 'N 110 ° 6.9 'E, coll. students, 24 June 1998; 1 juvenile (ZRC 1998.549), stream, Fairy Cave, Bau Caves, 1 ° 22.8 'N 110 ° 6.9 'E, coll. students, 24 June 1998; 1 female with 71 young (ZRC 1999.687), Sungai Petiak, Kampung Blimbin, on road to Krokong, 1 ° 21.3 'N 110 ° 6.8 'E, pH 8.5, coll. H.H. Tan et al., 11 June 1999. All localities in western Sarawak, Borneo, East Malaysia. Diagnosis. Carapace with branchial surfaces gently convex, not appearing inflated from lateral view (Fig. 2 A); external orbital tooth very broad, external margin very sinuous to concave, approximately separating structure into 2 parts (Figs. 1 A, 2 E); postorbital cristae long, lateral parts gently curving posteriorly near base of first epibranchial tooth (Figs. 1 A, 2 E); second epibranchial tooth separated from posterolateral margin by broad angle (Fig. 1 A); merus of ambulatory leg with distinct subdistal dorsal spine (Figs. 1 A, 3 C); lateral margins of male abdominal somite 6 gently convex (Fig. 3 G), male telson relatively shorter (Fig. 3 G); G 1 relatively slender, distal part gently curving away from sternoabdominal cavity; proximal outer margin with distinct indentation (Figs. 4 A–D, 5). Description of male. Carapace hexagonal; transversely wider than long; dorsal carapace surface smooth; regions poorly demarcated; cervical groove very broad, shallow; median H-shaped gastro-cardiac depression deep. Frontal margin broad, not demarcated from supraorbital margin by notch or tooth, distinctly cristate, appearing gently concave from dorsal, frontal views; frontal median triangle distinct, very broad. Postfrontal cristae sharp, gently concave to almost straight, separated medially other by narrow Y-shaped fissure; postorbital cristae long, sharp, gently concave to almost straight, separated from postfrontal cristae by small notch, cristae gently curving posteriorly as it reaches near base of first epibranchial tooth. Branchial regions gently convex; not distinctly inflated from frontal or lateral view. Orbits large, ovate; eyes well developed with prominent pigmented cornea, completely filling orbit. Supraorbital margin concave, entire; confluent with frontal margin; suborbital margin concave, entire. Pterygostomial region covered with scattered low granules; suborbital and subhepatic regions with low striae, granules. External orbital tooth very broad, vaguely separated into 2 parts by distinctly sinuous to concave external margin; inner angle acutely triangular, sharp, extending to level of frontal margin; outer angle obtusely triangular, rounded; separated from first epibranchial tooth by broad U-shaped notch; first epibranchial tooth sharp, triangular with subangular outer margin, directed anteriorly; second epibranchial tooth sharp, acutely triangular, directed obliquely outwards; separated from posterolateral margin by broad angle. Posterolateral margin gently concave, marked by low but distinct crista, lateral surfaces with distinct striae; posterolateral margin converging towards gently convex posterior carapace margin. Posterior margin of epistome sinuous; median tooth triangular with rounded tip, lateral margins concave. Third maxilliped elongate, completely covering buccal cavity when closed; merus subquadrate, slightly wider than long, median part depressed, anterolateral margin subauriculiform, prominently rounded; ischium rectangular, with deep submedian oblique sulcus; exopod stout, reaching to median part of merus, with distinct subterminal tooth on inner margin, flagellum long. Chelipeds subequal in adult male; merus relatively short; with distinct subdistal spine; carpus ovate, outer surface rugose, with prominent, elongate spine on inner distal angle, inner margin gently serrated; chelae enlarged, outer surface smooth to gently rugose; fingers not pigmented black, gently curved, longer than palm, cutting edges with small, large rounded teeth, denticles. Ambulatory legs relatively short, stout; second leg longest; merus subrectangular, margins cristate, dorsal margin with sharp subdistal spine; carpus with cristate dorsal margin, unarmed; propodus with dorsal margin cristate, ventral margin gently serrated; outer surface with shallow submedian longitudinal depression; dactylus gently curved with corneous tip, quadrate in cross-section, margins with 4 rows of strong sharp spines. Thoracic sternum evenly pitted, otherwise smooth; sternites 1, 2 completely fused, narrow longitudinally; separated from sternite 3 by deep concave suture (towards buccal cavity); sternites 3, 4 completely fused; sternoabdominal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior edges of coxae of chelipeds. Tubercle of pressbutton male abdominal locking