30 research outputs found
The application of functional imaging parameters as predictive and prognostic biomarkers to guide treatment individualisation in head and neck cancer
No full textDesign and development of an interactive design tutor
No full textThe IT2000 initiative promises to bring high speed internet access to every home and office in Singapore. SingaporeOne (S-One) is the realization of this promise. With it, Singaporeans can access many different products and services as well as interactive applications over the internet using high speed networks. However, public acceptance of these applications has not been encouraging.Master of Engineering (MPE
Experimental studies on the cultivation entamoeba histolytica
No full text의학과/박사[한글]
[영문]
INTRODUCTION
Since Boeck, W.C. and Drbohlav, J.(1925) reported their successful cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica in Lock-Egg Serum(L.E.S.) medium, scores of investigators have devised and described their own new or improved methods to grow this parasite
in an artificial environment.
The following are the media which have been cited and employed by many workers in this field; Dobell and Laidlaw's medium(1926), Craig's media(1926, 1927), Tanabe and Chiba's medium(1928), Cleveland and Colliers medium(1920), St. John's medium(1932), Tsuchiya's s.c. medium(1934), Frye and Meleney's flask cultivation(1935), Balamuth's egg yolk medium(1946), Nelson's alcoholic extract medium(1947), Shaffer, Ryden and Frye's technique by Reeves et al.(1957), axenic cultivation by Diamond L.S.(1961) and large lot cultivation by Reeves and ward(1965) etc.
These reports described the method in full detail and some of them might be devised according to the object of studies. However, the numerous and continuous devices indicate that the satisfactory culture for growth and propagation of the amebae has not yet appeared, and the reason has been considered that component of liquid portion of the culture are mainly related.
Various integrant component, which may influence the propagation of amebae, in the liqud portion of the media have been tested; horse serum, serum of whole blood of human or rabbit, egg white, extract or infusion of liver, beef extract, yeast extract and trypticase etc.
The greater growth potential of mammalian serum from newborn, as opposed to adult, individuals has been recognized by previous worker; Howe, P.E.(1921, 1922), Gey, G.O.(1929). And pederwon, K.O.(1944, 1945) showed that the sera of the new born calf contain very littel γ-and β-globulin and the fraction represented by the α^^1-globulin area contains large amounts of mucoprotein, fetuin, different from the serum albumins and blobulins.
Recently, as examplified by the reports of Puck, T.T. et al.(1958), Holland, J.J.et al.(1959) and Hsu, T.C. et al.(1960), newborn calf serum has been widely used in tissue culture technique, because of its low toxicity for cell and less inclusion of antibody.
The author tried to improve several procedures on preparing egg slant and overlay of Modified Diphasic Medium(as utilized in the Dept. of Trop. Med. &려ㅠ. Health, Tulane Univ.: Faust and Russell, 1964), and have attempted to culture E. histolytica in this medium using the serum from 3 days old calf.
The experiment has been carried on comparpatively with other species of sera.
The results are summarized in the next pages.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Medium
Modified Diphasic Medium Consists of two parts; a solid egg slant and a liquid overlay. Procedures for preparing this medium are briefly as follows: 1) 4 whole hen's eggs are emulsified with 50ml. of Ringer's solution, 2) dispense 3ml. amounts into screw capped pyrex test tubes(1.6cm ×15.0cm), 3) autoclave at 15 1b. for 20 minutes in order to make slant and sterilize, 4) overlay each slant with about 5ml. of buffered saline9pH 7.0), 5) add a loopful of sterile powdered rice starch just prior to use.
Stock Ringer's Solution
Nacl …………………………………………………………… 70.0 Gm.
NaCl^^2 …………………………………………………………… 3.0 Gm.
KCl …………………………………………………………… 2.5 Gm.
Distilled Water …………………………………………………………… 1000 ml.
Buffered Saline(pH 7.0)
0.85% Saline …………………………………………………………… 450.0ml.
M/15 KH^^2PO^^4 ……………………………………………………………… 19.0ml.
M/15 Na^^2HPO^^4 ……………………………………………………………… 31.0ml.
The above procedures were modified from the original method as follows:
1) Chemicals were kept in dessicator more than 5 days before use, with CaCl^^2 for dry and rotary suction pump for ventilation.
2) Fisher Junbo magnetic stirrer was employed instead of glass beads in order to emulsify the hens' eggs in Ringer's solution.
