6,843 research outputs found
The workshop as the work: white anti-racism organising in 1960s, 70s, and 80s US social movements
No full textThis thesis explores the rise of anti-racism workshops developed by white activists in various United States social movements from the late 1960s through the mid-1980s. The shifting ideology of the black freedom movement in the late 1960s, from integration to Black Power, transformed white activists‘ place within racial justice struggles. While recent scholarship has begun to turn its attention towards whites‘ ongoing racial justice activities, one of the most radical and widespread of these efforts is consistently overlooked: anti-racism workshops. Increasingly prevalent from the late 1960s through to the diversity-trainings explosion of the 1990s, this thesis demonstrates that these workshops had their roots in the black freedom, women‘s liberation and gay liberation movements. White activists from these movements led these workshops in order to examine white racial domination and privilege within both leftist social movements and larger US society.
Analysing case studies from the black freedom, women‘s liberation and gay liberation/rights movements, this thesis explores the foundational assumptions of anti-racism workshops. It seeks to explain how and why these efforts sought to frame race and racism as issues of knowledge and consciousness and why such efforts constituted radical praxis. It is argued that early anti-racism workshops were pedagogical projects that sought to confront the racial ignorance that structured the lives of whites in the US, including progressives and their liberation movements. This thesis draws attention to the efficacy and power of these workshops in terms of their epistemological effects, in the transformations they brought about in whites‘ understanding, or awareness, of racial realities
An acoustical hypothesis for the spiral bubble nets of humpback whales and the implications for whale feeding
No full textTIM-4 is a critical EBOV receptor on peritoneal macrophages.
No full textA) TIM-4 surface expression. Matured bone marrow derived macrophages and pmacs from C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- mice were lifted from tissue culture plates, stained with directly conjugated F4/80 and CD11b mAb. Positively gated cells were analyzed for TIM-4 (grey histogram) or isotype control (white histogram) by flow cytometry. B) TIM-4 expression is required for robust rVSV/EBOV GP infection. C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- or Ifnar/Timd-4 -/- pmacs were infected with the indicated infectious units of rVSV/EBOV GP. Twenty-four hours following infection, cells were quantified for GFP expression by flow cytometry. C) Infection of BMDMs is not affected by the absence of TIM-4 expression. Bone marrow cells were isolated from C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- or Ifnar/Timd-4 -/- mice. Adherent cells were matured into macrophages by incubating for 6 days in the presence of 50ng/mL MCSF. Matured macrophages were infected with the indicated infectious units of rVSV/EBOV GP and number of infected cells were quantified by GFP expression at 24 hour following infection by flow cytometry. D) Pmacs were harvested from C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- or Ifnar/Timd-4 -/- mice and incubated with VLPs expressing EBOV GP and EBOV VP40 fused to beta lactamase. Virus/cell membrane fusion was subsequently quantified by loading cells with CCF2-AM, a β-lactam-containing fluorescent substrate, and analyzed on flow cytometry to determine the relative amount of cleaved and un-cleaved substrate. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. Statistics were calculated using Student’s t-test, *p<0.05.</p
An Interview with Tim Gautreaux: "Cartographer of Louisiana Back Roads"
No full textIn this interview with Louisiana native Margaret D. Bauer, author Tim Gautreaux discusses a quarter century of his fiction writing. Resisting simplistic labels of "Cajun" and "southern," Gautreaux's storytelling reveals an intimate understanding of southern Louisiana's white, working-class people and culture. Often drawn from his own background, Gautreaux's characters are shaped by a range of experiences, from working on steamboats and fighting in world wars, to struggling in the 1980s oil bust
The Evolution of R&D Networks
No full textDawid H, Hellmann T. The Evolution of R&D Networks. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 2014;105:158-172.We study the evolution of R&D networks in a Cournot model whererms may lower marginal costs due to bilateral R&D collaborations. Stochastically stable R&D networks exhibit the dominant group architecture, and, contrary to the existing literature, generically unique predictions about the size of the dominant group can be obtained. This size decreases monotonically with respect to the cost of link formation and there exists a lower bound on the size of the dominant group for non-empty networks. Stochastically stable networks are always inefficient and an increase in linking costs has a non-monotone effect on average industry profits
Evaluating Citebase, an open access Web-based citation-ranked search and impact discovery service