mechanism rounded, on anterior edge of sternite 5. Male abdomen distinctly T-shaped; telson triangular, slightly longer than broad, lateral margins gently concave, tip rounded; somite 6 rectangular, almost twice as long as broad, lateral margins gently convex; somites 3–5 trapezoidal; lateral margins of somites 4, 5 deeply concave; lateral margins of somite 3 very broad, gently convex; somites 1, 2 longitudinally narrow, wide, reaching to bases of coxae of last pair of ambulatory legs. G 1 relatively slender, terminal and subterminal segments not differentiated; proximal three-quarters almost straight, distal quarter gently curving away from sternoabdominal cavity; outer margin with distinct indentation on proximal one-third; outer margin of subdistal margin with long setae; tip tapering to rounded tip, opening distinct, laterally positioned. G 2 much longer than G 1; distal segment elongate, three-quarters length of basal segment. Female. Chelae slender, not enlarged or inflated. Abdomen strongly ovate, covering almost entire surface of thoracic sternum; all somites, telson free; telson broadly triangular with gently convex lateral margins. Vulvae relatively large, posterior part with domed structure, anterior part with soft, semilunate operculum; on submedian part of thoracic sternite 6, slightly closer to suture between sternites 5, 6. Colour in life. Carapace usually with uniformly distributed rosette-like markings to different degrees; sometimes appearing almost uniformly olive green. Some specimens from the foothills of Gunong Serapi (ZRC 1989.2239–2246) were dark brown to brownish green in colour when live but the underlying pattern of rosette-like markings can still be discerned on the carapace, being distinct on the chelipeds and legs. The fingers of the chelipeds are usually pale brown. In some darker specimens, the dactylus is dark brown (never black), the distal part being beige. Remarks. Lanchester (1900 b: 255, pl. 12 fig. 2) described and figured a male specimen (37.5 × 30.5 mm) from Kuching, Sarawak, of what he believed was Potamon (Parathelphusa) tridentatum var. incertum Lanchester, 1900 a, noting that the structure of its external orbital angle was unusually sinuous. Nobili (1901: 10), however, on examining a specimen (36.0× 28.5 mm, sex not stated) from Sadong sent to him by Robert Shelford, argued that the Sarawak material differed from Lanchester’s taxon (which was described from Singapore) in several features: a sharper external orbital tooth with a longer and more sinuous margin, straighter postfrontal cristae, sharper and more prominently cut anterolateral teeth, and a carapace lacking spots. He also noted that his Sarawak taxon was closer to Parathelphusa maculata De Man, 1879, than to P. tridentata H. Milne Edwards, 1853, noting that the ambulatory merus of P. maculata had a strong subdistal spine that is absent in P. tridentata (Nobili 1901: 9). As such, Nobili (1901) referred the Sarawak specimens to a new subspecies, P. maculata oxygona. Nobili also referred western Borneo material identified by von Marten’s (1868) from Sinkawang as " Telphusa (Paratelphusa) tridentata " to this new subspecies. As Nobili (1901) did not select a holotype, and he referred to the Borneo specimens examined by Lanchester (1900) and von Martens (1868) in his discussion, all this material as well as the one specimen he had from Sadong must be regarded as syntypes. Ng & Grinang (2004: 317) commented that there was no extant type material of the species and a neotype may need to be selected at a later date but this is not correct. Lanchester’s (1900) specimen from Kuching cannot be located. It is not in the Natural History Museum in London or the Zoology Museum at Cambridge University, and like the rest of Lanchester’s material from this collection, is probably no longer extant (see Ng 1989 b: 70; 1990 a: 54). There is, however, one Shelford specimen from Sadong in MUT (Cr 1211 Ex 1347) that is almost certainly the same one that was studied by Nobili (1901). Unfortunately, the specimen is in very bad condition, being crushed and in pieces. Although its size and sex cannot be ascertained, the pieces of the carapace remaining indicate it is identifiable with what is here defined as P. oxygona. Von Martens (1878) noted he had seven specimens from Sinkawang in western Borneo, some of which may have been sent to Wood-Mason (1876) (see discussion for next species). The only specimen Nobili (1901) himself had examined (MUT Cr 1211 Ex 1347) is here designated as the lectotype of P. oxygona. Although it is in very poor condition, it is clearly conspecific with what is here defined as P. oxygona. This is also in view of the present findings