3) Stock-Rigner's solution was stored in a specially devised plastic bottle, equipped with two bended fine glass tubes through the rubber plug. The one was from the bottom to open air and the other from the upper portion of the bottle to outside via glass tube which contained KOH granules.
B. Sera
1) Serum was prepared from 3 day-old male calf. The serum was sterilized through Seitz filter, and stored in the deep freezer (-30。C), and was inactivated before use.
2) Rabbits, dog, adult bovine and pig serum were collected from parasite free animals, and human serum from the author. The procedures of preparation were the same as (1).
Horse serum was obtained from the National Institute of Health, Seoul.
Fetal calf serum was from Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, New York.
C. Penicillin G
Crystalline Penicillin G sodium(Keunwha Antibiotic Medicine Co., Seoul)
Containing 4,000,000 I.U. and buffered with sodium citrate was used.
It was stored in the dessicator, and dissolved with buffered saline 9pH 7.0) before use.
D.Entamoeba histolytica
The "YS-9" strain was employed in this study.
The cysts of this strain were collected from the stool of a liver abscess patient in Cheju Island and maintained more than 5 months by subculture.
The associated bacterial flora was determined as Escherichia coli and Paracolon group.
E. Amoeba count
The method which was devised by Paulson, M.(1932) and modified by Craig, G.M.(1939) was applied for amoeba counting.
the suspension of the culture was mixed gently and thoroughly, and a small amount of overlay was aspirated with a steriled capillary pipette.
The number of amoebae in 9 large ruled squared of a haemocytometer chamber(Spencer brightline improved Neubauer) was calculated.
Multiplication of this figure by 10/9 gives the number of amebae per mm**3.
In this study, the average of 4 counts of active amebae per tube was assumed as the number of amebae per mm**3 daily count.
Moreover, 5 culture tubes were observed in every experimental group, and the data of every 24 hours were treated statistically.
F. Inoculum
Amoebae were transfered into Modified Diphasic Medium from the initial culture media, and subcultured every other day. Sediments of liquid portion in 2∼3 tubes were collected. The sampled amebae were diluted with warmed buffered saline (pH 7.0) in order to adjust the number to 10,000 per 0.3ml. The given amount was
inoculated in experimental tubes.
G. pH
Prior to inoculation and at the end of experiment, the pH values of liquid phase of the experimental media were measured by means of Beckmann 72 glass electrode pH meter.
H. Expeimental infection
Five young parasite free rabbits were selected for this study. Laparatomy was performed under ether anesthesia, and approximately 200,000 trophozoites were introduced in the terminal ileum by means of a 2ml. syringe. Two animals received
control inoculum.
Animals were sacrificed 7,112 days after the inoculation, and gross and histopathologic changes were studied.
RESULTS
A. Amount of Calf Serum:
The media were divided into 6 groups according to the amount of calf serum; 0,1,2,3,4 and 5 drops (1drop=1/15ml).
Serum was diluted with 5ml. of buffered saline(pH 7.0) and overlayed, and inoculated with 2000 active amebae per al. The media were incubated at 37。C for 7 days and daily counts were recorded.
The results are summarized as follow:
( ) … days of culture
1. no calf serum group.
(1) 3.9…±0.6 (2) 84.8±5.2 (3) 81.3±7.3 (4) 16.7±4.7 (5) 2.7±1.3
2. 2 drops group
(1) 5.5±0.9 (2) 91.6±4.7 (3) 156.4±14.8 (4) 48.7±47. (5) 29.5±16.8
3. 4 drops group
(1) 2.7±0.7 (2) 42.6±4.7 (3) 88.5±25.0 (4) 19.7±5.3 (5) 35.2±20.5
The maximum growth was observed in 2 drops group on the 3rd day.
B. Propagation Test:
Sera were classified into 7 groups; calf, adult bovine, pig, dog, rabbit, hoser and human. 2 drops(=2/15ml.) of respective serum were diluted with 5cc. of buffered saline (pH 7.0), then overlayed, inoculated, incubated and counted.
