313,423 research outputs found
Anaerobic degradability of wool scouring effluent
No full textThe anaerobic degradability of wool scouring effluent was investigated in batch cultures. The results were compared to the degradation of cellulose and sterile activated sludge. Wool scouring effluent was clearly more difficult to degrade anaerobically than cellulose or the biomass of activated sludge. The maximum biogas production rate from wool scouring effluent was about 46% and 31 % of the maximal rates obtained from activated sludge and cellulose powder, respectively. The slow conversion rate and also the low percentage of the organics degraded showed that wool scouring effluent is particularly difficult to degrade anaerobically. Our results suggest that very long residence times (> 30 days) are required to successfully convert most of the organics in wool scouring effluent into biogas. The large digester size required questions the economics of such a treatment. However, in contrast to waste streams containing communal wastes, biomass waste or carbohydrates, wool scouring effluent as feed material is unlikely to cause digester failure by acidification, which would make its anaerobic digestion more stable and more easily controlable
The effects of chemical treatments on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics
No full textThe low abrasion resistance of wool fabrics compared with many man-made fibre fabrics is known to be a frequent cause of consumer dissatisfaction particularly in pure wool suiting fabrics. Accordingly this project was undertaken to attempt to improve the abrasion resistance in order to maintain the quality image associated with wool fabrics and improve their market competitiveness vis-ä-vis other fabrics.
Although several workers have discussed the effects of
particular finishes on specific fabrics, very little systematic investigation of the effects of chemical treatments on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics has been carried out.
In the current study the difference in abrasion rates of woven wool fabrics composed of different structures have been studied in relation to the abrasion resistance and other relevant physical properties.
The work carried out in this thesis is divided into two parts. A review of the literature is followed by a description of the experimental work carried out.
The review of the literature summarises current views on the
general mechanisms and factors involved in abrasion processes for textile fabrics and the effects of selective finishing treatments on the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics. In addition details of the abrasion testing conditions used in this work for determining fabric
abrasion resistance have been described.
The' experimental work is concerned with the changes in wool
fabric abrasion resistance produced by the following treatments:
(i) Application of polymer shrink-resist finishes by padding
and by exhaustion treatments,
(ii) Treatment with organic solvents,
(iii) Treatment with ethylene glycol at-1500C,
(iv) Deamination and esterification,
(v) High temperature steaming (130°C),
(vi) Dyeing,
(vii), Wet abrasion.
Because of the great commercial importance of polymer shrink resist finishes for wool fabrics, the main objects of the experimental work were to establish the effects of a range of polymer shrink-resist finishes applied by conventional padding and exhaustion techniques on
the abrasion resistance of wool fabrics and the mechanisms by which the abrasion resistance is improved
The Australian Wool Industry: A hedonic pricing analysis of the factors affecting price of Australian wool
No full textWe estimate a hedonic pricing model to quantify the relationship between clean price of lots of wool and individual lot characteristics for all superfine, fine, medium and broad wool types. We expand on existing literature by controlling for key macroeconomic conditions at the time of sale and are able to examine the longer term trend in global demand for wool by utilizing data over a number of selling seasons. Our results indicate fibre diameter, strength, breed group, vegetable matter base and fleece contamination play a key role in the purchase decision. Premiums accrue for finer, strong wool which has been grower classed, while discounts have been identified for wool tainted by branding contamination, unscourable colour or the presence of skin pieces. Key market conditions such as world economic growth, price of substitutes and exchange rates with key trading partners have been found to significantly affect Australia’s competitiveness in the global market for wool.Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing,
Economic Evaluation of New Technologies and Promotions in the Australian Sheep and Wool Industries
No full textKnowledge about the size and distribution of returns from alternative broad types of R&D and promotion investments permit strategic-level decisions about resource allocation, both within and across research programs. The Australian sheep meat and wool industries are characterised by strong cross-commodity relationships due to the joint product nature of the industries. An equilibrium displacement model of the Australian sheep meat and wool industries was developed to account for these relationships and any indirect benefits and costs arising from spill-over and feedback effects between the industries as a result of research-induced innovation or promotion. The potential annual returns and their distribution among the various industry sectors were estimated from different hypothetical investment scenarios to demonstrate the model's relevance to R&D and promotion policy and decision-making.Australian sheep and wool industries, equilibrium displacement model, cross-commodity relationships, R&D and promotion evaluation, Livestock Production/Industries,
Letter from Thos. J. Henley to Geo. W. Manypenny and Maj. Gen. John E. Wool, 1855
No full textEnclosed a copy of a letter addressed Genl J. E. Wool regarding a recent visit made by Col. Beall to the Sebastian reserve
Francisco y Lola (Rubiás). Lana y lino = Lã e linho = Wool, flax and linen.
No full textEntrevista a Francisco y Lola en Rubiás. El aprovechamiento de la lana. El linoO aproveitamento da lã. O linhoUse of wool. Flax and line
Letter from Jeffn. Davis to R. McClelland with an extract of a letter from Maj. Genl. Jno. E. Wool, 1856
No full textEnclosing an extract of a letter from Maj. Genl. Jno. E. Wool regarding a Indian Reservation near Fort Tejon
Chiese Indipendenti nell'Africa Contemporanea. Cambiamento sociale e problematiche di genere
No full textThis article illustrates the numerous original social functions operated by the new religious movements and by the Africam Independent Churches. In particular it illustrates the contex of the contemporary urbanized Africa. Exactly this type of issue has emerged in the most recent publications in thia srea, as the central observational interest. The gender issues demonstrate according to the author, that the potentiality of research in this area can be improved, along with a new orientation of the fundamental problems dealt with in the analysis of movements and churches
First Draft Manuscript - John E. Wool and the Battle of Queenston Heights
No full textFirst draft, 1851. The first draft contains a 34-page manuscript, as well as
a smaller manuscript with 7 numbered pages, and a partially torn
introductory page. The smaller mansucript is titled “Chapter 1” and the
larger manuscript is titled “Chapter 2”. A summary is included at the
beginning of each chapter. The summary for Chapter 1 is written in
Wool’s handwriting and reads “Biographical sketch of the character and
conduct of General Wool commencing with his leadership in a [?] in
Troy and terminating with the Battle of Bueno Vista and his return to
Troy from his campaign in Mexico, August 1848.”
