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Historic Webster Vol. 1 No. 1
No full textHistoric Webster is a newsletter of the Webster Historical Society, Inc., created at the Society’s founding in 1974. The publication helped to serve the Society's mission of collecting and preserving the history of Webster, North Carolina. Webster, established in 1851, was the original county seat for Jackson County.VOLUME I· NUMBER I
History of t6e
Historical Society
Webster is changing, not so much in appearance but
in attitudes toward toe small town. People who remember
or have learned about Webster's rich heritage are putting
its great potential all together - people, history, education,
recreation, preservation. Webster might have
became a plush new development, a commercial campground,
or nearly anything which would have changed the
character of its environment. Instead, Webster is to be
preserved as it is, with only adaptive restoration changes
that will maintain the present atmosphere and preserve
the spirit and quality of a charming historic village.
These changes began last year on February 15 when a
few interested townspeople met with Webster Town Coun.
cil members at Mayor Ray Baker's house. Betty Price
suggested appointing an Historic Sites Commission to study
the possibility of having Webster designated a State Historic
Site. The Town Council members - Roy Baker, Margie
Penland, Claude Cowan, Goldman Monteith, Louise Davis,
and Joe Rhinehart - approved the idea and appointed
Mildred Cowan chairman of the new Commission. Others
named were Louise Davis, Mary Morris, Kate Rhinehart,
Jack Morris, Jim Allman, Claude Cowan, and Betty
Price. Due to the efforts of this Commission Webster
is now on a list of proposed historic sites in North Carolina.
On March 5, six persons representing the Webster Town
Council and the Historic Sites Commission met with the
Jackson County Board of Education to ask for the Webster
Elementary School (which was vacated in December 1973'
as a result of consolidation of schools) to use as a community
center and town office building. They were told
they would be kept informed of progress toward that possibility.
The Webster Historical Society, Inc. was chartered
April lith as a fund-raising and promotional organization
for the preservation and restoration of Webster.
The first public interest meeting was held on Friday·
the thirteenth of April at the Webster Elementary School
sponsored by Southwestern Technical Institute and the
Webster Historic Sites Commission. Nearly 200 persons
attended the meeting to discuss the possibility of a preservation
- restoration project in the Town of Webster.
The Webster Elementary School cloggers opened the
evening with an exhibition of buck dancing. Exhibits
included an old-fashioned kitchen scene, Jack Hoyle splitting
boards, and pottery-making with Brant Barnes.
Sugar cookies and pound cakes from Historic Webster
recipes and lemonade were refreshments. At the churn,
homemade bread and Hattie Cowan's butter were available.
After a media presentation by Dorris Beck and Arlene
Stewart, the decision was made to undertake a preservation
project in Webster.
When the society organized in the tall, Betty Price
was elected president; Marilyn Jody, vice president;
Mary Morris, secretary; and Jim Simpson, treasurer.
Joe Rhinehart, Spencer Clark, !tichard Iobst, and John
Parris were elected to the Board of Directors. Members
of the Webster Town Council and of the Historical Society
met with representatives of Wachovia and First Union
National Banks of Sylva: Bruce Wike; chairman of the
Jackson County Board of Commissioners; and Jim Allman
·, Board of Education member for a buffet luncheon
at Canterbury Inn on December 10. The purpose of the
luncheon was to inform the county commissioners and
the Sylva banks of the fund raising plans of the society.
On December 3 and January 7, representatives of the
Historical Society and Town Council met with the Jackson
County School Board about purchasing the Webster school.
The School Board accepted an offer of 1,500 option will
be paid at the Board's February 4th meeting, the remainder
to be paid on or before July 10.
~
"If only we are faithful to our past, we shall not have to
fear our future." -John Foster Dulles
Webster, North Carolina
THE JACKSON COUNTY Courthouse in Webster
was the center of all county business until 1913.
This picture, taken in 1932, shows Ann Cowan in
the doorway.
Origins of ~ackson County
The history of Webster is the history of Jackson County,
for Webster served as the county seat from 1853 to 1913.
During that 60 year period, all official Jackson County
functions occured in Webster.
Jackson County came into being on January 29, 1851.
It was formed from parts of Haywood and Macon Counties,
which, before that date, were divided by the Tuckaseigee
River. Two Haywood County men, Michael Francis,
who served in the State Senate, and R.G.A. Love, who
served in the House, were largely responsible for the birth
of the county.
