59 research outputs found
Time-resolved tympanal mechanics of the locust
No full textA salient characteristic of most auditory systems is their capacity to analyse the frequency of sound. Little is known about how such analysis is performed across the diversity of auditorysystems found in animals, and especially in insects. In locusts, frequency analysis is primarilymechanical, based on vibrational waves travelling across the tympanal membrane. Differentacoustic frequencies generate travelling waves that direct vibrations to distinct tympanallocations, where distinct groups of correspondingly tuned mechanosensory neurons attach.Measuring the mechanical tympanal response, for the first time, to acoustic impulses in thetime domain, nanometre-range vibrational waves are characterized with high spatial andtemporal resolutions. Conventional Fourier analysis is also used to characterize the responsein the frequency domain. Altogether these results show that travelling waves originate from aparticular tympanal location and travel across the membrane to generate oscillations in theexact region where mechanosensory neurons attach. Notably, travelling waves areunidirectional; no strong back reflection or wave resonance could be observed across themembrane. These results constitute a key step in understanding tympanal mechanics ingeneral, and in insects in particular, but also in our knowledge of the vibrational behaviour ofanisotropic media
Tympanal travelling waves in migratory locusts
No full textHearing animals, including many vertebrates and insects, have the capacity to analyse the frequency composition of sound. In mammals, frequency analysis relies on the mechanical response of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct. These vibrations take the form of a slow vibrational wave propagating along the basilar membrane from base to apex. Known as von Békésy’s travelling wave, this wave displays amplitude maxima at frequency-specific locations along the basilar membrane, providing a spatial map of the frequency of sound – a tonotopy. In their structure, insect auditory systems may not be as sophisticated as those of mammals, yet some are known to perform sound frequency analysis. In the desert locust, this analysis arises from the mechanical properties of the tympanal membrane. In effect, the spatial decomposition of incident sound into discrete frequency components involves a tympanal travelling wave that funnels mechanical energy to specific tympanal locations, where distinct groups of mechanoreceptor neurones project. Notably, observed tympanal deflections differ from those predicted by drum theory. Although phenomenologically equivalent, von Békésy’s and the locust’s waves differ in their physical implementation. von Békésy’s wave is born from interactions between the anisotropic basilar membrane and the surrounding incompressible fluids, whereas the locust’s wave rides on an anisotropic membrane suspended in air. The locust’s ear thus combines in one structure the functions of sound reception and frequency decomposition
Appendix providing the mathematical theory behind concepts discussed in the article from Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis
No full textAppendix S4. Mathematical theory explaining: 1) the difference between a driving-force and the natural resonance of a membrane; 2) strain energy density and torque multiplication; 3) the relationship between the flexural rigidity of a membrane and its thickness. [Latham B, Reid A, Jackson-Camargo JC, Williams JA, Windmill JFC. Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis. J. R. Soc. Interface.
So small, so loud : extremely high sound pressure level from a pygmy aquatic insect (corixidae, micronectinae)
No full textTo communicate at long range, animals have to produce intense but intelligible signals. This task might be difficult to achieve due to mechanical constraints, in particular relating to body size. Whilst the acoustic behaviour of large marine and terrestrial animals has been thoroughly studied, very little is known about the sound produced by small arthropods living in freshwater habitats. Here we analyse for the first time the calling song produced by the male of a small insect, the water boatman Micronecta scholtzi. The song is made of three distinct parts differing in their temporal and amplitude parameters, but not in their frequency content. Sound is produced at 78.9 (63.6–82.2) SPL rms re 2.10−5 Pa with a peak at 99.2 (85.7–104.6) SPL re 2.10−5 Pa estimated at a distance of one metre. This energy output is significant considering the small size of the insect. When scaled to body length and compared to 227 other acoustic species, the acoustic energy produced by M. scholtzi appears as an extreme value, outperforming marine and terrestrial mammal vocalisations. Such an extreme display may be interpreted as an exaggerated secondary sexual trait resulting from a runaway sexual selection without predation pressure
Outputs of the two loudspeakers used during LDV sweep recordings from Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis
No full textFigure S3. Loudspeaker outputs. (a) Speaker 1, cone-diaphragm VISATON FR58, corresponding to acoustic condition 2 and figure 3b-f in the article. Outputs obtained during figure3c experiments (n=20), mean ± SEM. (b) Loudspeaker 2, ribbon-diaphragm Heil air motion transformer (ESS), acoustic condition 3 and figure 3g,h. Obtained during figure3g (orange) closed spiracles experiments (n=10), mean ± SEM. [Latham B, Reid A, Jackson-Camargo JC, Williams JA, Windmill JFC. Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis. J. R. Soc. Interface.
Strategi Promosi Pariwisata Kreatif Jember Fashion Carnaval (JFC)
No full textProceeding Seminar Nasional Business, Government, and The Public 2018The promotion strategy for Jember Fashion Carnaval (JFC) conducted by the Jember
Regency Tourism and Culture Office as a tourist destination in East Java is to introduce the
public and tourists. This was done because Jember was nicknamed the world-class Carnaval
City which was interesting and qualified to be used as a creative tourism destination. This
research is a qualitative research which aims to find out how the promotion strategy carried
out by the Jember Regency Tourism and Culture Office in making Jember a Carnaval city.