No full textCitebase is a new citation-ranked search and impact discovery service that measures citations of scholarly research papers which are openly accessible on the Web, i.e. papers that are assessable continuously online. Other services, such as ResearchIndex, have emerged in recent years to offer citation indexing of Web research papers. In the first detailed user evaluation of an open access Web citation indexing service, Citebase has been evaluated by nearly 200 users from different backgrounds. The paper details the procedures used in the evaluation, and analyses the results of this study, which took place between June and October 2002. It was found that within the scope of its primary components, the search interface and services available from its rich bibliographic records, Citebase can be used simply and reliably for the purpose intended, and that it compares favourably with other bibliographic services. It is shown tasks can be accomplished efficiently with Citebase regardless of the background of the user. More data need to be collected and the process refined before it is as reliable for measuring citation impact of indexed papers. Better explanations and guidance are required for first-time users. Coverage is seen as a limiting factor, even though Citebase indexes over 200,000 papers from arXiv. Non-physicists were frustrated at the lack of papers from other sciences. The principle of citation searching of open access archives has thus been demonstrated and need not be restricted to current users. Since the evaluation, Citebase has become a featured service of the ArXiv physics eprint archives
Tim Morse with two SC Swimmers (1971)
No full textA photograph of Tim Morse, a coach of the Springfield College Women's Swimming and Diving team, standing with two swimmers. The two swimmers are wearing a blue dresses and white blouses. The photograph is very blurry. This may have been taken at a podium ceremony that took place during a trip to the 1971 DGWS National Intercollegiate Swimming and Diving Championships. See rg169-03-d-02-28-007 for the whole podium shot.This photograph is not in our collection, but exists only as a digital file. A copy of this file has been printed out and placed within the physical collection.
Dr. Tim Brock
No full textTimothy R. Brock, PhD, CPT, CRP, ID(S&L+)
Dr. Tim Brock is the Founder and CEO of The Institute 4 Worthy Performance, a company dedicated to helping organizations apply the evidence-based principles, practices, and 10 international standards of performance improvement using 21st Century human capital big data analytics to achieve sustainable organizational and mission goals and objectives.
Dr. Brock’s PhD is in Education with a specialization in Training and Performance Improvement. He wrote his dissertation, “Training NASA Astronauts for Deep Space Exploration Missions: A Research Study to Develop and Validate a Competency-Based Training Framework” while he was the Senior Training and Human Performance Architect author for Lockheed Martin’s (LM) winning Crew Exploration Vehicle (now known as the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)) proposal selected by NASA. His learning and sustainment architecture included the initial training and competency sustainment/development for all managers, mission maintainers, ground and mission controllers, and astronauts. Dr. Brock was also led a team of human performance engineers to JSC to conduct a training situation analysis of mission controller training that resulted in a white paper of options NASA could adopt to decrease time and cost to proficiency. He also supported LM’s Facility Development and Operations Contract (FDOC) with NASA with the NASA Constellation Training Facility (CxTF) leadership team. During his Air Force career, Dr. Brock was also a US Air Force missile launch officer for two ICBM weapon systems and was responsible for the initial qualification weapon system academic classroom and high fidelity simulation curriculum for all missile launch officer candidates for all five of the US Air Force’s ICBM fleet.
In addition, while he was manager of LM’s Global Training and Science of Learning and Performance Improvement initiatives, Dr. Brock established and led a R&D and analysis team of distinguished, PhD-level, multi-disciplinary team of behavioral, social, cognitive, learning, and technology scientists and practitioners. His team crafted proprietary thought leadership (e.g., R&D, white papers, patents, etc.) in Human Cognitive and Behavior Modeling research to improve the effectiveness of the Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) within complex organization and technical systems. Dr. Brock’s team also provided innovative discriminator capabilities to solve complex, 100M+ bottom line learning and human performance challenges for existing and potential customers. For example, he was also the Principal Investigator for an R&D initiative that collaborated with a major health care provider to conduct a proof-of-concept prototype that integrated simulation technologies in an immersive learning environment to rapidly develop the affective, cognitive, and metacognitive skills of novice and experienced nurses. As a result of this proof-of-concept study, Dr. Brock was the lead inventor of a company-sponsored, patent-pending “Method and System for Accelerated Guided Experiential Learning and Performance Improvement” innovative instructional architecture. The invention created a method and system to generate a competency continuum of increasing competency levels, by interviewing a plurality of competency exemplar sets to elicit knowledge associated with a terminal skills and identifying cognitive discriminators associated with each competency level from the knowledge to establish cue-action schema norms to assess cognitive development.