In 1850, the population of Haywood and Macon was
divided between Whig and Democrat factions. In order
to please both groups the county was named Jackson after
the popular Democrat . hero Andrew Jackson, and the
county seat was called Webster after the famous Whig
orator, Daniel Webster.
As Edgar H. Stillwell writes in "The Conquest of the
Carolina Frontier ,t' "the name of the new county was
to keep alive the memory of 'Old Hickory,' father and
founder of our Jacksonian Democracy; while the seat of
government for the new county was to honor that great
champion- of the Union of States - Daniel Webster."
On the third Monday in March, 1953, the final step
in the creation of Jackson County took place in a log
cabin built by the piontier Daniel Bryson in what is now
the Beta community. Here the first court ever held in
Jackson County convened with Judge John W. Ellis, later
Governor of North Carolina, presiding. At this meeting
the wheels of the new county were set in motion.
The commissioners who were appointed to select a
suitable place for the county buildings at first considered
locating the county seat where the second county court
was held, on the old Love farm near the County Home.
However, the hill just west of this place, on the right
bank of the Tuckaseigee River, was chosen to be the site
of the county seat.
A brick courthouse was built on this site in Webster
in 1854. Later a larger brick building was erected on
the site of the first one. This latter building, which
was made of bricks formed from Webster clay, wa"
used until 1913 when the county seat was moved to Sylva.
The building stood until the 1930's when it was torn down.
February 197 4
A fetter
3rom t6e President
Dear Preservationist Friends,
It was once the county seat. Nothing put on - a real,
living, breathing, working town that is simply making
history its industry. Historic Webster is the result of
a giant effort by the people of Jackson County who visualize
its ootential. The reclaimers are as heterogeneous
as a group of people you would ever hope to
meet- old and young, members of pioneer families who
have a strong heritage to share and newcomers attracted
by the quiet and gentle life of t~?e m?untains. . .
The Webster Historical SoCiety IS a non-prof1t orgamzation
supported principally by contributions and memberships.
Besides sponsoring preservation and adaptive
restoration, the Society is planning an oral history
collection. Think of it - tape-recordings of interviews
with senior citizens in Jackson County recalling the day
when Thon.as Edison and Henry Ford ·visited here; reminiscences
of the debate about moving the public buildings
from Webster to Sylva; tape-recordings of long-time
residents talking about the changes over the years;
school teachers discussing the changes in education.
One day-maybe soon-it will be possible to walk through
Historic Webster and see a fire in the blacksmith shop,
to see herb gardens and orchards; to visit the Museum
and Archives where you can push a button and see and
hear instant history.
All of this is possible because you are taking up
the challenge now. We've got to hurry and capture the
oral history we have left. Join today! Send your contribution
to Historic Webster for its 1-year, tax deductible
campaign to raise 5.00 yearly
Associate (outside Western N.C.): 10.00 yearly
Supporting: 30.00 yearly
Life: $100.00
All contributions are income tax deductible.
Page 2 HISTORIC WEBSTER February 1974
A Guide To The Map Of Webster
This drawing of Webster at the turn of the century
has been compiled by Betty Price, Through records,
ne·wspaper articles, and with the help of Claude Cowan,
Lily (Nanniehart) Rhinehart, Arthur Allman and Mildred
Cowarr,-the-JI'ap-has beefnlrawn up to simula:te Webster
around 1900.
The town well across from the Court House is the one
depicted in the HISTORIC WEBSTER banner. The well,
according to Nanniehart, was a gathering place for thirsty
travelers and their horses. Though the well has been
filled in, its cornerstones can still be seen next to the
Webster Post Office. ·
'!be Court House was built with red bricks from the
clay mine and brick plant across the river. The Webster
clay mine also supplied clay for dolls' heads and fine
china made in New Jersey,
The Wilde store, the two mills, and the homes on the
river were washed away in the flood of 1940, and the road
was rebuilt closer to the river, on the site of these
buildings.
Prize Given For Design
The Historic Webster bannerhead was designed and
drawn by Karen Moscowitz, a sophomore art student
at Western Carolina University, Prof. Ray Menze's
two-dimensional drawing classes took the newsletter bannerhead
as a class project, and the work of each student
was submitted to the Historical Society for review, Members
of the Historical Society Executive Committee chose
Moscowitz's work out of approximately 30 entries.