The summary for Chapter 2 is written by Wool and reads “The history of
the Battle of Queenston by the Hon. Francis Baylies will be found
corrected in the manuscript attached in several important particulars. In
that General Brock and his two Aides de Camp were in the battle when
Captain Wool first fired into it & that Brock was injured during the
action.” Another summary on the cover of Chapter 2 is in different
handwriting and reads “Captain Wool ordered to join the army on the
Niagara Frontier & Military state of the frontier. Generals Van
Rensellaer and Alexander Smythe. Projects against Queenston. Failure
of the first. Again attempted. Captain Wool wounded but ascends
Queenston Heights. Storms the battery and defeats General Brock.
Disastrous termination of the day. General Van Rensellaer resigns.
Gen. Smythe takes the command, his character and ridiculous conduct.
Fury of the soldiers. Rage of the people. Smythe resigns. State of the
war on the Frontier at the close of the year 1812”. Most of the draft is
written in secretarial handwriting, but two other notes in Wool’s
handwriting are included in separate parts of the draft. Pages 8 to 18
contain an account of the battle, including the Americans crossing the
Niagara River in boats (p. 9); injuries to Captain Wool, Van Rensellaer
and Lieut. Col. Chrystie, noting that in this situation Van Rensellear said
“nothing can be done unless you ascend the height and storm the battery.
Wool offered to make the attempt. Van Rensellaer hesitated: he was
reluctant to entrust an enterprise so dangerous to a youthful officer who
had never been in battle, or in service but a few months, and who,
moreover, was wounded, yet the necessity of the case determined his
decision; the exigency was too pressing to be dallied with, he gave the
order and Wool commenced the ascent” (p. 10). Page 11 describes the
capture of the heights by the Americans and the arrival of Isaac Brock.
Page 12 of the draft contains a description of Isaac Brock’s death. It is
written that “the exertions of Brock to rally his men were prodigious. His
commanding voice was heard above the din of the fight ‘This’ said he, ‘is
the first time I ever saw the 49th turn their backs!’ Scarcely had the
words been uttered when a bullet struck his hand. He gazed for a
moment on the blood which streamed from the wound, another bullet
struck his body, and this accomplished, humane and gallant General who
bore honours won on the banks of the Nile to Lake Huron, the conqueror
of Hull and Michigan fell headlong from his horse for he was dead!
Disheartened by the fall of Brock the British troops fled in every
direction”.
Page 18 contains a description of General Sheaffe and the British taking
back the heights from the Americans. It is written that “…Sheaffe moved
on as slow and certain as the tide, gathering to his column as he
advanced all the scattered parties of light troops, Indians and militia. He
approached the heights from the rear; surmounted them and made a
furious attack on the Americans, for a few minutes they sustained it in a
short and bloody contest, but being nearly surrounded, and despairing of
all aid from the militia they broke and retreated to the bank of the
Niagara where Scott surrendered 139 regulars and his only field piece
and Wadsworth 157 militiamen”.
Pages 20 and 21 contain a description of Isaac Brock and his character,
noting that “he was rapid in deciding and equally rapid in carrying his
decisions into effect. Sometimes he appeared rash and presumptuous, but
these appearances were fallacious, for all his plans were matured with
cool deliberation and exquisite judgement: he sometimes exposed his
person to perils which very cautious Generals would have avoided, yet
his indifference to danger was the result more of sound calculation than
of impulse, pugnacity or vanity…Brock was an accomplished and
sagacious soldier, zealous in duty, and energetic in action.”
Pages 21 to 23 contain a description of General Van Rensellaer’s
situation and his resignation.
Pages 24 to 31 contain a description of General Alexander Smythe and
his actions and conduct. Smythe issued a proclamation claiming that the
invasion and capture of Upper Canada would take only a few days. But
after numerous delays the troops and volunteers became restless and
directed their anger at Smythe. It is written that “they hooted, hissed, and
manifested their dissatisfaction in every mode of angry abuse; so general
was the insubordination that Smythe for a time was apprehensive not
only of receiving personal indignities but of losing his life…He resigned
his command on the Niagara frontier to Colonel Porter of the Artillery
and retired to his residence in Virginia…”
The smaller “Chapter 1” draft is titled “Introduction. General Wool’s
early life. Appointed a Captain in the army of the United States” and is
seven pages.
A partially torn introductory page is also included with the script
“Contains a history of the early life of Major General John Wool,
together with the War of 1812, including the battle of Queenston Heights,
October 13, 1812. Arranged for publication”
Letters from Thos. J. Henley to G. W. Manypenny and Genl. John E. Wool, 1855
No full textEnclosed a copy of a letter addressed to Geneneral John E. Wool relative to the withdrawal of the troops from the Klamath Reserve and his offer for building soldiers' quarters for protection
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