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Comparison of two anaerobic water polo-specific tests with the Wingate test
No full textThe purpose of the current study was to compare 2 water polo–specific tests—the 14 3 25-m swims (SWIM) and the 30-second crossbar jumps (30CJ)—with a laboratory-based test of anaerobic power, the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Thirteen elite women’s water polo players (mean 6 SD: age 22.0 6 4.4 years, height 168.7 6 7.9 cm, body mass 65.9 6 6.1 kg, body fat 23.6 6 3.5 %, maximum oxygen uptake 51.4 6 4.5 mlkg21min21) participated in the study. The SWIM involved 14 repeated ‘‘all-out’’ sprints every 30 seconds. Swimming time was recorded, and sprint velocity, mean velocity (Vmean), and the gradient of the linear regression equation (GRADIENT) were calculated. The 30CJ involved repeated in-water water polo jumps and touching the goal crossbar with both hands. The number of touches in 30 seconds was recorded. Additionally, the subjects completed a 30-second WAnT, and mean power (Mp) and fatigue index (FI) were calculated. Kendall tau (t) rank correlation was used to examine for correlation between ranks. Significance level was set at p # 0.05. No significant correlation was found between any of the measures of the WAnT and the 2 sport-specific tests. It was suggested that the WAnT may not be an appropriate evaluation tool for anaerobic power assessment of water polo players, stressing the importance of sport-specific tests
Changes in power assessed by the Wingate anaerobic test following downhill running
No full textFew studies have examined the effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on power despite power being a key performance variable in a number of sporting events. The aim of this study was to examine changes in anaerobic power (30-second Wingate Test), isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity following downhill running. Eight men performed a 40-minute downhill (-7%) run on a treadmill, and measurements were taken on 6 occasions (2 baseline and 0.5, 24, 72, and 120 hours postrun). A second group of men (n = 5) had the measurements taken on 6 occasions without downhill running and served as a control group. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant changes in any measures across time for the control group. Following downhill running, significant (p < 0.05) decreases in strength (0.5–24 hours), and significant increases in muscle soreness (0.5–72 hours) and plasma CK activity (0.5–120 hours) were observed. A significant decrease in peak and average power (~5%) was evident only 0.5 hours postrun, and the decrease was smaller in magnitude than that of strength (~15%). These results suggest that power is less affected than strength after eccentric exercise, and the effect of reduced power on sport performance seems negligible
Letter from J. Wingate to Alden Partridge, 14 April 1823
No full textJ. Wingate writes to Alden Partridge that he is anxious that his son, George Raleigh D. Wingate, be ready for entrance to Harvard; if Partridge is planning a pedestrian excursion soon, please see that George remains in Norwich to pursue his studies.Transcription by Joseph Byrne. Transcriptions may be subject to error
Effect of nicotine and muscle performance using a Wingate Anaerobic Test on collegiate football players
No full textNicotine is a naturally occurring addictive alkaloid and in some cases, a lethal drug. The long-term harmful effects of nicotine have been widely documented through means of publications, commercials and even billboards to stop the use of nicotine in the form of tobacco. Even with the knowledge of these harmful side effects, thousands of athletes still use tobacco. In this study the use of nicotinic substances was tested during Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) on collegiate football athletes. These tests had three possible outcomes: ergogenic, ergolytic or no effect. The subjects were 12 University of Wisconsin – Whitewater football players between the ages of 19 - 23. They performed a series of two tests on a Monarch cycle ergometer for 30 seconds at a time on two separate days. One day post-nicotine gum administration; the other day post-placebo gum administration. The data received was considered significant with a p-value < .05. This experiment showed nicotine’s effect on: peak anaerobic power (P = .34), anaerobic capacity (P = .92), and anaerobic fatigue percentage (P = .33) in the human body during a WAnT. Therefore, the data received from this experiment were concluded not to be statistically significant
Lettter from Julia Wingate to Alden Partridge, 4 September 1823
No full textJulia Wingate writes from Portland, Maine, to Alden Partridge in Norwich, Vermont, and introduces Mr. I. Ilsley and family, who are traveling for the health of a daughter.Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error
Letter from J. Wingate to Alden Partridge, 31 December 1822
No full textJ. Wingate introduces William A. Clapp (Asa W. H. Clapp according to the 1823 catalog), who is to enter Alden Partridge's academy in Norwich, Vermont.Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error
Letter, David Wingate to Jim Rodgers, Break in Project, July 10, 1979