Moscowitz, who comes from Leona, New Jersey, will
be awarded five dollars by the Historical Society for her
efforts,
The Mountain View Hotel, ~athan Coward Hotel, drug
store, Tuckaseigee Bank, and Allison home were destroyed
in the fire of 1910. The Allison home has since been rebuilt
in its original style,
The map was drawn by Julie Blankenship, a student
at Southwestern Technical Institute.
If you have any additions or corrections to the map,
or if you can narrow down the date to a more specific
year, please write Betty Price, Drawer w, Webster, N.C.
28788. Any information about specific homes or buildings
will be welcomed.
In "Jackson County: Its Climate :and Natural Resources,"
a column in THE TUCKASEIGE DEMOCRAT, this siatement
appeared each week:
... "The water is pure, cool and sweet, and for household
purposes is taken from springs with which the county
abounds."
olie 'Oown of We6ster
around 1900
OJokbook
<.oll'hw...,
(_()\l)o."\
L...woH:
Will Provide
- Good Reading
A forthcoming Webster recipe book promises to provide
not only a cpllection of Webster's oldest and most
delicious dishes but also interesting reading and browsing
material.
The cookbook, which is currently being compiled by
Flossie and Joe Parker Rhinehart, will feature original
pen and ink drawings of people and places in Webster.
Character sketches of the donating cooks will accompany
some of the mouth-watering recipes, and Joe Parker is
compiling a series of "Growing Up In Webster" stories
written by Webster women of several generations. Mildred
Cowan, Mary Morris and other women who grew up in
Webster have been asked to contribute their accounts.
The recipes in the book were collected from cooks
in the area by Joe's mother, Kate Rhinehart. Flossie
Rhinehart will draw the pen and ink sketches.
The Rhineharts hope to have the cookbook completed
and on sale by mid-April. The recipe book is a fund
raising project of the Webster Historical Society, Inc,
Joe Parker Rhinehart, who grew up in Webster, and his
wife Flossie, who comes from Georgetown, Kentucky,
now live and teach school in Bethesda, Maryland, They
have worked with the historic preservation and restoration
of Murfreesboro, N.C., where they are restoring a home,
HISTORIC WEBSTER February 1974 Page 3
Nanniehart Recounts
Her Memories Of Webster
NANNIEHART in her earlier years. This photograph
was taken when she was about eighteen or
twenty years old.
Arthur Allman
Nanniehart was born Lily Cagle on August.
13, 1881. She and her husband, J. W. Rhinehart,
used to run the Mountam View Hotel
until it burned down in 1910. After that,
the Rhineharts managed hotels in Sylva and
Bryson City before they came home to Webster
and opened up the country store across
from the Court House.
Nanniehart got her nickname 34 years ago
when her grandson, Joe Parker Rhinehart,
was a baby whose ver sion of " Granny Rhinehart,
came out "Nanniehart/' Now there's
not a person in Webster who calls her
anything else.
As the oldest resident of Webster, Nanniehart
tells some colorful stories of the town
in its younger days. Of her school days,
she says, "I was raised out on a farm about
two miles from here, When I first went
to school I didn't come in to town. I went
to a country school. That was four months'
school. Later on they changed us to the
Baptist Church at the top of the river hill,
we'd go .ill_ven monthLout of the year.
in the summer, thy'd have what they
subscription school and I went to that.
That was when a teacher would come wantin'
to work in the summer and he'd char ge either
50¢ a week or 50¢amonth,Ican't remember .
But I went to school every chance I could
get up until I was 18. I would have kept
on then but my mother go~ sick and I had to
stay home."
Is Prize Storyteller
Arthur Allman has a story to tell about
practically every person or event he can
remember throughout his 89 years in Webster.
And he's even got some tales about
times he can't remember - like being born
on March 17, 1884.
His parents, Polk and Betty Allman lived
on the George Penland place at that time.
Dr. Candler was the doctor then, and he
was going to come deliver the baby, but,
as Arthur relates. "there come the awfullest
snow storm you ever saw. We had
a picket fence then, and the snow was banked
up all around it. I was born, my mother
said, at 5:00 in the morning, and of course
nobody could get there so the girl that was
staying with us and my father were the only
ones there when I was borno
"Now old llln Boone (no kin to lllniel
Boone) lived up in the house right above
us, When they shoveled out a trail, his
mother came lookin' around, and she saw
me and said, 'why, this baby's about froze
to death. ' Now her son llln wasn't much
older than I was, so she took me home and
nursed both of us until my mother could
take care of me. And it took three weeks
for my mother to get strong enough to take
me home.
