27 research outputs found
Street fight video exposure, affective response, racial judgments, and criminal sentencing recommendations: A study on non-fictional and non-news mediated violence
No full textStreet fight videos (SFVs) pervade online media platforms such as YouTube. Yet SFVs have evaded rigorous academic study. Spurred by racial tensions in the United States, I propose a theoretically grounded and original model, the media affect-alignment bias model (MAAB-M) to investigate the affective and cognitive effects of interracial SFV exposure. MAAB-M aims to contribute to media researchers’ theoretical and practical approach to investigating intergroup conflict media across varying contexts.
MAAB-M predicts viewers’ affective responses to SFV exposure will influence their racial ingroup identification levels and, in turn, their criminal punishment recommendations for racial outgroup SFV fighters. The model is informed by several social scientific theories referenced by media, identity, and social cognition scholars. Via social identity theory, exposure to racial outgroup SFV fighters will prime threat cognitions. Depicted racial outgroup victories will reinforce threat cognitions. Additionally, via disposition theory, viewers will affectively align (or emotionally attach) themselves to SFV fighters of their own race and vilify racial outgroup fighters.
Both theories support the notion that exposure to racial ingroup victories will increase viewers’ positive affective states. Likewise, exposure to racial outgroup victories will increase viewers’ negative affective states. Increased positive affect is predicted to increase viewers’ desire to enjoy cognitive rewards related to their racial ingroup identification, leading to an increase in viewers’ racial ingroup identification. Increased negative affect is predicted to increase viewers’ need to mitigate perceptions and feelings of threat toward their group identity, also leading to an increase in their racial ingroup identification. MAAB-M also predicts that increased racial ingroup identification will increase viewers’ negative perceptions of racial outgroup SFV fighters, leading viewers to recommend increased criminal sentencing recommendations for these fighters. Within the MAAB-M model, cultivated fear, SFV enjoyment, group-level affect toward outgroups, and heuristic and systematic cognitive processing modes are considered.
Three studies comprise this dissertation. First, a qualitative focus group study explores the validity of MAAB-M’s conceptual approach to SFV study. Afterward, two experiments assess SFV exposure effect via moderated mediation analyses. Ultimately, the studies found that exposure to interracial SFVs led to decreased self-assurance. In turn, multicultural inclusion tendencies increased for White undergraduate students. Also, multicultural inclusion tendencies decreased ethnocentric and ethnic-racial salience tendencies in Black and White adults nationwide. Additionally, increased cultivated fear reduced the negative relationship between SFV exposure and self-assurance in the national adult sample. The findings suggest that the concepts of self-assurance, multicultural inclusion tendencies, ethnocentricity, and ethnic-racial salience should inform future SFV studies.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2021-03-04 without embargo termsThe student, Kristopher Weeks, accepted the attached license on 2020-09-30 at 17:20.The student, Kristopher Weeks, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2020-09-30 at 17:38.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2020-10-06 at 09:26.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15823 on 2021-03-04 at 15:33:59Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 2020-10-0
A database of computer attacks for the evaluation of intrusion detection systems
No full textThesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-124).The 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation created the first standard corpus for evaluating computer intrusion detection systems. This corpus was designed to evaluate both false alarm rates and detection rates of intrusion detection systems using many types of both known and new attacks embedded in a large amount of normal background traffic. The corpus was collected from a simulation network that was used to automatically generate realistic traffic-including attempted attacks. The focus of this thesis is the attacks that were developed for use in the 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation. In all, over 300 attacks were included in the 9 weeks of data collected for the evaluation. These 300 attacks were drawn from 32 different attack types and 7 different attack scenarios. The attack types covered the different classes of computer attacks and included older, well-known attacks, newer attacks that have recently been released to publicly available forums, and some novel attacks developed specifically for this evaluation. The development of a high quality corpus for evaluating intrusion detection systems required not only a variety of attack types, but also required realistic variance in the methods used by the attacker. The attacks included in the 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation were developed to provide a reasonable amount of such variance in attacker methods, Some attacks occur in a single session with all actions occurring in the clear, while others are broken up into several sessions spread out over a long period of time with the attacker taking deliberate steps to minimize the chances of detection by a human administrator or an intrusion detection system. In some attacks, the attacker breaks into a computer system just for fun, while in others the attacker is interested in collecting confidential information or causing damage. In addition to providing detailed descriptions of each attack type, this thesis also describes the methods of stealthiness and the attack scenarios that were developed to provide a better simulation of realistic computer attacks.by Kristopher Kendall.S.B.and M.Eng