Data of each group are as follows:
( ) … days of culture
1. calf serum
(2) 100.8±15.6 (3) 200.9±13.8 (4) 11.9±+3.2
2. adult bovine serum
(2) 66.4±7.8 (3) 94.9±10.0 (4) 14.9±5.7
3. pig serum
(2) 41.9±9.7 (3) 105.1±23.8 (4) 13.9±4.8
4. dog serum
(2) 25.9±10.9 (3) 51.7±15.3 (4) 8.7±5.5
5. rabbit serum
(2) 57.6±8.3 (3) 68.6±30.6 (4) 16.7±6.5
6. horse serum
(2) 135.4±11.1 (3) 54.9±5.7 (4) 2.4±0.8
7. human serum
(2) 127.0±21.6 (3) 34.9±17.2 (4) 4.2±1.5
The maximum growth curve was observed in calf serum group on the 3rd day. The next were horse and human serum groups on the 2nd day.
C. Calf Serum and Penicillin G:
Media were divided into 3 groups according to the amount of calf serum; 0.2, and 4 drops (1 drop=1/15ml). In each group the penicillin G was added in 3 different units, i.e. 0, 1,600 I.U. and 2,600 I.U.
As the peak growth of amebae in each group was observed to be equal on the 3rd day, the results of the data are summarized as follows;
1. no serum group
0.1U. 52.6±4.7, 1,600 I.U.48.8±10.0 2,600 I.U.60.6±0.6
2. 2 drops of calf serum group
0.1I.U. 109.3±13.0, 1,600I,U, 129.1±6.2 2,600I,U, 75.7±15.9
3. 4 drops of calf serum group
0.1I.U. 59.4±8.2, 1,600I.U. 70.1±10.5, 2,600I.U. 37.1±13.5
The maximum propagation of amebae was observed in 2 drops of calf serum group to which was added 1,600I.U. of Penicllin G.
Additionally, propagation of E. histolytica in bovine and other sera to which were added 1,600I.U. of Penicillin G were studied. The sera used were foetus calf, calf and adult bovine, rabbit, horse and human serum. 2 drops(=2/15ml.) of each serum were diluted with 5ml. of buffered saline(pH 7.0) and overlayed on the egg slant of the medium.
The peak of the growth curves of amebae in all groups showed on the 3rd and 4th day..
1. numbers of amebae on the 3rd day
fetus calf 6.7±1.4, calf 43.4±5.4,
adult bovine 1.3±0.4, rabbit 6.8±1.7,
horse 14.0±4.6 human 4.7±1.6
7. numbers of amebae on the 4th day
fetus calf 16.6±7.7, calf 13.9±7.9,
adult bovine 0.1±0.07, rabbit 3.8±1.2,
horse 13.7±3.4 human 3.9±1.5
The highest peak was observed in calf serum diluted group to which was added
1,600I.U. of Penicillin G on the 3rd day.
E. Experimental Infection of Rabbits:
Rabbits No.3(♀) and No.4(♂, control) were sacrificed on the 7th day, and No.1(♂), No.2(♂) and No.5(♀, control) on the 12th day after inoculation.
Body weights of animals were equally downed from 1.9kg to 1.6kg.
By necropsy the following numbers of gross lesions were found in the caecum.
They were covered with cream colored to yellowish exsudate, but no lesion was found in control animals,
No.1…………………1(diameter measured 4mm)
No.2…………………5(7mm…1, 3mm…1, 0.5mm…3)
No.3…………………3(15mm1, 10mm…1, 0.5mm…1)
In the histological study(rabbit Nos.2,3), flask shaped and bottle shaped ulcers were striking and the submucosa was considerably thickend.
Ragged and overhanging mucosa formed the edges of the lesions and typical necrotic processes which prevail in an amoebic lesions were observed. Trophozoites of E. histolytica were seen all lesions and were situated principally at the necrotic material near the more normal mucosal and submucaosal tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
Calf and rabbit, dog, pig, human, cow sera were subjected to study whether it promotes the propagation of Entamoeba histolytica in the Modified Diphasic Medium.
1) The propagation of amebae was most luxuriant on the 3rd day of culture in the group to which 2 drops9=2/15ml) of calf serum were added.
2) when 1,600I.U. of Penicillin G was added in the calf serum medium, more abundant growth of amebae occured than in other units of Penicillin G added groups.
3) The amoebae which grew in the calf serum added media produced the typical amoebic lesions in the coecum of rabbits, 7 and 12days after the exprimental inoculation.
It was concluded that Calf Serum was excellent for the culture of E. histolytic which provides richer harvest of the parasite with the less serum.restrictio
Patient experience of head and neck treatment on a 1.5 T MR-Linac: is the ATS-lite adaptive solution tolerable?