"So, I had it rough from the time I come
into the world; I've had it rough and I'm
still having it rough."
Arthur describes Webster during his childhood
as ''a nice clean country town with
lots of nice people. The (Tuckaseigee)
River was a beautiful river then, clear as
a crystal, just as pure as any spring water
you could find. You could drink out of it
then, and now it's not even clean enough to
take a bath in. It was bigger in those days,
about four times as big as it is now. And
fish--that river was just loaded with fish."
The covered bridge in Webster was a
gather ing spot during rainstorms until sometime
in the nineteen-teens when it was torn
down. It, too, sparks a story by Arthur.
"That old bridge was covered and had
two windows on either side. It sheltered
many a person on a rainy day. Hunters would
go there to kill ducks. Back then there were
no lakes on the river, so there were lots
of ducks. Well, one bad rainy day when
Bill Henson was sheriff, old Henry Norman
and I wer e going to go hun tin ' and we were
standing under there because of the rain.
Henry had a new double-barrel gun and he
was mighty proud of that gun. Now they
were strict about taxes then; it's not like
it is now; if you didn't pay your taxes
they'd just come and take something you
owned until you did pay.
"Now the sheriff walked in and saw Henry
there with that gun, and asked him, 'Henry,
is that a good gun?' Of course, Henry was
proud of it and told him it was, and the
sheriff said, 'well, Henry,Inoticeyouhaven't
paid your taxes, so I'll just take the gun
until you pay it. • Poor Henry had to give
him the gun, and he didn't get to go huntin'
that day,"
~oin tfie Historical Society 'Godayl . "e The mailing list has been compiled from the Webster
township tax listings, the Sylva Herald out-of-county subscription
list, a list of Jackson County public school
teachers, the Western North Carolina Historical Society
membership list, WCU faculty and staff directory; the
Appalachian Consortium Board of Directors list and personal
lists from members of the Webster Historical
Society.
0
D
I want to be a Charter Member ~
If you know of anyone who would like to receive the
newsletter , please send the name and address to Drawer W,
Webster, North Carolina, 28788·.
The first three issues of HISTORIC WEBSTER will
be sent free to anyone interested in receiving them.
Further issues of the newsletter will be sent to all
members of the Webster Historical Society at no cost
other than membership dues.
D
My dues are enclosed
10
30
ll5,000
Plans call for the building to house the Webster Town payable on or before July 10. The Jackson County Board
Council offices, Historical Society Offices, a museum and of Education on January 9 agreed to accept the offer made
archives, a restaurant, a community theater, an
Some periodates and periodato-complexes of aluminium, gallium and indium
No full textCrystallisation of aluminium or gallium salts with periodic acid at low pH forms [M(H2O)6][IO2(OH)4]3 (M = Al or Ga) which have by characterised by elemental analysis, IR, MAS NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Single crystal studies on both revealed disordered structures. The compound [Ga(H2O)6][IO2(OH)4]3 has also been characterised by gallium and iodine K-edge EXAFS studies. Indium(III) nitrate and H5IO6 at pH < 1 produced crystalline H11I2InO14 which contains indium(III) bound to two trans H2O ligands and two chelating [H2I2O10]4- groups, the latter bridging neighbouring indiums to produce an infinite chain. This is the first example of I2O10 groups functioning as chelates and co-ordination is via vertex- rather than the usual edge-linking. At higher pH, gallium and indium produced amorphous insoluble materials of composition M5(IO6)3·nH2O (M = Ga or In) and H3In4(IO6)3·nH2O. Multi-edge EXAFS studies showed that these have structures based upon edge-shared MO6 and IO6 groups and it is proposed that they are Anderson type heteropolyanions A[M4(IO6)3(H2O) 6]·nH2O (A = H3, M = In; A and M = Ga or In). The solution behaviour of these three metals in periodate media has been probed by 27Al, 71Ga and 115In NMR spectroscopy, and thermal decomposition of the solid periodate compounds explored by a combination of TGA, IR spectroscopy and PXRD.</p
Primate Life Histories and Socioecology