Seeing the unseen dynamics in soft matter
No full textThe theme of this thesis concerns the fundamental questions in soft matter, in particular, the dynamics of vesicle membranes, interfacial polymers, colloidal particles. Optical imaging was applied three distinct systems to reveal the underlying physical processes that were hindered by other prior indirect measurements. First, mechanical responses of both polymer and lipid vesicles were investigated by watching their shape transformations under environmental variations, mostly under osmotic shocks, which emitted new prospects on membrane elasticity, instability and kinetics. Furthermore, with statistical analysis of particle and pattern tracking, three classical questions in polymer physics regarding polymer-surface interactions were revisited: adsorption, surface diffusion, and dewetting. The final remark of this thesis presented inter-surface interaction induced by binary liquid mixture near the demixing temperature. Both colloidal assembly and physical chemistry of binary liquid were examined through Janus particle. All these studies followed the same spirit of using direct imaging to declare the unseen dynamical processes in soft matter.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-08-01The student, Changqian Yu, accepted the attached license on 2015-06-29 at 12:37.The student, Changqian Yu, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2015-06-29 at 13:48.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2015-06-30 at 10:26.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8318 on 2015-09-29 at 15:05:20Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-29T21:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-30Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 89536
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Alternatives to traditional model comparison strategies for covariance structure models
No full textThis work was funded in part by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant DA16883 awarded to the first author while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Potential Vorticity and Instability in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent West of the Galápagos Archipelago
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(8), (2022): 1927-1943, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0124.1.The Galápagos Archipelago lies on the equator in the path of the eastward flowing Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). When the EUC reaches the archipelago, it upwells and bifurcates into a north and south branch around the archipelago at a latitude determined by topography. Since the Coriolis parameter (f) equals zero at the equator, strong velocity gradients associated with the EUC can result in Ertel potential vorticity (Q) having sign opposite that of planetary vorticity near the equator. Observations collected by underwater gliders deployed just west of the Galápagos Archipelago during 2013–16 are used to estimate Q and to diagnose associated instabilities that may impact the Galápagos Cold Pool. Estimates of Q are qualitatively conserved along streamlines, consistent with the 2.5-layer, inertial model of the EUC by Pedlosky. The Q with sign opposite of f is advected south of the Galápagos Archipelago when the EUC core is located south of the bifurcation latitude. The horizontal gradient of Q suggests that the region between 2°S and 2°N above 100 m is barotropically unstable, while limited regions are baroclinically unstable. Conditions conducive to symmetric instability are observed between the EUC core and the equator and within the southern branch of the undercurrent. Using 2-month and 3-yr averages, e-folding time scales are 2–11 days, suggesting that symmetric instability can persist on those time scales.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-1232971 and OCE-1233282), the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (Grant 80NSSC17K0443), and the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NA13OAR4830216). Color maps are from Thyng et al. (2016).2023-02-0
Bifurcation and upwelling of the equatorial undercurrent west of the Galapagos Archipelago
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(4), (2020): 887-905, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0110.1.The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) encounters the Galápagos Archipelago on the equator as it flows eastward across the Pacific. The impact of the Galápagos Archipelago on the EUC in the eastern equatorial Pacific remains largely unknown. In this study, the path of the EUC as it reaches the Galápagos Archipelago is measured directly using high-resolution observations obtained by autonomous underwater gliders. Gliders were deployed along three lines that define a closed region with the Galápagos Archipelago as the eastern boundary and 93°W from 2°S to 2°N as the western boundary. Twelve transects were simultaneously occupied along the three lines during 52 days in April–May 2016. Analysis of individual glider transects and average sections along each line show that the EUC splits around the Galápagos Archipelago. Velocity normal to the transects is used to estimate net horizontal volume transport into the volume. Downward integration of the net horizontal transport profile provides an estimate of the time- and areal-averaged vertical velocity profile over the 52-day time period. Local maxima in vertical velocity occur at depths of 25 and 280 m with magnitudes of (1.7 ± 0.6) × 10−5 m s−1 and (8.0 ± 1.6) × 10−5 m s−1, respectively. Volume transport as a function of salinity indicates that water crossing 93°W south (north) of 0.4°S tends to flow around the south (north) side of the Galápagos Archipelago. Comparisons are made between previous observational and modeling studies with differences attributed to effects of the strong 2015/16 El Niño event, the annual cycle of local winds, and varying longitudes between studies of the equatorial Pacific.This work was supported by National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-1232971 and OCE-1233282) and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (Grant 80NSSC17K0443)