No full textIntroduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment on the Unity MR-Linac (MRL) (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) has been developed using the novel adapt-to-shape Lite (ATS-lite) method to create clinically acceptable adaptive treatments clinician-free. Here we investigate patient experience and acceptability of this technique. Methods: Ten HNC patients treated to 65 Gy in 30 fractions with MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRIgART) within the PERMIT trial (NCT03727698), were included. Data collected comprised patient demographics, treatment time, and patient experience, using an established MRL questionnaire.Back-up plans were created for use on the conventional linac with CT guidance, to prevent missed fractions. The frequency of use was collected and categorised to reflect the cause. Results: The median total treatment time for ATS-lite method was 39 min. The percentage of treatments under 60 mins was 98.8 %.Questionnaire response rate was 85% and individual question response rate was 99%. Ninety-six percent of responses scored 2 or 3 on the Likert scale, a positive answer. The lowest scoring question was “I forced myself to manage the situation,” with a mean (SD) of 2.4 (0.9).The MRL delivered 84.7 % of treatments. The back-up plan was used for 46 fractions, 7 attributed to patient tolerance (n = 2 patients). Conclusion: Average treatment times for the ATS-lite HNC MRIgART are acceptable and faster than reported ATP treatment times. Patient-reported experience was extremely positive. Use of back-up plans attributable to lack of patient tolerance was low. This technique can used with the confidence that patient experience is not negatively impacted
Acute severe hypocalcaemia after initiation of a selective RET-inhibitor in medullary thyroid cancer
No full textMedullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare subtype of thyroid cancer originating from parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used to treat patients with advanced MTC. Selpercatinib is a highly selective RET inhibitor used in the treatment of advanced RET-mutated MTC, having shown higher potency and fewer side effects compared to multikinase inhibitors in clinical trials. As a relatively new drug, its toxicity profile continues to be characterised. This report describes a case of severe acute hypocalcaemia in a 64-year-old male with advanced MTC treated with selpercatinib. The patient, who had stable hypoparathyroidism, experienced acute hypocalcaemia (corrected calcium 1.4 mmol/L) 2 weeks after initiating selpercatinib, requiring hospitalisation for calcium supplementation and monitoring. Selpercatinib was temporarily withheld and later reintroduced at a lower dose, successfully preventing recurrence of hypocalcaemia. Investigations excluded other common or important causes of hypocalcaemia, which led us to conclude that this could be a drug-related adverse event. This case highlights the need for careful monitoring of electrolyte disturbances in patients on selpercatinib, particularly those with pre-existing hypoparathyroidism. Although rare, the development of hypocalcaemia with RET inhibitors may necessitate dose interruptions and adjustments. Our experience has also illustrated that re-challenge with selpercatinib is feasible with appropriate management strategies
Asia in the ageing century: part II - retirement income
No full textAsia\u27s general reliance on defined benefit schemes could potentially lead to unfunded liabilities similar to those experienced in some countries in Europe, once the tipping point is reached. Some segments of the population lack meaningful pensions, a feature of many developing economies in the region, which means the whole system of retirement income in Asia needs urgent attention. Summary• This is the second research brief in a three-part series that looks at Asia in the ageing century, with a particular focus on the countries of East and South-East Asia.• The context is outlined in the first brief, which describes population, urbanisation and social trends in the region. Specifically, it notes that population ageing in East and South-East Asia is happening faster and at a lower level of economic development than in the West. Many Asian countries now have a decade or so to prepare for the later stages of demographic transition.• With the challenges set out, we turn to responses and opportunities. In this regard, Parts II and III of the series focus on two areas of economic activity which are both pertinent and have enormous scale: providing retirement income (covered in the present brief) and healthcare (outlined in Part III). Getting these right could result in favourable macro-economic rebalancing of growth in the region – where individuals can pool risks and reduce the need for excessive precautionary savings.• As in Europe, Asia’s reliance on defined benefit schemes may result in unfunded liabilities when the ratio of pension recipients to contributors increases, unless sustainability features are built in. China’s generous urban workers’ scheme is only affordable because it is not yet mature or widespread. And poorly designed access arrangements can result in excessive costs and disincentives to work that waste the potential of healthy older people. For example, pension access ages are low in East and South-East Asian countries: on average 59 for men and 57 for women.• Alongside issues of sustainability, adequacy of pension benefits remains important. Many Asians have no pension entitlements. This is not surprising given the region’s economic development, but if demographic and social development is considered, the situation demands more urgent action. Adequacy also depends on ensuring regular retirement income, which is unlikely in the absence of preservation and annuities.• There are also private sector opportunities, including providing financial services to help Asian workers transition into retirement as has happened with assets accrued by baby boomers in the West. The size of pension assets already offers opportunities, but there are varying strategies for foreign entrants to choose from with different levels of capital investment – from opening local branches to building long-term links.• Lastly, a viable private pension sector requires the right set of preconditions. Here, experts from countries such as Japan and Australia have an opportunity to contribute to developing the region’s pension and insurance infrastructure. Both countries have experience in population ageing research and policy implementation. 