No full textWe know a great deal about roles the environment plays in shaping survival, reproductive success, and even social systems among primates. But how do primate life histories affect social systems and vice versa? Do baboons' patterns of growth, for example, help to structure their societies? Does fission-fusion sociality interact with predator pressure to influence the timing of maturation in chimpanzees? Exploring these issues and many others, the contributors to Primate Life Histories and Socioecology provide the first systematic attempt to understand relationships among primate life histories, ecology, and social behavior conjointly. Topics covered include how primate life histories interact with rates of evolution, predator pressure, and diverse social structures; how the slow maturation of primates affects the behavior of both young and adult caregivers; and reciprocal relationships between large brains and increased social and behavioral complexity. The first collection of its kind, this book will interest a wide range of researchers, from anthropologists and evolutionary biologists to psychologists and ecologists. Contributors: Paul-Michael Agapow, Susan C. Alberts, Jeanne Altmann, Robert A. Barton, Nicholas G. Blurton Jones, Robert O. Deaner, Robin I. M. Dunbar, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Laurie R. Godfrey, Kristen Hawkes, Nick J. B. Isaac, Charles H. Janson, Kate E. Jones, William L. Jungers, Peter M. Kappeler, Susanne Klaus, Phyllis C. Lee, Steven R. Leigh, Robert D. Martin, James F. O'Connell, Sylvia Ortmann, Michael E. Pereira, Andy Purvis, Caroline Ross, Karen E. Samonds, Jutta Schmid, Stephen C. Stearns, Michael R. Sutherland, Carel P. van Schaik, and Andrea J. Webster
Scandium, yttrium and lanthanum nitrate complexes of tertiary arsine oxides: synthesis and multinuclear spectroscopic studies. X-ray structures of [M(Me3AsO)6](NO3)3 (M=Sc or Y), [Sc(Ph3AsO)3(NO3)2]NO3, [M?(Ph3AsO)4(NO3)2]NO3 (M?=Y or La) and [La(Ph3AsO)2(EtOH)(NO3)3]
No full textThe reaction of Ph3AsO with Sc(NO3)(3). 5H(2)O, Y(NO3)(3). 6H(2)O or La(NO3)(3). 6H(2)O in acetone gave [Sc(Ph3AsO)(2)(NO3)(3)], [Y(Ph3AsO)(4)(NO3)(2)]NO3, [La(Ph3AsO)(4)(NO3)(2)]NO3, and [La(Ph3AsO)(3)(NO3)(3)], whilst from ethanol solution [Sc(Ph3AsO)(3)(NO3)(2)]NO3, [Y(Ph3AsO)(2)(EtOH)(NO3)(3)] and [La(Ph3AsO)(2)(EtOH)(NO3)(3)] were produced. Similar reactions using Me3AsO produced [M(Me3AsO)(6)](NO3)(3) (M = SC, Y or La) and [La(Me3AsO)(2)(H2O)(NO3)(3)]. All complexes were characterised by analysis, IR and H-1, Sc-45 or Y-89 NMR spectroscopy, and conductance measurements. The solution speciation and interconversions of the Sc and Y complexes have been probed by Sc-45 and Y-89 NMR spectroscopy. X-Ray crystal structures are reported for the 6-coordinate [M(Me3AsO)(6)](NO3)(3) (M = Sc or Y), seven-coordinate [Sc(Ph3AsO)(3)(NO3)(2)]NO3, eight-coordinate [M"(Ph3AsO)(4)(NO3)(2)]NO3 (M" = Y or La), and nine-coordinate [La(Ph3AsO)(2)(EtOH)(NO3)(3)]
Unexpected structural diversity in alkali metal azide-crown ether complexes: syntheses, X-ray structures, and quantum-chemical calculations
No full textA series of alkali metal azide-crown ether complexes, [Li([12]crown-4)(N-3)], [Na([15]crown-5)(N-3)], [Na([15]crown-5)(H2O)(2)]N-3, [K([18]crown-6)(N-3)(H2O)], [Rb([18]crown-6)(N-3)(H2O)], [Cs([18]crown-6)(N-3)](2), and [Cs([18]crown-6)(N-3)(H2O)(MeOH)], has been synthesised. In most cases, single crystals were obtained, which allowed X-ray crystal structures to be derived. The structures obtained have been compared with molecular structures computed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This has allowed the effects of the crystal lattice on the structures to be investigated. Also, a study of the M-N-terminal metalazide bond length and charge densities on the metal (M) and terminal nitrogen centre (N-terminal) in these complexes has allowed the nature of the metal-azide bond to be probed in each case. The bonding in these complexes is believed to be predominantly ionic or ion-dipole in character, with the differences in geometries reflecting the balance between maximising the coordination number of the metal centre and minimising ligand-ligand repulsions. The structures of the crown ether complexes determined in this work show the subtle interplay of such factors. The significant role of hydrogen bonding is also demonstrated, most clearly in the structures of the K and Rb dimers, but also in the chain structure of the hydrated Cs complex