Evaluating intrusion detection systems: The 1998 darpa off-line intrusion detection evaluation
No full textA intrusion detection evaluation test bed was developed which generated normal traffic similar to that on a government site containing 100’s of users on 1000’s of hosts. More than 300 instances of 38 different automated attacks were launched against victim UNIX hosts in seven weeks of training data and two weeks of test data. Six research groups participated in a blind evaluation and results were analyzed for probe, denialof-service (DoS), remote-to-local (R2L), and user to root (U2R) attacks. The best systems detected old attacks included in the training data, at moderate detection rates ranging from 63 % to 93 % at a false alarm rate of 10 false alarms per day. Detection rates were much worse for new and novel R2L and DoS attacks included only in the test data. The best systems failed to detect roughly half these new attacks which included damaging access to root-level privileges by remote users. These results suggest that further research should focus on developing techniques to find new attacks instead of extending existing rule-based approaches. 1
Graphene-Based Microfluidics for Serial Crystallography
No full textThe published version may be found here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6LC00451BMicrofluidic strategies to enable the growth and subsequent serial crystallographic analysis of micro-crystals have the potential to facilitate both structural characterization and dynamic structural studies of protein targets that have been resistant to single-crystal strategies. However, adapting microfluidic crystallization platforms for micro-crystallography requires a dramatic decrease in the overall device thickness. We report a robust strategy for the straightforward incorporation of single-layer graphene into ultra-thin microfluidic devices. This architecture allows for a total material thickness of only ∼1 μm, facilitating on-chip X-ray diffraction analysis while creating a sample environment that is stable against significant water loss over several weeks. We demonstrate excellent signal-to-noise in our X-ray diffraction measurements using a 1.5 μs polychromatic X-ray exposure, and validate our approach via on-chip structure determination using hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as a model system. Although this work is focused on the use of graphene for protein crystallography, we anticipate that this technology should find utility in a wide range of both X-ray and other lab on a chip applications
The Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent in three generations of global climate models and glider observations
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125, (2020): e2020JC016609, doi:10.1029/2020JC016609.The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is a vital component of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific. The details of its termination near the Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific have an outsized importance to regional circulation and ecosystems. Subject to diverse physical processes, the EUC is also a rigorous benchmark for global climate models (GCMs). Simulations of the EUC in three generations of GCMs are evaluated relative to recent underwater glider observations along 93°W. Simulations of the EUC have improved, but a slow bias of ~36% remains in the eastern Pacific, along with a dependence on resolution. Additionally, the westward surface current is too slow, and stratification is too strong (weak) by ~50% above (within) the EUC. These biases have implications for mixing in the equatorial cold tongue. Downstream lies the Galápagos, now resolved to varying degrees by GCMs. Properly representing the Galápagos is necessary to avoid new biases as the EUC improves.We gratefully acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (OCE‐1232971 and OCE‐1233282) and the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing program (formerly the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division) of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NA13OAR4830216).2021-04-2
Thank you to our 2017 peer reviewers
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (2018): 6042-6052, doi:10.1029/2018JC014410.Similar to the construction of physical ships and laboratory buildings, scientific knowledge is built incrementally and requires solid components of data, theory, and methodology at each phase of the “construction.” The peer‐review process provides the necessary “inspection” and the assurance that every step of the construction is solid, particularly in regard to the proper use of the scientific method. The peer‐review process helps improve the published work by providing constructive suggestions and by safeguarding against scientific work that could later be found to be built on shaky foundations. Because no single scientist has intimate knowledge of today's many aspects of the Ocean Sciences, we rely on each other's expertise to serve as unbiased “inspectors” of published articles. Your considerable time and effort, spent reviewing JGR‐Oceans manuscript(s) during 2017, are sincerely appreciated by our editorial board and by the Ocean Science community at large. We thank you for rising to this professional challenge and for your wisdom, commitment, skill, and service.2019-03-1