Clinical acceptance and dosimetric impact of automatically delineated elective target and organs at risk for head and neck MR-Linac patients
No full textBackgroundMR-Linac allows for daily online treatment adaptation to the observed geometry of tumor targets and organs at risk (OARs). Manual delineation for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients takes 45-75 minutes, making it unsuitable for online adaptive radiotherapy. This study aims to clinically and dosimetrically validate an in-house developed algorithm which automatically delineates the elective target volume and OARs for HNC patients in under a minute.MethodsAuto-contours were generated by an in-house model with 2D U-Net architecture trained and tested on 52 MRI scans via leave-one-out cross-validation. A randomized selection of 684 automated and manual contours (split half-and-half) was presented to an oncologist to perform a blind test and determine the clinical acceptability. The dosimetric impact was investigated for 13 patients evaluating the differences in dosage for all structures.ResultsAutomated contours were generated in 8 seconds per MRI scan. The blind test concluded that 114 (33%) of auto-contours required adjustments with 85 only minor and 15 (4.4%) of manual contours required adjustments with 12 only minor. Dosimetric analysis showed negligible dosimetric differences between clinically acceptable structures and structures requiring minor changes. The Dice Similarity coefficients for the auto-contours ranged from 0.66 ± 0.11 to 0.88 ± 0.06 across all structures.ConclusionMajority of auto-contours were clinically acceptable and could be used without any adjustments. Majority of structures requiring minor adjustments did not lead to significant dosimetric differences, hence manual adjustments were needed only for structures requiring major changes, which takes no longer than 10 minutes per patient
Caryl Churchill: Representational negotiations and provisional truths
No full textJUDGE: Go away Barbara. I've had enough. Should we all be kind? You are lukewarm and will be vomited. There are two camps, Barbara, mine and theirs. Either you are with, or you are against.
Although English playwright Caryl Churchill wrote the three scripts examined in this thesis more than thirty years ago, each captures our contemporary zeitgeist in sometimes surprising ways. These works explore the shifting politics of power, revealing binary and essentialist representations that not only continue but have been strengthened on all sides in recent years, suggesting their central importance in defining and controlling culture.
This thesis examines how Churchill subverts conventional forms of representation and probes the ways in which she herself has been represented by critics and scholars at various periods of her writing career. It is my contention that these processes operate in tandem, performing an ongoing dialogue. Because of the dynamic nature of this dialogue, the aim here is not so much to provide an increasingly unified or finite understanding of the artistic milieu from which a play emerges, as it is to recognize the level of complexity underlying the mutable and political process of its interpretation.
I have undertaken a detailed exploration of three lesser-known short scripts from 1972, a 'watershed' year for Churchill, culminating in the relative success of Owners, her first major stage play. While many of her earlier works have been deserving of further exploration, a number of them have been largely overlooked in the broader environment of her subsequent contribution to contemporary theatre. The particular scripts that I explore in the course of this thesis are: The Hospital at the Time of the Revolution; Schreber's Nervous Illness and The Judge's Wife, an unperformed stage play, a radio play and a television play respectively. These works are worthy of exploration because of their experiments with the politics of subjectivity as it impacts on race, gender and social class, and notions of 'legitimacy' that shift with a person's changing circumstances. Each of these plays implicitly demonstrates the importance of subjectivity in relation to representational power as it places characters who have traditionally been silenced at the centre of the action.