Dr. Brock is a Certified Performance Improvement Practitioner through the International Society for Performance Improvement, a Certified Return on Investment Professional through the ROI Institute, and a Certified Instructional Designer with a specialization in high-fidelity simulations and labs through The Institute for Performance Improvement.
Dr. Brock’s PhD is in Education with a specialization in Training and Performance Improvement. He wrote his dissertation, “Training NASA Astronauts for Deep Space Exploration Missions: A Research Study to Develop and Validate a Competency-Based Training Framework” while he was the Senior Training and Human Performance Architect author for Lockheed Martin’s (LM) winning Crew Exploration Vehicle (now known as the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)) proposal selected by NASA. His learning and sustainment architecture included the initial training and competency sustainment/development for all managers, mission maintainers, ground and mission controllers, and astronauts. Dr. Brock was also led a team of human performance engineers to JSC to conduct a training situation analysis of mission controller training that resulted in a white paper of options NASA could adopt to decrease time and cost to proficiency. He also supported LM’s Facility Development and Operations Contract (FDOC) with NASA with the NASA Constellation Training Facility (CxTF) leadership team. During his Air Force career, Dr. Brock was also a US Air Force missile launch officer for two ICBM weapon systems and was responsible for the initial qualification weapon system academic classroom and high fidelity simulation curriculum for all missile launch officer candidates for all five of the US Air Force’s ICBM fleet.
In addition, while he was manager of LM’s Global Training and Science of Learning and Performance Improvement initiatives, Dr. Brock established and led a R&D and analysis team of distinguished, PhD-level, multi-disciplinary team of behavioral, social, cognitive, learning, and technology scientists and practitioners. His team crafted proprietary thought leadership (e.g., R&D, white papers, patents, etc.) in Human Cognitive and Behavior Modeling research to improve the effectiveness of the Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) within complex organization and technical systems. Dr. Brock’s team also provided innovative discriminator capabilities to solve complex, 100M+ bottom line learning and human performance challenges for existing and potential customers. For example, he was also the Principal Investigator for an R&D initiative that collaborated with a major health care provider to conduct a proof-of-concept prototype that integrated simulation technologies in an immersive learning environment to rapidly develop the affective, cognitive, and metacognitive skills of novice and experienced nurses. As a result of this proof-of-concept study, Dr. Brock was the lead inventor of a company-sponsored, patent-pending “Method and System for Accelerated Guided Experiential Learning and Performance Improvement” innovative instructional architecture. The invention created a method and system to generate a competency continuum of increasing competency levels, by interviewing a plurality of competency exemplar sets to elicit knowledge associated with a terminal skills and identifying cognitive discriminators associated with each competency level from the knowledge to establish cue-action schema norms to assess cognitive development.
Dr. Brock is a Certified Performance Improvement Practitioner through the International Society for Performance Improvement, a Certified Return on Investment Professional through the ROI Institute, and a Certified Instructional Designer with a specialization in high-fidelity simulations and labs through The Institute for Performance Improvement.https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-bios-2016/1027/thumbnail.jp
Intra-articular traumatic knee injuries
No full textIntroduction: Tibial plateau and patellar fractures are common intra-articular
fractures. An estimated 44% of patients develop post-traumatic arthritis
(PTOA). PTOA is a disabling condition and the precise aetiology is unknown.
Research to reduce the burden of PTOA has focussed primarily on operative
reduction and rehabilitation protocols. Despite successful treatment of the
fractures, clinical outcomes are frequently compromised. Initial chondrocyte
death occurring at the time of injury may be the principal prognostic feature
of PTOA. Chondrocyte death is irreversible and is followed by irreversible
matrix degeneration and therefore cartilage degeneration.
Aim: To investigate the clinical impact of traumatic injury to the knee,
specifically tibial plateau and patellar fractures, and study chondrocyte death
secondary to traumatic injury.
