121,993 research outputs found
Pachycheles tuerkayi Werding & Hiller 2017
No full textPachycheles tuerkayi Werding & Hiller, 2017 (Figs. 30, 31, 90C) Pachycheles tuerkayi Werding & Hiller 2017: 1282, figs. 1a, 2, 3. Material examined. Panama [Caribbean]: 1 male, cl 4.3, cw 4.7, 1 ov. female, cl 5.2, cw 5.8 (FLMNH UF 57134), Bocas del Toro, between Isla Bastimentos and Isla Solarte, 9°20’18.7”N, 82°13’02.8”W, depth less than 2 m, in dead corals, leg. P.P.G. Pachelle 29.03.2019 (fcn PP 19-120); 1 ov. female, cl 4.7, cw 4.9 (MZUSP 40065), Bocas del Toro, Ponsak, depth 1 m, shallow flat with rubble, zoanthids, sponges, in crevices of Agaricia rubble, leg. A. Anker et al., 22.07.2018; 2 males, cl 5.2, cw 5.3 and cl 5.0, cw 5.1 (MZUSP 33456), about 3 km west of Portobelo, depth 0.5–1.5 m, in coral rocks, leg. A. Anker & J.F. Lazarus-Agudelo 25.03.2015; 1 male, cl 3.9, cw 4.0, 1 ov. female, cl 4.5, cw 4.8 (MZUSP 33788), between Sabanitas and Portobelo, shallow intertidal flat with fossilised coral platform and adjacent step drop-off, in coral rocks at wave breaking area, leg. J.F. Lazarus-Agudelo, 25.03.2015; 2 males, cl 4.6, cw 4.7 and cl 5.1, cw 5.2 (MZUSP 40064), Isla Grande, northern side, large shallow bay, wave-exposed intertidal rocks, deep in rock crevices, leg. A. Anker et al. 31.07.2018. Previous records from Panama. Werding & Hiller (2017). Distribution. West Atlantic: Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro, Portobelo, Isla Grande, Bahía de Caledonia) and Colombia (Werding & Hiller 2017; present study). Ecology. Intertidal and shallow subtidal, known depth range: 0–4 m, possibly deeper; typically on exposed rocky reefs and fossilised coral reef platforms, dwelling deep in crevices, also on subtidal rocky bottoms, under large boulders, or in more sheltered conditions, e.g. on shallow flats with abundant rubble of Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus) (Werding & Hiller 2017; present study). Remarks. Pachycheles tuerkayi belongs to a small group of species characterised by the carapace sparsely covered with setae and the carpus and palm of P1 covered with granules. This group is represented by P. cristobalensis, P. serratus and P. greeleyi (Rathbun, 1900) in the western Atlantic; P. calculosus and P. setimanus (Lockington, 1878) in the eastern Pacific; P. chacei in both the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific; and P. sahariensis Monod, 1933 in the eastern Atlantic. Pachycheles tuerkayi is morphologically most similar to P. serratus, but can be distinguished by the carapace smooth dorsally (vs. coarser in P. serratus); the P1 densely covered with setae dorsally (Figs. 30, 31; see also Fig. 90C and colour photographs in Rodríguez et al. 2005, as P. serratus; and Werding & Hiller 2017) (vs. with at most a few scattered setae in P. serratus); and the distal margin of P1 palm depressed near the base of the pollex (vs. not depressed in P. serratus) (Werding & Hiller 2017). The two species have been largely confused in the past as two different forms of P. serratus, the “wooly-handed” form (or “pubescent” form in Werding & Hiller 2017) and the “smooth-handed” form, the first corresponding to P. serratus and the second to P. tuerkayi.Published as part of Ferreira, Luciane Augusto De Azevedo & Anker, Arthur, 2021, An annotated and illustrated checklist of the porcelain crabs of Panama (Decapoda: Anomura), pp. 1-154 in Zootaxa 5045 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5045.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/553217
How do Migrants Choose their Destination Country? An Analysis of Institutional Determinants
No full textFor a long time, migration has been subject to intensive economic research. Nevertheless, empirical evidence regarding the determinants of migration still appears to be incomplete. In this paper, we analyze the effects of socio-economic and institutional determinants, especially labor-market institutions, on migrants' choices. Based on a large data set constructed from micro-data for France, Germany, the UK and the US, we study their decisions to migrate to one of the four countries using a Multinomial Choice framework. Our estimates confirm a number of conventional results such as positive effects of wages and immigrant networks and negative effects of unemployment rates. In addition, we find that employment protection, union coverage and unemployment benefits have positive effects on migration. Also good education and health systems tend to attract migrants, while generous pension systems may deter them. Based on separate estimations for high- and low-skilled migrants, there is evidence that the effects of labor-market institutions differ across skill groups.migration, labour-market institutions, micro-data, Multinomial Choice
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Ageing and Fiscal Imbalances Across Generations: Concepts of Measurement