I have titled my thesis Caryl Churchill: Representational Negotiations and Provisional Truths. In invoking this title I pre-empt the engagement of a subjective, strategic essentialist approach, both in critiquing this period of Churchill's work and in declaring the assumptions of the arguments contained in the pages that follow
The origins and history of the special adviser, with particular reference to the 1964-70 Wilson Administrations.
No full textPhDSpecial advisers are temporary civil servants, of party political alignment,
appointed on a basis of individual ministerial patronage. Particularly since 1997,
there has been much interest in their activities. This work sets out to provide a
historical perspective on the subject, which is currently lacking. The long-term
background to the instigation of the special adviser and the circumstances in
which this innovation took place will be discussed. The central focus of this work
is upon the period 1964-70, during which, it will be argued, special advisers, as
they are now conceived, were first used. Full consideration is given to the
subjects of who special advisers were, what they did and why, as well as how they
functioned. Their official positions, in terms of matters such as job titles, pay,
access to information and rules governing their conduct, will be investigated.
Also of importance will be an understanding of their relations with each other,
career civil servants and ministers. All of these themes will be extrapolated
beyond the period in which special advisers were first used, through to the present
day. Most importantly, an explanation of the collective significance of special
advisers will be attempted. A core thesis, that they are best understood in terms of
their relations with their employing ministers, will be proposed, along with a
number of possible alternative interpretations. Primary material, including
memoirs, diaries, personal and institutional papers, Public Record Office files and
interviews, will form the most important basis for this work. Much of this will be
examined for the first time in the context of the special adviser. Secondary sources will also be drawn upon. It is concluded that special advisers were a
complex phenomenon and no single interpretation fits them entirely.
Nevertheless, the relationship with the employing minister was, at times,
extremely important
Poetry as a performing art in the English-speaking Caribbean.
No full textThis thesis seeks to demonstrate that there is a direct relationship
between the emergence of poetry as a performing art in the English speaking Caribbean and phases of nationalist agitation from the uprisings
against unemployment, low pay and colonial neglect during 1937-8 to the
present. Though the poetry has many variations in scope, ranging from
light-hearted entertainment, its principal momentum has been one of
protest, nationalism and revolutionary sentiment. The thesis seeks to
relate tone, style and content both to specific periods and cultural
contexts, and to the degree of engagement of the individual artist in the
political struggle against oppression.
Frequently theatrical, the poetry has commanded a stage and a
popular audience. Though urban in style, it is rooted in older, rural
traditions. Creole, the vernacular of the masses, is a vital common
denominator. The poetry is aurally stimulating, and often highly
rhythmic. The popular music of the day has played an integral part, and
formative role in terms of composition.
The fundamental historical dynamic of the English-speaking Caribbean
has been one of violent imperialist imposition on the one hand, and
resistance by the black masses on the other. Creole language, with its
strong residuum of African grammatical constructs, concepts and
vocabulary, has been a central vehicle of resistance. It is a low-status
language in relation to the officially-endorsed Standard English. The
thesis argues that artists' assertion of Creole, and total identification
with it through their own voice, is a significant act of defiance and
patriotism.
Periods of heightened agitation in the recent past have each led to
the emergence of a distinctive form of performance poetry. Chapter two
examines the role of Louise Bennett as a mouthpiece of black pride and
nationalist sentiment largely in the period preceding independence. Her
principal aim is the affirmation of the black Jamaican's fundamental
humanity. She uses laughter both as a curative emotional release and as
an expression of mental freedom. She lays the foundations of a comic
tradition which does not fundamentally challenge the contradictions of
the post-independence period.
Chapter three relates the emergence of the Dub Poets of Jamaica to
the development of Rastafarianism into a mass post-independence
nationalist revival, and to the contribution of intellectuals, most
symbolically Walter Rodney, to the process of decolonization. Reggae
music, the principal creative response to the dynamics of the period both
in terms of lyrics and rhythmic tension, infuses the work of Michael
Smith, Cku Onuora, Mutabaruka and Erian Meeks examined in this study.
Chapter four illustrates the development of performed poetry in the
context of periods of insurrection and revolution in the East Caribbean.
It examines the Black Rower movement as a stimulus to cultural
nationalism and revolutionary sentiment, and its transcendence to
internationalism and socialism in the context of the Grenada Revolution.
Abdul Malik straddles and exemplifies the creative dynamic which exists
between urban, industrial Trinidad and its tiny, rural and poor
neighbour, Grenada