Studies: Six complementary studies were performed.
1) An epidemiological analysis was carried out to determine the numbers,
patient factors and mechanisms of injury of tibial plateau fractures in a large
catchment area over 25 years.
2) A clinical study was performed looking at the patient reported outcomes of
tibial plateau fractures in the defined population. This included the
requirement for total knee replacement following tibial plateau fractures to
look at the end stage of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in these patients.
3) An epidemiological analysis was carried out to determine the numbers,
patient factors and mechanisms of injury of patellar fractures treated
operatively in a large catchment area over 15 years.
4) A clinical study was then performed looking at the patient reported
outcomes of these injuries in the defined population. This included the
requirement for total knee replacement following patellar fractures to look at
the end stage of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in these patients.
5) An in vitro animal model of two blunt trauma mechanisms was developed
to investigate the effect on the chondrocytes in various controlled conditions.
6) A human fresh cadaveric whole joint model of blunt trauma was developed
to link the animal models findings to the clinical work.
Results: Tibial plateau fractures have an incidence of 11/100,000 per year
and are common in elderly women following falls and young men following
road traffic accidents. A third of patients suffered complications with 15%
requiring further surgery. Symptomatic PTOA was seen in 5% of the
population with arthroplasty required in 3%. Outcomes revealed mild to
moderate knee problems and a significant decrease in general health
following tibial plateau fractures. Patellar fractures that required operative
management had an incidence of 3.4/100,000/year and were also common
in elderly women and young men with the same mechanisms of injury as
tibial plateau fractures. There were complications in 62% of the cases with
nearly 50% requiring further surgery. More symptomatic PTOA was seen at 9% but only 1% of patients had arthroplasty surgery. Outcomes despite the
higher rates of complications and further surgery were better than for tibial
plateau fractures with only mild knee problems and no change in general
health compared to the non-fracture population.
Blunt trauma in the form of unintentional iatrogenic trauma during
arthroscopy produced cell death with moderate pressure movement of the
arthroscopic probe, equivalent to clinical practice. This damage was
significantly decreased by the use of hyperosmolar saline in bovine tissue
and a reduction trend in human tissue. Increased blunt trauma in the form of
an impact injury was also shown to cause chondrocyte death in an energy
dependant manner but hyperosmolar solution did not show decreased death
in this study.
Conclusion: Chondrocyte death was not limited to sharp trauma; seemingly
benign blunt trauma caused measurable cell death in bovine tissue. This cell
death was reduced to some extent by increasing the osmolarity of the
irrigation fluid. The results in the human cadaveric studies correlated with
the bovine model. Further work is required to develop the model to include
fracture damage to articular cartilage. Intra-articular injuries including
fractures cause chondrocyte death, which can lead to post-traumatic
osteoarthritis. The factors influencing the amount of cell death and the
progression to arthritis are numerous and some can be modified after injury.
The cause of injury, pattern of injury and who it occurs to cannot be modified
after the event but prevention of infection, the operative technique and
chondroprotection could all be used to reduce the burden of intra-articular
injuries leading to post-traumatic osteoarthritis
TIM-molekyylien rooli verisolujen kehityksessä
No full textAbstractHematopoietic cells, i.e., erythrocytes, platelets and white blood cells, differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells in a process that is similar in vertebrates. Hematopoiesis is regulated by molecules expressed by both the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding microenvironments. Knowledge of these molecules is important since many of the genes involved in normal hematopoiesis are mutated in leukemia. Furthermore, this information can be utilized in more efficient isolation and expansion of hematopoietic cells in vitro. However, these molecules are not yet sufficiently characterized.Transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) genes form a known family of immunoregulators. In mammals, TIM-4 is expressed by antigen presenting cells, while