that von Martens’ (1868) Sinkawang material is not conspecific with P. oxygona but belongs to a new species, P. nobilii sp. nov. Nobili’s (1901) taxon was accepted by Rathbun (1904) as a good species but dismissed by Colosi (1920) and Bott (1970) who included it under the synonymy of P. maculata and P. incerta, respectively. Bott (1970) regarded P. incerta as a distinct species, placing P. maculata under the synonymy of P. tridentata H. Milne Edwards, 1853. Ng (1988, 1989a, 1990 a), however, showed that P. maculata and P. incerta are actually subjective synonyms. Ng & Goh (1987), Ng (1988, 1990a, b, 2004), Chia & Ng (1998), Ng & Grinang (2004), Ng & Yeo (2007) and Ng et al. (2008) all treat P. oxygona as a valid taxon but no author has elaborated on its taxonomy; although Ng & Grinang (2004) did discuss the identity of the species but without a detailed redescription or figures. Ng (2004: 330, fig. 13 C) provided a schematic figure of the G 1 in a key to Malaysian species but also did not elaborate on its taxonomy. The present paper addresses this shortcoming by providing a detailed redescription and figures of P. oxygona. The structure of the external orbital tooth in P. oxygona is diagnostic, and the distinctly sinuous outer margin is a good character. It varies slightly in structure but not significantly, although in small specimens it is not reliable, being more evenly broadly triangular. Although the external orbital tooth of P. maculata somewhat approaches the condition in P. oxygona, the external margin is never as sinuous (see Ng 1990 a: fig. 3 A–K). In addition, the live coloration of these two taxa is very different. Although Nobili (1901: 10) commented that P. oxygona was not spotted while P. maculata was, this is not exactly correct. Ng (1988, 1989a, 1990 a, b) has observed that large adults of P. maculata are a uniform greenish-brown to brown, while younger or smaller specimens may have their pereopods and part of their carapaces covered with small black spots. These spots never cluster together to form rosette-like patterns as frequently observed in live or freshly preserved P. oxygona (Fig. 1 A). Some specimens, however, notably more darkly coloured individuals living on dark-coloured soils, do not show this pattern, and it can also be lost in long-preserved specimens; which may explain the condition of Nobili’s (1901: 10) specimen, which he noted was evenly brown. The more typical rosette-like pattern in P. oxygona has also been observed in P. reticulata Ng, 1990 b, from Singapore and P. maindroni Rathbun, 1902, from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (Ng 1990 b, 1993), but these species differ markedly from P. oxygona in having a relatively more inflated carapace with the external orbital angle broadly triangular. The G 1 structure of P. oxygona is also diagnostic, being one of the few species that possesses a distinct indentation or cleft on the proximal outer margin (Fig. 4 A, B). This character is shared by P. maculata (see Ng 1990 a: fig. 5 A, B, E, F, H) and P. convexa De Man, 1879 (from Java) (unpublished data, see also Ng 1997: 120), but in P. oxygona, the G 1 is proportionately more slender (Figs. 4 A–D, 5). The G 1 of P. oxygona does vary slightly. Some specimens from the Sadong River in Sarawak have a slightly more sinuous G 1, while others from the nearby localities have slightly straighter ones, although all are still gently curved (Fig. 5). The indentation on the proximal outer margin is always present, although it can sometimes be relatively smaller (e.g., Fig. 5 F, J). The G 1 structures of P. oxygona are never as stout as in P. maculata or as straight as P. nobilii sp. nov. Specimens in the ZRC and MUT from the Sadong River identified as P. maculata by earlier workers are all clearly referable to P. oxygona. A pair of specimens from Sadong (MBA 981 c) identified as Palawanthelphusa pulcherrima by Bott, but not listed in his 1970 study are actually P. oxygona. Colosi’s (1920) record of P. (P.) maculata is partly based on Nobili’s specimens and they are synonymised under P. oxygona accordingly. Nobili (1903) compared his new species, Parathelphusa modiglianii, from the Mentawei Islands off western Sumatra, with two specimens of " P. tridentata " from Borneo, and figured its cheliped carpus with a long sharp spine. As he had correctly separated P. tridentata from P. maculata by the absence of an ambulatory meral spine (present in P. maculata) and P. modiglianii also lacks a spine, Nobili’s (1903) " P. tridentata " is more likely to be P. sarawakensis Ng, 1986 (from Sarawak), or P. nitida Ng, 1986 (from Kalimantan). Rathbun (1905) regarded specimens referred to P. oxygona by Nobili (1901) from Sarawak and a male from Sinkawang she examined in the Paris Museum as conspecific, which the present study has shown is not the case; the latter is now P. nobilii sp. nov. The collections on hand show that P. oxygona is confined to western Sarawak. Further west in Borneo (Indonesian Kalimantan), it appears to be replaced by P. nobilii sp. nov. Specimens of P. oxygona were collected from muddy/sandy banks adjacent to relatively small and slow flowing lowland streams. The burrows can be several metres away from the edge of the water. The habitat and habits appear to be similar to species like P. maculata (see Ng 1989 a, 1990 a, c) and P. convexa (unpublished data). Ng & Yeo (2007) listed the species as vulnerable to extinction, noting that the primary threats are water pollution and habitat loss (see also Cumberlidge et al. 2009).Published as part of Ng, Peter K. L., 2014, The identity of the Sarawak freshwater crab Parathelphusa oxygona Nobili, 1901, with description of a new species, Parathelphusa nobilii, from Western Kalimantan, Indonesia, Borneo (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae), pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on pages 33-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28570
Leptogomphus coomansi Laidlaw 1936
No full textLeptogomphus coomansi Laidlaw, 1936 (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 18, 19, 28, 29, 36, 37, 46, 52, 53, 60, 68, 69, 78, 79, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112, 118, 120, 126, 133, 134) Leptogomphus coomansi Laidlaw 1936: 267 –269, Fig. 1 (original description, holotype ♂, allotype ♀, Singkawang area);— Lieftinck 1948: 245 –247, Plate 8, Fig. 10 (types re-examined);— Lieftinck 1954: 81;— Lieftinck 1971: 81 (note on holotype and “first described” female);—? Tsuda & Kitagawa 1989: 38 (♀, Poring, Sabah);—van Tol 1990: 98, 99, 101, 104, Figs 18, 26, 27, Table 1, 2 (key);—van Tol 1992: 72;—Thompson & van Tol 1993: 70 (Belait, Brunei);— Orr 2001: 198 –199 (Brunei);— Orr 2003: 40, 96–97, Figs 141, 142, plate 12c (discussed);— Dow & Reels 2010: 15 (Kubah NP, Sarawak);— Dolný et al. 2011: 73, 85 (Sungai Wain, Kailmantan Timur);— Bárta & Dolný 2013: 99 (images of female);— Dow & Reels 2013: 20, Fig. 16 (Ranchan Recreational Park, Sarawak);— Dow et al. 2013b: 19 (Kubah NP, Sarawak);— Dow & Ngiam 2015: 24 (Sungai Sii, upper Baram, Sarawak);— Dow et al. 2015a: 10, 27 (Batang Ai NP and locations in Kapit Division, Sarawak);— Steinhoff 2015: 8, Fig. 5b (GMNP, larva reared);—Dow 2016: 8 (Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak). Leptogomphus cf coomansi Laidlaw;— Cleary et al. 2004: 445 (Kalimantan Timur). Leptogomphus mariae Lieftinck 1948: 249 –251, Plate 8, Fig. 10 (original description ♀, Kutai);— Lieftinck 1954: 82;— Lieftinck 1971: 99 –100 (note on holotype);—van Tol 1990: 99, 104, Table 1, 2 (female in key);—van Tol 1992: 148;— Orr 2001: 199 (females, Brunei);— Orr 2003: 40, 96 (discussed). Syn. Nov. Leptogomphus spec. A;— Steinhoff 2015: 8 (female reared from larva, GMNP). Material studied. Type material. Holotype 1 ♂ (JvT number 3460), Pakmiongtheo-Pandjoa, Singkawang, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0.75725N, 109.1381E (coordinates for Montrado which is supposed to be close to Pandjoa), 3 iv 1932, leg. L.C. de Ruiter, in RMNH. Other type material. 1 ♀, holotype of L. mariae (JvT number 3463), Daguanan, Sangkulirang District, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, 0.977N, 117.9803E (coordinates for Sangkulirang) vi 1937, leg. M.E. Walsh, in RMNH; 1 ♀, allotype of L. coomansi, Sungai Bagak, Singkawang, 0.841492N, 109.056146E (coordinates for Gunung Poteng, Sungai Bagak assumed near to this), 10 vi 1933, leg. L.C. de Ruiter, in RMNH. Other material. Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia: 1 ♂, same data as holotype, in RMNH. Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia (in RMNH unless explicitly otherwise noted): 3 ♀♀, Tabang, Kali Bengin, 0.5667N, 116.0333E (approximate coordinates for Tabang), 125m, 1 ix 1956, leg. A.M.R. Wegner; 1 ♀, same data except 2 ix 1956; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data except 3 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 4 ix 1956; 3 ♀♀, same data except 8 ix 1956; 1 ♂, same data except 10 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 18 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 21 ix 1956; 1 ♂, same data except 26 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 28 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 29 ix 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 30 ix 1956; 2 ♀♀, same data except 2 x 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 5 x 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 6 x 1956; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, same data except 7 x 1956; 1 ♀, same location and collector, 6 ix 1956, in BMNH; 1 ♂, same data except 7 x 1956, in BMNH; 1 ♂, same data except 9 x 1956; 1 ♂, same data except 17 x 1956; 1 ♂, same data except 24 x 1956; 1 ♀, same data except 27 x 1956. Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia: 1 ♀, Sungai Kalaan, 3 km SE of Belangian village, Riam Kanan Lake, Aranio District, Banjarbaru, - 3.5059N, 115.0923E (Riam Kanan), 100m, 15 xi 1996, leg. M. Bedjanic, in coll. Dow. Sarawak, Malaysia: 1 ♂, Sungai Assam, Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kuching Division, 1.92705N, 109.60133E, 18 viii 2015, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, last stream on Summit Trail, Gunung Gading, Gunung Gading NP, Kuching Division, 1.70242N, 109.83627E (Gunung Gading), 3 viii 2016, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, Tebang, Kuching Division, 1.11905N, 110.22793E (Gunung Penrissen, Tebang supposed to be somewhere on this mountain), 7 ix 1958, leg. T.C. Maa, in RMNH; 1 ♀, same data except 8 ix 1958; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, streams on Belian trail, Kubah NP, Kuching Division, 1.617N, 110.192E, 15 ix 2008, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀ (SAR 11_12_GOM48, RMNH.INS.506897, used for description and illustrations), perched on road up Gunung Serapi, same NP, 1.613N, 110.197E (Kubah NP), 3 ix 2012, leg. R.A. Dow, in RMNH; 1 ♂ (SAR 09_10_GOM4, RMNH.INS.503526, used for description below and illustrations), ponded section of small stream very near confluence with Sungai Rayu, Matang Wildlife Centre, Kuching Division, 1.609N, 110.161E (Matang Wildlife Centre), 9 ix 2009, leg. R.A. Dow, in RMNH; 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS.506264), same location, 1 iv 2012, leg. R.A. Dow, in RMNH; 1 ♀, on road to Hindu Temple on Mount Matang, Matang Range, Kuching Division, 1.59632N, 110.20949E (Mount Matang), 5 vii 2015, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, stream at Ranchan Recreational Park, Serian, Serian Division, 1.14N, 110.581E, 14 ii 2008, leg. G.T. Reels, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, Sungai Kepayang, Ulu Sebuyau, Samarahan Division, 1.27712N, 110.94812E, 10 vii 2015, leg. L. Southwell, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (SAR 07_8_GOM18, used in Fig. 94), tributary to Sungai Bebiong Mit, Batang Ai NP, Sri Aman Division, 1.202N, 112.058E (approximate coordinates in Batang Ai NP), 5 xii 2007, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, same location and date, leg. G.T. Reels, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Sungai Segak Mit, Ulu Mujok area, inside LEWS, Sarikei Division, 1.70636N, 112.08934E, 30 vii 2015, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 2 ♂♂, Sungai Segak Besai, same area, 1.68253N, 112.15868E, 14 viii 2016, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀ (teneral), Sungai Mujok, same area, 1.6825N, 112.15791E (Sungai Mujok at LEWS boundary), 15 viii 2016, leg. L. Southwell, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (teneral), Sungai Selabi, same area, 1.6929N, 112.16291E, 16 viii 2016, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, Sungai Tekalit, same area, 1.67589N, 112.17488E, 17 viii 2016, leg. B. Megong & N. Mengiring, in collection Dow; 1 ♀, Sungai Sengkadan, same area, 1.6817N, 112.15192E, 17 viii 2016, leg. R.W.J. Ngiam, to be deposited in ZRC; 1 ♂ (teneral), same location, 18 viii 2016, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Sungai Temurok, same area but outside LEWS boundary, 1.69165N, 112.12991E, 4 viii 2015, leg. N. Masil, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Sungai Lingga, same area, 1.70369N, 112.11807E, 5 viii 2015, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Sungai Mujok, same area, 1.71235N, 112.08381E (coordinates by Sungai Mujok), 17 viii 2016 (after 6 pm), leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Sungai Sbong, Kapit Town area, Kapit Division, 2.009N, 113.118E, 11 ii 2008, leg. G,T. Reels, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS.509952), stream in disturbed forest, foot of Hose Mountains, Tunoh district, Kapit Division, 2.0698N, 113.6474E, 16 v 2010, leg. G.T. Reels, in RMNH; 1 ♀ (RMNH.INS.509950), tributary to Sungai Sii, Upper Baram, Miri Division, 2.99113N, 114.90581E (Sungai Sii), 16 vii 2014, leg. R.A. Dow, in RMNH; 1 ♂, stream on Oil Well trail, Lambir Hills NP, Miri Division, 4.2004N, 114.0303E, 22 iv 2011, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS.506807), tributary