Data collection techniques were carried out by interviewing resource persons from the
Jember Regency Tourism and Culture Office who had an important role in carrying out the
promotion strategy. The authors also observed the field to find out how the process of
creative tourism promotion strategy Jember Fashion Carnaval (JFC). The author also uses
literature studies to better explain this research to make it clearer. From the results of the
study, the Jember Regency Tourism and Culture Office conducted a promotion strategy in
several ways. First, collaborate with electronic media, online and newspapers. Second, make
booklets and leaflets and hold exhibitions. Third, cooperating with Garuda Indonesian
Airways, Wings Air and International Airport and stations in Java Fourth, socialization to
tourism players in East Java, especially Jember
Shrinking wings for ultrasonic pitch production : hyperintense ultra-short-wavelength calls in a new genus of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
No full textThis article reports the discovery of a new genus and three species of predaceous katydid (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Colombia and Ecuador in which males produce the highest frequency ultrasonic calling songs so far recorded from an arthropod. Male katydids sing by rubbing their wings together to attract distant females. Their song frequencies usually range from audio (5 kHz) to low ultrasonic (30 kHz). However, males of Supersonus spp. call females at 115 kHz, 125 kHz, and 150 kHz. Exceeding the human hearing range (50 Hz–20 kHz) by an order of magnitude, these insects also emit their ultrasound at unusually elevated sound pressure levels (SPL). In all three species these calls exceed 110 dB SPL rms re 20 µPa (at 15 cm). Males of Supersonus spp. have unusually reduced forewings (<0.5 mm2). Only the right wing radiates appreciable sound, the left bears the file and does not show a particular resonance. In contrast to most katydids, males of Supersonus spp. position and move their wings during sound production so that the concave aspect of the right wing, underlain by the insect dorsum, forms a contained cavity with sharp resonance. The observed high SPL at extreme carrier frequencies can be explained by wing anatomy, a resonant cavity with a membrane, and cuticle deformation
Detection and prevention of financial abuse against elders
No full textThis article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. Copyright @ The Authors. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0) licence. Anyone
may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both
commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication
and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/
by/3.0/legalcode.Purpose – This paper reports on banking and finance professionals' decision making in the context of elder financial abuse. The aim was to identify the case features that influence when abuse is identified and when action is taken.
Design/methodology/approach – Banking and finance professionals (n=70) were shown 35 financial abuse case scenarios and were asked to judge how certain they were that the older person was being abused and the likelihood of taking action.
Findings – Three case features significantly influenced certainty of financial abuse: the nature of the financial problem presented, the older person's level of mental capacity and who was in charge of the client's money. In cases where the older person was more confused and forgetful, there was increased suspicion that financial abuse was taking place. Finance professionals were less certain that financial abuse was occurring if the older person was in charge of his or her own finances.
Originality/value – The research findings have been used to develop freely available online training resources to promote professionals' decision making capacity (www.elderfinancialabuse.co.uk). The resources have been advocated for use by Building Societies Association as well as CIFAS, the UK's Fraud Prevention Service.The research reported here was funded by the UK cross council New Dynamicsof Ageing Programme, ESRC Reference No. RES-352-25-0026, with Mary L.M. Gilhooly asPrincipal Investigator. Web-based training tools, developed from the research findings, weresubsequently funded by the ESRC follow-on fund ES/J001155/1 with Priscilla A. Harries asPrincipal Investigator
Animation of the PTM mode response showing the tympanum oscillated with a fundamental drum mode across frequencies from Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis
No full textAnimation S5. Animation of two representative posterior tympana, first from G. bimaculatus then T. commodus. The animation shows the movement of the tympanum at the frequency positions of the recorded vibrational optima (see figure 3 in article). At both peak one and peak two the tympanum oscillated with the same (0,1) drum mode, meaning only one of them can be the natural resonance of the membrane. The animations correspond to laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) velocity recordings taken from each scan point of a mesh of scan points across the tympanal surface. [Latham B, Reid A, Jackson-Camargo JC, Williams JA, Windmill JFC. Coupled membranes: A mechanism of frequency filtering and transmission in the field cricket ear evidenced by micro-computed tomography, laser Doppler vibrometry, and finite element analysis. J. R. Soc. Interface.
Insect-inspired acoustic micro-sensors
No full textMicro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) microphones inspired by the remarkable phonotactic capability of Ormia ochracea offer the promise of microscale directional microphones with a greatly reduced need for post-processing of signals. Gravid Ormia ochracea females can locate their host cricket’s 5 kHz mating calls to an accuracy of less than 2° despite having a distance of approximately 500 µm between the ears. MEMS devices base on the principles of operation of O. ochracea’s hearing system have been well studied, however commercial implementation has proven challenging due to the system's reliance on carefully tailored ratios of stiffness and damping, which are difficult to realize in standard MEMS fabrication processes, necessitating a trade-off between wide-band operation and sensitivity. A survey of the variety of strategies that have been followed to address these inherent challenges is presented
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