Early Risk, Attention, and Brain Activation in Adolescents Born Preterm
No full textThe relations among early cumulative medical risk, cumulative environmental risk, attentional control, and brain activation were assessed in 15 – 16-year-old adolescents who were born preterm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging found frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex activation during an attention task with greater activation of the left superior-temporal and left supramarginal gyri associated with better performance. Individual differences in early cumulative risk are related to patterns of brain activation such that medical risk is related to left parietal cortex activation and environmental risk is related to temporal lobe activation. The findings suggest that early risk is related to less mature patterns of brain activation, including reduced efficiency of processing and responding to stimuli.This is the accepted version of the following article: Carmody, D. P., Bendersky, M., Dunn, S. M., DeMarco, J. K., Hegyi, T., Hiatt, M. and Lewis, M. (2006), Early Risk, Attention, and Brain Activation in Adolescents Born Preterm. Child Development, 77: 384–394, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00877.x/abstract.Peer reviewe
Synthesis and properties of scandium, yttrium and lanthanum periodates. Crystal structures of Y(H2O)(3){IO4(OH)(2)} and Y(H2O)(2)(IO3)(3)
No full textThe reaction of periodic acid or alkali-metal periodates with aqueous solutions of scandium, yttrium or lanthanum salts formed white M(H2O)(3){IO4(OH)(2)} (M = Sc, Y or La). The compounds are insoluble in water, but dissolve in hot aqueous H5IO6 or mineral acids. They were characterised by analysis, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and TGA. The X-ray crystal structure of Y(H2O)(3){IO4(OH)(2)} shows the presence of octahedral IO6 (I-O 1.840(4)-1.943(4) Angstrom) and eight-coordinate YO8 (Y-O 2.321(5)-2.475(4) Angstrom) residues linked via edge sharing into chains. The solution chemistry of [M(H2O)(n)](3+) in the presence of H5IO6 has been partially explored by (SC)-S-45, Y-89 and La-139 NMR spectroscopy. Attempts to isolate periodate complexes with different stoichiometries have been unsuccessful. Crystals of the iodate complex Y(H2O)(2)(IO3)(3) were also obtained and the X-ray crystal structure shows the expected pyramidal IO3- groups and eight-coordinate Y (Y-O 2.290(5)-2.457(5) Angstrom)
Structural diversity in supramolecular complexes of MCl(3) (M = As, Sb, Bi) with constrained thio- and seleno-ether ligands
No full textMCl3 react with o-C6H4(EMe)2 (E = S, Se) or o-C6H4(CH2ER)2 (E = S, R = Me or Et; E = Se, R = Me) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 or MeCN to give the yellow (Bi) or white (Sb) complexes, [MCl3{o-C6H4(EMe)2}], [(MCl3)2{o-C6H4(CH2SMe)2}3], [MCl3{o-C6H4(CH2SEt)2}], and [(BiCl3)4{o-C6H4(CH2SeMe)2}3], which were characterized by IR/Raman, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and microanalysis. The corresponding reactions with AsCl3 gave oils. Using the tetrachalcogenoethers, 1,2,4,5-C6H2(CH2EMe)4 (E = S or Se), gave [(MCl3)2{1,2,4,5-C6H2(CH2EMe)4}] (E = S: M = As, Sb or Bi; E = Se: M = As) as powdered solids. The structures adopted are extremely diverse within this related series. Crystal structure determinations show infinite chains for [MCl3{o-C6H4(EMe)2}] (M = Bi, E = S or Se; M = Sb, E = S), although the structures differ significantly in detail. [BiCl3{o-C6H4(SMe)2}] is formed through chains of orthogonal ?