to Sungai Liku, extension area to same NP, 4.23313N, 114.06127E, 16 vii 2012, leg. L. Southwell, in RMNH; 1 ♂ (teneral), 1 ♀, Sungai Melinau, GMNP, Miri Division, 4.0559N, 114.8257E, 16 ii 2006, leg. J. Simun, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (teneral), Bat Observatory Stream, same NP, 4.024N, 114.819E, 28 xii 2007, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂ (teneral), same location, 30 xii 2007; leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, same location, 21 iv 2014 (6:15 pm), leg. P.O.M. Steinhoff, in collection Steinhoff; 5 ♂♂, same location, 22 v 2014 (6 pm and after), leg. P.O.M. Steinhoff, in collection Steinhoff; 1 ♂, Sungai Paku, same area, 4.048N, 114.836E (coordinates on Sungai Paku), 21 iv 2014 (6:15 pm), leg. P.O.M. Steinhoff, in collection Steinhoff; 1 ♂, second stream on old trail to Sarawak Chamber, 4.059N, 114.861E, 13 i 2008, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, open area on summit trail near Camp 1, same NP, 13 ix 2008, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Lubang Cina, Headhunters Trail, same NP, Limbang Division, 4.198N, 114.895E (approximate coordinates on Headhunters Trail), 11 ii 2006, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, same location, 14 ii 2006, leg. R.A. Dow, in collection Dow; 1 ♂, Mentawei boundary trail, same national park and Division, 4.239N, 114.877E (approximate coordinates), 13 ii 2006, leg. J. Simun, in collection Dow. Brunei: 1 ♀, Sungai Ingei, Belait district, 4.1535N, 114.7201E (Sungai Ingei), 30 ix 1992, leg. D. Thompson, in RMNH; 1 ♀, track in freshwater swamp forest, along Ingei river, surroundings Ingei base camp, same area, 4.1535N, 114.7201E (Sungai Ingei), same date and collector, in BMNH; 1 ♂, same location and collector, 2 x 1992, in RMNH; 1 ♂ (RMNH.5008295), camp at Sungai Ingei, Belait district, 4.1535N, 114.7201E (Sungai Ingei), 24 ii 2014, leg. R.A. Dow; 1 ♂ (RMNH.5008363), same location, 10 iii 2014, leg. R.A. Dow, in RMNH; 5 ♂♂ (including RMNH.INS.500716), Sungai Lumut, Belait district, 4.6167N, 114.5167E (Sungai Lumut), 17 xi 2004, leg. V.J. Kalkman et al., in RMNH. Description of male (based on SAR 09_10_GOM4, RMNH.INS.503526 Kubah NP). Head (Figs 4, 10). Median lobe labium black, lateral lobes pale, hooks black. Labrum black with pale central transverse basal mark, not quite divided centrally. Mandible bases pale, genae brownish adjacent to mandible bases, rest black. Anteclypeus black. Postclypeus mostly black with pale basal transverse mark occupying most of width, in centre extending almost to anteclypeus. Ante- and postfrons not sharply divided, whole mostly greenish, very narrowly divided by black centrally, black to rear postfrons (Fig. 4). Vertex and occiput black. Pair of ridge-like transverse tubercles behind lateral ocelli, narrowly divided centrally and extending almost to compound eye margins, remainder of vertex smooth, ocelli orange. Free margin of occipital plate raised to form narrow ridge, narrowly extended forward centrally. Thorax. Prothorax dark brown, most of anterior pronotal lobe pale yellow, pale yellow transverse marking to rear of middle lobe, deepest laterally, and centrally where narrowly divided, a small isolated yellow spot centrally on dorsum. Posterior pronotal lobe with tiny central yellow spot. Propleuron mottled brow and black. Synthorax dark brown with pale yellow-green markings as follows (Figs 52, 60): short, narrow mesothoracic collar, broadly divided at middorsal carina, joined to narrow dorsal thoracic stripes that extend beyond level of apex of antealar crest, terminating just short of antealar carina, almost parallel on their inner margins. Small spot below dorsal thoracic stripe on mesepisternum, near antealar carina. Stripe running most of length of mesepimeron. Metepisternum with irregular stripe running from metakatepisternum, surrounding spiracle, narrowly separated from subcircular spot at antealar carina (Fig. 60). A broad stripe occupying most of metepimeron. Mesokatepisternum dark brown and pale, metakatepisternum mostly pale. Venter pale. Legs (posterior pair removed for DNA extraction) robust and relatively short. Anterior and middle pairs with coxae mottled pale and dark grey, remainder mostly black. Wings: sectors of arculus separated at origin with 6 (right) or 5 (left) cross veins up to and at first bifurcation of superior sector in Fw, 3 in Hw. Discoidal field with 2 rows of cells from origin, transitioning to three rows before level of nodus in both wings. 