No full textIn the literature, several approaches have been taken to measure the impact of demographic ageing on public pension schemes, with particular attention being paid to potential fiscal imbalances across the generations involved in demographic transition. In this paper, we review three of these measures - viz., “net pension liabilities” and “general government fiscal balances” as suggested by the OECD, as well as “generational accounting” in the Auerbach- Kotlikoff tradition. We show how these approaches are related to each other by the general idea that unfunded pensions create an implicit public debt, and we discuss the problems involved in applying and interpreting them in a real-world context. In addition, we suggest the “implicit tax” entailed in public pensions as a further concept for measuring the inter-generational distribution of burdens arising in ageing populations. The notion of an implicit tax is straightforward from simple pension algebra; it is easy to interpret in a theoretical perspective; and it can be introduced to various kinds of applied work using micro-level data.demographic ageing, public pensions, fiscal policy, inter-generational redistribution, measurement
Ageing and the Welfare State: Securing Sustainability
No full textOver the next four decades, increasing old-age dependency ratios exert an enormous upward pressure on welfare spending in most developed countries. As this is mainly due to existing unfunded public pension schemes, many countries have embarked on far-reaching reforms in this area, strengthening actuarial fairness, modifying indexation rules, adding elements of prefunding and, last but not least, attempting to extend the period of economic activity. Efforts to contain costs may also be relevant with regard to public expenditure on health and long-term care but, thus far, no country has started to really deal with these issues. Still, some countries have made substantial progress in securing the long-term sustainability of their welfare systems. What remains to be considered is re-constructing the system of intergenerational transactions as a potential way of removing disincentives to raise children and invest in their human capital in the long run.demographic ageing, welfare state, public expenditure, fiscal sustainability, policy reforms
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Implicit Pension Debt and the Role of Public Pensions for Human Capital Accumulation: An Assessment for Germany
No full textImplicit pension debt involved in existing pay-as-you-go public pension schemes is nowadays seen as an important determinant of the long-term sustainability of general government finances. Explicit up-dated calculations regarding its size are however largely lacking. The present paper takes up the lessons that emerge from the relevant literature and estimates the amount of implicit pension debt for the German Statutory Pension Scheme under the current legal framework as well as over the series of reforms that have been enacted during the last fifteen years. It is demonstrated that, through these reforms, implicit liabilities have been reduced substantially but are nevertheless still sizeable. Even if future contribution rates are increased as prescribed by current rules, there will be a notable gap in the German public pension scheme's total balance sheet. In the second part of the paper, it is also discussed that, by the way they are conventionally designed, unfunded pension schemes may have a negative impact on human capital accumulation and, hence, on future contributions. A proposal for how this source of potential intrinsic instability could be removed by redesigning the German public pension scheme is then sketched.Public pensions, public debt, Germany, human capital, fertility
Ageing and the Tax Implied in Public Pension Schemes: Simulations for Selected OECD Countries
No full textA key figure which can be applied to measuring inter-generational imbalances involved in existing public pension schemes is given by the “implicit tax” that is levied on each generation’s life-time income through participation in these systems. The implicit tax arises from the fact that, quite generally, pension benefits received fall short of actuarial returns to contributions (i.e., “explicit” social security taxes) paid while actively working. If, in spite of large-scale demographic ageing, public pension schemes are continued to be run based on current rules, implicit tax rates will sharply increase for generations who are currently young when compared to those who are already approaching retirement. In the paper, this will be illustrated for the cases of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK, and the US. The results are based on simulations covering representative individuals in all age cohorts born from 1940 to 2000. At the same time, there are striking differences across countries regarding both the level of implicit taxes and their time paths over successive age cohorts, which can be attributed to different ageing processes as well as to different institutional features of national pension systems. In addition, we are studying the impact of pension reforms that were recently enacted or are currently under way, thus demonstrating how effective the measures taken are in terms of smoothing the inter-generational profile of implicit tax rates.demographic ageing, public pensions, pension reform, inter-generational redistribution, international comparisons
- …