TIM-1, TIM-2 and TIM-3 are expressed by T cells, in which they regulate differentiation of TH cells. The role of TIM molecules in hematopoiesis has not yet been investigated.The aim of this thesis work was to identify and analyze novel molecules involved in embryonic hematopoiesis using chicken and mouse as model organisms. This was carried out by generating a cDNA library of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from embryonic chicken para-aortic region. Both previously known and novel candidate genes were identified from the library. Among them, we found homologs to tim genes. Their expression and role in hematopoiesis was studied further.TIM-2 expression was shown to be tightly governed during B cell development. It is expressed by common lymphoid progenitors and highly proliferative large-pro and large pre-B cells during both fetal liver and adult bone marrow hematopoiesis.In mouse, tim-4 expression was restricted to fetal liver CD45+F4/80+ cells. Furthermore, two distinct populations were identified: F4/80hiTIM-4hi and F4/80loTIM-4lo. The results suggest that the F4/80hiTIM-4hi cells are yolk sac-derived macrophages and the F4/80loTIM-4lo cells myeloid progenitors.This work shows for the first time that TIM family molecules are expressed during hematopoiesis. TIM-2- and TIM-4 are expressed by specific cell types during hematopoietic cell development, and in the future they may be utilized as markers in isolation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.TiivistelmäVerisolut eli punasolut, verihiutaleet ja immuunipuolustuksessa tärkeät valkosolut kehittyvät alkion veren kantasoluista prosessissa, joka on kaikissa selkärankaisissa samankaltainen. Veren kanta- ja esisolujen sekä ympäröivän mikroympäristön tuottamat molekyylit säätelevät hematopoieesia eli verisolujen kehitystä. Näiden molekyylien tunteminen on tärkeää, sillä useat normaalia verisolujen kehitystä säätelevät geenit ovat osallisena myös verisyöpien synnyssä. Lisäksi tätä tietoa on mahdollista hyödyntää verisolujen tehokkaammassa eristämisessä ja kasvattamisessa hoitoja varten.Immuunipuolustuksen solut, kuten syöjäsolut eli makrofagit ja T-solut, ilmentävät TIM-molekyylejä (Transmembrane Immunoglobulin and Mucin). Ne toimivat immunologisen vasteen säätelyssä sekä solusyönnissä, mutta niiden roolia verisolujen kehittymisessä ei ole selvitetty aikaisemmin.Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa etsittiin uusia hematopoieesiin vaikuttavia geenejä käyttäen mallieläiminä sekä kanaa että hiirtä. Tutkimuksessa luotiin geenikirjasto kanan alkion para-aortaalisen alueen veren kanta- ja esisoluista. Kirjastosta tunnistettiin useita ennalta tiedettyjä sekä uusia verisolujen kehitykseen vaikuttavia geenejä. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin tarkemmin kirjastosta löytyneiden TIM-geeniperheen jäsenten ilmentymistä ja roolia verisolujen kehityksessä.Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että TIM-2 proteiinin ilmentymistä säädellään tarkasti B-solujen kehityksen aikana. Lymfosyyttien yhteiset esisolut sekä suuret pro-B- ja pre-B-solut ilmentävät TIM-2 proteiinia B-solukehityksen aikana sekä alkion maksassa että aikuisen luuytimessä.Hiiren alkiossa tim-4 geenin ilmentyminen oli rajoittunut maksaan, jossa erottui kaksi erillistä solupopulaatiota: F4/80hiTIM-4hi ja F4/80loTIM-4lo. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että maksan F4/80hiTIM-4hi solut ovat ruskuaispussista lähtöisin olevia syöjäsoluja ja F4/80loTIM-4lo solut myeloidisen linjan esisoluja.Tämä tutkimus on ensimmäinen osoitus TIM-molekyylien ilmentymisestä kehittyvissä verisoluissa. Havaitsimme, että TIM-2 ja TIM-4-molekyylejä ekspressoidaan tietyissä soluissa verisolujen erilaistumisen aikana, joten tulevaisuudessa niitä on mahdollista käyttää merkkiproteiineina hematopoieettisten solujen esiasteita eristettäessä.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Health and Biosciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Leena Palotie Auditorium (101A) of the Faculty of Medicine (Aapistie 5 A), on 9 May 2014, at 12 noonAbstract
Hematopoietic cells, i.e., erythrocytes, platelets and white blood cells, differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells in a process that is similar in vertebrates. Hematopoiesis is regulated by molecules expressed by both the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding microenvironments. Knowledge of these molecules is important since many of the genes involved in normal hematopoiesis are mutated in leukemia. Furthermore, this information can be utilized in more efficient isolation and expansion of hematopoietic cells in vitro. However, these molecules are not yet sufficiently characterized.
Transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) genes form a known family of immunoregulators. In mammals, TIM-4 is expressed by antigen presenting cells, while TIM-1, TIM-2 and TIM-3 are expressed by T cells, in which they regulate differentiation of TH cells. The role of TIM molecules in hematopoiesis has not yet been investigated.
The aim of this thesis work was to identify and analyze novel molecules involved in embryonic hematopoiesis using chicken and mouse as model organisms. This was carried out by generating a cDNA library of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from embryonic chicken para-aortic region. Both previously known and novel candidate genes were identified from the library. Among them, we found homologs to tim genes. Their expression and role in hematopoiesis was studied further.
TIM-2 expression was shown to be tightly governed during B cell development. It is expressed by common lymphoid progenitors and highly proliferative large-pro and large pre-B cells during both fetal liver and adult bone marrow hematopoiesis.
In mouse, tim-4 expression was restricted to fetal liver CD45+F4/80+ cells. Furthermore, two distinct populations were identified: F4/80hiTIM-4hi and F4/80loTIM-4lo. The results suggest that the F4/80hiTIM-4hi cells are yolk sac-derived macrophages and the F4/80loTIM-4lo cells myeloid progenitors.
This work shows for the first time that TIM family molecules are expressed during hematopoiesis. TIM-2- and TIM-4 are expressed by specific cell types during hematopoietic cell development, and in the future they may be utilized as markers in isolation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.Tiivistelmä
Verisolut eli punasolut, verihiutaleet ja immuunipuolustuksessa tärkeät valkosolut kehittyvät alkion veren kantasoluista prosessissa, joka on kaikissa selkärankaisissa samankaltainen. Veren kanta- ja esisolujen sekä ympäröivän mikroympäristön tuottamat molekyylit säätelevät hematopoieesia eli verisolujen kehitystä. Näiden molekyylien tunteminen on tärkeää, sillä useat normaalia verisolujen kehitystä säätelevät geenit ovat osallisena myös verisyöpien synnyssä. Lisäksi tätä tietoa on mahdollista hyödyntää verisolujen tehokkaammassa eristämisessä ja kasvattamisessa hoitoja varten.
Immuunipuolustuksen solut, kuten syöjäsolut eli makrofagit ja T-solut, ilmentävät TIM-molekyylejä (Transmembrane Immunoglobulin and Mucin). Ne toimivat immunologisen vasteen säätelyssä sekä solusyönnissä, mutta niiden roolia verisolujen kehittymisessä ei ole selvitetty aikaisemmin.
Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa etsittiin uusia hematopoieesiin vaikuttavia geenejä käyttäen mallieläiminä sekä kanaa että hiirtä. Tutkimuksessa luotiin geenikirjasto kanan alkion para-aortaalisen alueen veren kanta- ja esisoluista. Kirjastosta tunnistettiin useita ennalta tiedettyjä sekä uusia verisolujen kehitykseen vaikuttavia geenejä. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin tarkemmin kirjastosta löytyneiden TIM-geeniperheen jäsenten ilmentymistä ja roolia verisolujen kehityksessä.
Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että TIM-2 proteiinin ilmentymistä säädellään tarkasti B-solujen kehityksen aikana. Lymfosyyttien yhteiset esisolut sekä suuret pro-B- ja pre-B-solut ilmentävät TIM-2 proteiinia B-solukehityksen aikana sekä alkion maksassa että aikuisen luuytimessä.
Hiiren alkiossa tim-4 geenin ilmentyminen oli rajoittunut maksaan, jossa erottui kaksi erillistä solupopulaatiota: F4/80hiTIM-4hi ja F4/80loTIM-4lo. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että maksan F4/80hiTIM-4hi solut ovat ruskuaispussista lähtöisin olevia syöjäsoluja ja F4/80loTIM-4lo solut myeloidisen linjan esisoluja.
Tämä tutkimus on ensimmäinen osoitus TIM-molekyylien ilmentymisestä kehittyvissä verisoluissa. Havaitsimme, että TIM-2 ja TIM-4-molekyylejä ekspressoidaan tietyissä soluissa verisolujen erilaistumisen aikana, joten tulevaisuudessa niitä on mahdollista käyttää merkkiproteiineina hematopoieettisten solujen esiasteita eristettäessä
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