17 (left) or 18 (right) Ax in Fw, 12 (left) or 13 (right) in Hw, 12 Px in all wings. Pt brown, covering ca 5 underlying cells. Abdomen. Slender after base of S3, expanding moderately from base of S7, maximum width and height reached apical part of S8, then almost constant. Dorsum of S10 with pair of prominent ca conical protuberances basally (Fig. 106), bearing many small tubercles on posterior faces. Dark brown to black with pale markings as follows: S1 mostly pale laterally, pale and dark dorsally. S2 pale lateral stripe running from base below and including auricle, except free margin of auricle, another pale lateral mark placed posteriorly, narrow yellowish middorsal stripe. S3 with small basal lateral pale marking, S3–6 with very narrow and rather irregular middorsal yellow line. Cerci (Figs 100, 106) broad at base in lateral view (Fig. 106), tapering to sharp tip, along upper margin sloping down from base to just before mid-length, then more gently to apex, along lower margin sloping down from base to ca one-third length, then gently up to apex, small teeth present along much of lower margin. In dorsal view (Fig. 100) relatively slender, outer margin curving slightly out from base, then running gently inward until just before apex, where turned slightly outward. Black, brown at base laterally, this more extensive dorsally. Epiproct (Figs 100, 112) black, and dark brown, just shorter than cerci, deeply divided in a “U” shape, outer margins gently convex, apices rounded. In lateral view (Fig. 106) curved gently down then up. Accessory genitalia as shown in Figures 88, 94, anterior hamule moderate sized, ca three-quarters height of posterior hamule, tapering toward rounded apex, hooked to rear in apical ca one-third. Posterior hamule large, ca parallel sided over much of length and directed postero-ventrally, curving gently toward sharp tip along posterior margin, abruptly hooked back to tip along front anterior margin, apex pointed slightly out. Penis missing (see below). Penis vesicle low, simple. Measurements (mm). Hw 28, abdomen excluding anal appendages 35.5, cerci ca 1. Description of female (based on SAR 11_12_GOM48, RMNH.INS.506897 Kubah National Park). Head (Figs 18, 28, 36, 46). Pale marks yellow. Labrum pale central transverse basal mark divided centrally. Genae yellowish adjacent to mandible bases. Postclypeus with additional pair of tiny yellow marks widely spaced near anteclypeus, that on the right very faint. Marking on post frons not divided centrally. On each side behind the ridgelike transverse tubercles and adjacent to the compound eyes is a distinctive pit. Occipital plate bearing pair of occipital horns placed near eye margins, centrally with shallow notch to rear, slightly raised immediately to each side of this. Thorax (Figs 68, 78). No small isolated yellow spot centrally on dorsum of pronotal middle lobe. Posterior pronotal lobe almost entirely yellow. Stripe running most of length of mesepimeron partially and narrowly intruded by brown on left side (Fig. 78). Mesokatepisternum dark brown with yellow triangular marking based by coxa. Venter pale. Legs: right middle removed for DNA extraction, left anterior detached below coxa, left middle detached below trochanter. A small, obscure pale area in the upper interior flexor surface of the anterior femur. Wings: 17 (right) or 19 (left) Ax in Fw, 12 (left) or (13) in Hw, 12 Px in all wings except left Fw, where 13. Pt brown, covering ca 4-5 underlying cells. Abdomen. Only expanding slightly from base of S7. S1 large lateral yellow mark, separated from broad dorsal mark. S2 pale lateral stripe running from base, including small rounded auricle, to posterior carina, broad dorsal stripe, widest at base. Middorsal line on S3–6 better developed than in male, but still narrow. Cerci conical, longer than S10, tapering to sharp tip, tips slightly divaricate, a short but prominent, rounded, epiproct in between. Vulvar scale (as in Fig. 120) ca two thirds length of S9, divided at between one third and one half of its length from base. The sternite of S8, is strongly depressed for a short distance at around two-thirds length, immediately after this there is a prominent tubercle (as in Fig. 118). Measurements (mm). Hw 32, abdomen excluding anal appendages 36.5. Variation. Leptogomphus mariae is discussed separately below. There is considerable variation in the extent of pale markings on the labrum and clypeus. In a number of males, mostly from GMNP in Sarawak, the clypeus is entirely black, but various intermediate conditions between an entirely black clypeus and the condition seen in the male described here (and in the holotype) occur as well. No female examined, except the holotype of L. mariae (see below) and a teneral female from Sungai Ingei in collection Orr (A.G. Orr personal communication) has an entirely black clypeus, but a few