-Bi2Cl2 units linked together, with one dithioether ligand chelating per Bi atom, and seven-coordinate Bi; [SbCl3{o-C6H4(SMe)2}] comprises weakly associated Sb2Cl6 dimer units linked into chains by weakly bridging dithioethers, where both available lone pairs on each S atom are used. [BiCl3{o-C6H4(SeMe)2}] comprises distorted square pyramidal units involving pyramidal BiCl3 primary coordination and a weakly chelating diselenoether ligand, and assembled into infinite chains through long bridging Bi···Cl interactions via all three Cls. The 2:3 M:L complexes [(MCl3)2{o-C6H4(CH2SMe)2}3] (M = Bi or Sb) are isostructural, and also show one-dimensional polymers, but this time the coordination is based upon pyramidal MCl3 units, with secondary bonding via three long M···S contacts from bridging dithioethers, and a further long M···Cl bridge which completes a distorted seven-coordinate environment at M. The Et-substituted thioether analogue gives the 1:1 [MCl3{o-C6H4(CH2SEt)2}] for both Bi and Sb; the former showing a chain polymer structure based upon seven-coordinate Bi and bridging dithioethers and the latter a weakly Cl-bridged dimer with distorted octahedral coordination at Sb, with a chelating dithioether. The 4:3 [(BiCl3)4{o-C6H4(CH2SeMe)2}3] complexes are based upon a central BiCl6 octahedron linked to each of the other three Bi atoms via two bridging Cl atoms; the outer Bi atoms are also bonded to two mutually trans Se donor atoms from distinct diselenoethers, and two terminal Cl atoms, giving a distorted octahedral coordination environment at Bi. One of the two crystallographically independent tetrabismuth units is discrete, while the other shows further Cl-bridges to adjacent units giving an infinite network. [(AsCl3)2{1,2,4,5-C6H2(CH2SMe)4}] also forms an infinite network based upon square pyramidal As(III), and comprises pyramidal AsCl3 units each weakly coordinated to two (mutually cis) S-donor atoms from two different thioether ligands. The Sb-analogue is structurally very similar; however, in this case a solvent MeCN occupies the sixth coordination site. Finally, [(AsCl3)2{1,2,4,5-C6H2(CH2SeMe)4}] forms an infinite chain based upon distorted octahedral coordination at As through three terminal (pyramidal) Cl atoms, two Se atoms from ?2-?2-selenoethers, although unexpectedly the chelation is through Se atoms that are mutually meta on the aromatic ring; with one Se atom on each ligand using both of its lone pairs to bridge (weakly) between two As atoms. These MCl3-chalcogenoether adducts are mostly weakly associated, and lead to very diverse structures which result from a combination of intra- and intermolecular interactions and crystal packing.<br/
Early child neglect: Does it predict obesity or underweight in later childhood?
No full textChild neglect has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for both obesity and underweight in early childhood, although little research has examined the relation between neglect and body mass index (BMI). The present study examined the relation between neglect and BMI among 185 children (91 with a Child Protective Services history of neglect) who were initially seen at ages 4 to 6 years and who were followed through ages 7 to 9 years. Neglected and comparison children were found to have similar BMIs, although both groups had BMIs that were significantly greater than CDC norms for age, gender, and ethnicity. Neglect chronicity did predict lower BMIs but only at age 8 and 9 years. The present findings suggest that greater examination of moderators is needed to identify the specific contexts in which neglect is related to children’s weight.This is the authors' accepted manuscript for an article that was published in Child Maltreatment (2010), vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 250-254. doi: 10.1177/1077559510363730Peer reviewe
Synthesis and complexation of dichalcogenoethers with cyclopropyl backbones, (CH2EMe)2 (E=Se or Te)
No full textThe reaction of LiTeMe with C(CH2Br)4 in thf gives (CH2TeMe)2 irrespective of the ratio of reactants, in contrast to the reaction with LiSeMe, which gives either C(CH2SeMe)4 or (CH2SeMe)2 depending upon the reaction conditions. The synthesis and properties of [ (CH2TeMe2)2]I2, (CH2TeMeI2)2, [Mn(CO)3Cl{ (CH2EMe)2}] (E = Se or Te) and [MCl(?6-p-cymene){ (CH2EMe)2}]PF6 (M = Ru or Os) are described. X-ray crystal structures are reported for [ (CH2TeMe2)2]I2, [Mn(CO)3Cl{ (CH2TeMe)2}], [MCl(?6-p-cymene){ (CH2TeMe)2}]PF6 (M = Ru, E = Se or Te and M = Os, E = Se). The effect of the cyclopropyl ring in the ligand backbone is to open up the C–C–C angle within the chelate ring, compared with trimethylene linked analogues. Selenium–carbon bond fission occurs on attempted quaternisation of o-C6H4(CH2SeMe)2 or (CH2SeMe)2 with MeI yielding [Me3Se]I.<br/
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