No full textA letter from David Wingate, of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries in Bermuda, to Jim Rodgers regarding his disappointment at a project being delayed.https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/audubon_coastal_islands_records/1128/thumbnail.jp
Muscular power (upper and lower body) and performance in the hammer throw
No full textThis file was last viewed in Adobe Reader 7.0The relationship between upper body power, lower body power, and performance
in the hammer throw was studied. At a late season NCAA track and field meet, nine
athletes from Division III universities, with at least one year of experience in throwing
the hammer, were the subjects for this research. Within one hour after each of the
subjects completed all their competitions for the day, including the hammer throw, they
performed the standard Wingate test on a Monarch cycle ergometer and a modified
Wingate test on a modified cycle ergometer to determine muscular power in both the
lower and upper body respectively. Data was then analyzed in Microsoft Excel’s
spreadsheet and software. A correlational analysis was completed to determine the
relationship of the mean differences (within each gender grouping) between performance and PR, performance and R-total (standard and modified Wingate), performance and peak anaerobic power (W/kg) (standard and modified Wingate), and anaerobic capacity (W/kg) (standard and modified Wingate). Statistical levels of significance were determined at the 5% level.
From the women’s results, correlations of statistical significance at the 5% level were found with performance and PR (0.977), performance and standard Wingate R-total (0.698), performance and standard Wingate Peak AnC (0.7003), and performance and standard Wingate Rel AnC (0.7666). Correlations were not significant between performance and all three modified Wingate results: R-total (0.2738), Peak AnC (0.3288), and Rel AnC (0.2875).
From the men’s results, correlations of statistical significance at the 5% level
were found with performance and PR (0.944), performance and standard Wingate R-total (0.804), performance and standard Wingate Peak AnC (0.6833), performance and
standard Wingate Rel AnC (0.7666). The correlation of performance and modified
Wingate R-total (0.580) was also statistically significant, but the relationship was weak. Correlations were not significant between performance and the remaining modified Wingate results: Peak AnC (0.4287) and Rel AnC (0.2161).
The correlations between performance and R-total, Rel Peak AnP, and Rel AnC
for the standard Wingate, were very strong for both the female and male subjects. The
modified Wingate, upper body test, only moderately correlated performance to R-total for the male subjects. This study indicated that the desired power for throwing the hammer related strongly to lower body power. This tends to suggest that lower body power would be a better predictor of current performance, and that future performance would be greatly influenced by training the lower body for higher power outputs
Laramide deformation of the wingate sandstone, Colorado National Monument : a study of cataclastic flow
No full textTypescript (photocopy).During Laramide tectonism, the aeolian Wingate Sandstone was forced folded along the northeast of the Uncompahgre Plateau above faults within the underlying crystalline basement. The internal deformation of the Wingate occurred by the relative translation and rotation of this sandstone across mesoscopically discrete zones of intense deformation: a form of cataclastic flow. The basic form for these zones of localized deformation is the deformation band. Little of no internal deformation of the sandstone occurred between the deformation bands, either mesoscopically or microscopically. The deformation band initiates as a single band: a discrete, usually planar zone (~0.3 mm wide) within which sand grains are progressively comminuted and compacted with increasing offset along the band. The quartz grains within this zone appear to have been comminuted by a process of grain fracture assisted by crystal lattice creep mechanisms. With offset of more than ~0.5 mm additional band segments begin to form along the single band, creating an anastomosing band. In outcrop appearance, the deformation bands are lighter colored and more resistant than the undeformed sandstone. Cohesion of the rock is maintained across these features. Deformation bands usually form as conjugate shearing features, which intersect at an angle of 20�� to 40��. The bulk strain resulting from offset along the deformation bands increases linearly with band density. The distribution and density of deformation bands within the Wingate is a function of the relative and absolute amounts of rotation and translation of the basement surface that occurred across the fault zones within the underlying basement materials. The Wingate has an inherent strength anisotropy following cross-beds and cross-bed-set boundaries. Deformation bands parallel these features in the early phases of deformation. However, the deformation bands appear to displacement-harden. Consequently, the initial strength anisotropy of the Wingate is removed by progressive deformation
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