others have only small pale marks there. Nearly all specimens examined (both sexes) have either most of the antefrons pale, or an extensive intrusion of pale colour from postfrons onto antefrons (not just narrowly along the upper part). However three males from Mulu have no pale colour on the antefrons. The occipital horns, when present, vary in orientation and length; they are entirely absent in nine of the females examined (six from Kalimantan, three from Sarawak) and only present on the right hand side in another three from Kalimantan. The pits behind the tubercles are present in all specimens considered to belong to L. coomansi. There is variation in the exact width of the mesothoracic collar and the middorsal thoracic stripes; in one male from Lambir Hills the middorsal thoracic stripes are only connected to the mesothoracic collar on their inner side. In some individuals of both sexes there is a faint and very narrow section of antehumeral stripe present (never complete and never joined with the spot on the mesepisternum) around mid-length on the mesepisternum. There is variation in the exact shape of the stripe on the metepisternum and occasionally it is joined to the spot near the antealar carina on one or both sides of the synthorax. Small variations occur in wing venation and in the markings of the abdomen. The wing membrane varies between entirely hyaline to deeply brown tinted over much of the wing. In males, there is some variation in how produced and how upturned the tip of the cercus is, but the main variation is in the curvature of the arms of the epiproct in lateral view; in some individuals they appear almost straight along the upper margin in its central part, in others the upper margin is strongly curved, almost semicircular. In females there is some variation in the exact shapes of the apices of the vulvar scale and its exact length. The peculiar tubercle on the sternite of S8 is present on all examined females where the condition of the specimen allows examination of this part, except that this character was only noticed after most older specimens from Kalimantan, Sabah and Brunei in RMNH and BMNH were examined by the first author, so it cannot be confirmed that it is present in these. Considerable variation in size occurs in this species. Specimens from Sungai Ingei in Brunei are the smallest, but aside from this no clear geographical pattern is apparent to this variation. Penis. Unfortunately the penis of the specimen used in the description above was lost during extraction. The penis has been examined in a number of other specimens (e.g. Fig. 94 which shows that of SAR 07_8_GOM18). The penultimate segment is extended to rear beyond the join with the terminal segment, and is bifurcated in this part, apices broadly triangular in lateral view, sometimes bent outwards so looking almost square ended in lateral view. The terminal segment is large at base, with a slightly constricted section before the apical part, giving the upper margin a bi-lobed appearance in lateral view. The apical part of the terminal segment bears two short cornua, just before these is a short ventrally directed flap, this can appear like a spine in lateral view. There is some variation in the depth of the constriction of the terminal segment, it is frequently shallower than in the individual illustrated. Leptogomphus mariae. Lieftinck (1948) described L. mariae based on a single female, noting that it is “probably most closely related to coomansi ”, but stating that it differs from L. coomansi (of which only the holotype male and one female were available at the time) “in its superior size, the structural features of the head, the much denser venation and longer pterostigma, and in details of colouration.” Examination of the holotype of L. mariae has revealed that here are a number of inaccuracies in Lieftinck’s description of L. mariae. Lieftinck mentions a “small greenish spot placed upon the middle of the occipital plate” but no such spot is evident (Fig. 19); there is a slightly lighter region (dark brown rather than black) in this position but it is difficult to imagine that this ever appeared greenish. On the pits behind the tubercles on the vertex, Lieftinck writes “Just behind each of these protuberances are two minute smooth concavities, one placed in front of the other.” In fact only a single pit is evident behind each tubercle (Fig. 29), falling well within the range of variation seen in L. coomansi females. Lieftinck states “Occipital plate with two distinct, divergent, roundish lateral ridges which are widest basally, originating from a point a little distant from the eye margin near the rounded occipital margin, but soon cu
