512 research outputs found
Nutritional scores of milk and plant-based alternatives and their difference in contribution to human nutrition
Full text linkMilk consumption is in decline in developed countries due to changes in lifestyle and habits. Such a reduction is partly due to the expanding plant-based industry which provides attractive alternatives. In this study, the nutritional composition of soya, oat, almond, coconut, and rice-based beverages was compared to that of cow and goat milk by means of 4 commercial nutritional scores (NS). Contribution to the recommended daily intake (RDI) of macro- and micro-nutrients was calculated for comparison. Apart from soya, plant-based beverages (PBB) did not approximate the nutrient profile of cow and goat milk, e.g., they did not provide iodine and contained only limited amounts of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. For several traits important for human health, oat, almond, coconut, and rice-based beverages scarcely contributed to the RDI. Depending on the criteria considered for the score calculation, however, certain PBB achieved better NS than milk. Findings show the difficulty in ensuring coverage of RDI through a non-guided inclusion of PBB as a substitute for milk. Moreover, the inferior contribution of PBB to RDI compared to milk and the high variability in the nutritional scores between the different PBB brands prompts for a standardisation across the plant-based food industry to increase transparency
Lifestyle Factors That Affect Peak Bone Mass Accrual: Summary of a Recent Scientific Statement and Systematic Review by the National Osteoporosis Foundation
No full text293-31
Elkhorn Drive Scenic Byway management plan, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest : visitor services and management plan
No full textTitle from PDF cover (viewed on September 11, 2019).Includes addendum to Elkhorn Drive National Scenic Byway Plan, prepared by Connie M. Pound and Ken Koon.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references.Mode of access: Internet from the State Library of Oregon U.S. Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Predictors of skeletal calcium accretion in adolescents from pooled metabolic balance studies
No full textPeak bone mass (PBM) attained in the first few decades of life is a major determinant of risk of late life osteoporosis. From our pooled database of 487 observations on 265 boys and girls aged 10 to 16 years, the influence of calcium intake, race, sex, body size, sexual maturation, growth factors, calcium homeostatic hormones, and physical activity on skeletal calcium accretion was assessed. Our first objective was to determine predictors of calcium retention in adolescent boys as done previously in girls to provide a starting point for further predictive models. In a nonlinear model of calcium retention in boys, calcium intake explained 21.7% of the variation in calcium retention and serum IGF-1 explained an additional 11.5%, where higher serum IGF-1 predicted higher calcium retention. Using a two-phase regression model of calcium retention in the entire pooled database, calcium intake, BMI, race, and sex predicted 26% of the variability in calcium retention, and there was a significant BMI and calcium intake interaction. Calcium retention was higher with greater BMI only at higher calcium intakes. This indicates that overweight and obese adolescents may benefit more from increasing calcium intake compared to normal weight adolescents, which may decrease the increased rate of childhood fractures observed in overweight adolescents. Additional predictors of calcium retention were identified. In boys, calcium intake, BMI, serum IGF-1, and serum 25OHD explained 40.5% of the variation in calcium retention. In girls, calcium intake, BMI, race, age, and serum PTH explained 27.9 % of the variation in calcium retention. The greatest predictor of calcium retention in both models was calcium intake, explaining 31.0% and 11.0% of the variation in calcium retention in boys and girls, respectively. As only 20-40% of the variation in PBM is determined by environmental factors, calcium intake is a major lifestyle factor for determining PBM. Measures of body size, growth and maturity, race, and regulators of calcium metabolism were additional factors that influenced calcium retention. Further experimental intervention data is needed to test if our predictions for calcium retention translate into actual skeletal gains in adolescents
Impact exercise, dietary calcium and growing bone
No full textSkeletal strength in old age is more or less the sum of bone acquired during growth and bone lost after growth. Adaptations during growth can lead to greater skeletal competence in old age. We tested the ability of the growing skeleton to adapt to high impact exercise with and without sufficient dietary calcium, using young female rats as models for children. A freefall impact protocol was developed to mimic the effects of children landing from a height onto a hard surface. Rats were dropped 10 times daily from 30cm and 60cm with 11s between drops, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Drops were executed so that rats landed on all feet simultaneously. Effects of impact from 30cm and 60cm on 6 appendicular bones were examined by mechanical testing and peripheral computed tomography (pQCT). The 30cm drop height was sufficient to increase bone strength and stimulate geometric changes in the shaft areas and densitomic gains in the bone ends, although some changes were increased by greater drop heights. Effects from impact were more pronounced in the forelimbs than in the hindlimbs. Peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) from freefall landings were measured in additional rats. GRFs from 30cm, 45cm, and 60cm heights were greater in the fore than the hind limbs. In an additional study, we investigated the effects of a low versus normal calcium diet on growing rats with and without freefall impact from 45cm. Effects from this study were examined in the ulna, and additional measurements on these bones were performed by microcomputed tomography (microCT). The low calcium diet resulted in lower bone mineral density (BMD) but no diminution in bone strength. Effects of adequate calcium and impact loading were independently beneficial for many parameters, although the effects of impact were stronger. Impact loading exerted a compensatory effect in rats receiving the low calcium diet on total and cortical BMD, and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of the proximal ulna. Although either impact exercise or adequate calcium was better than neither for the growing rat skeleton, impact exercise improved bone strength with and without adequate dietary calcium
Prebiotic effects on calcium absorption and bone metabolism
No full textAdolescence is a critical time for reaching peak bone mass to prevent the risk of osteoporosis later in life. Dietary fibers and non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) are being investigated as a means to improve mineral metabolism and bone health through their unique interactions with colonic microflora. Bacteria residing in the colon are able to ferment ingested NDO thereby altering the luminal environment of the colon, which has been associated with increased absorption of calcium. The purpose of this body of work was to determine the effects of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and soluble corn fiber (SCF) on calcium absorption and retention in adolescent children. To study the effects of GOS, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design was used to assess the effects of daily consumption of 0, 5, and 10 g GOS on calcium absorption in 10–12 year old, premenarcheal girls. GOS was provided in milk-based smoothies twice daily and consumed for 3 weeks. Calcium absorption tests were performed at the end of each 3-week period during a 2-day clinical visit. During this time, the girls consumed controlled diets with 1300 mg calcium per day, and all urine and fecal samples were collected for 48 hours after dual stable-isotope administration. Fractional calcium absorption was calculated based on urinary calcium isotope excretion and expressed as a ratio of excess 44Ca and 43Ca. GOS had a moderately positive effect on fractional calcium absorption (p=0.0132) with the 5 g treatment having the greatest impact on calcium absorption (Control=0.39 ± 0.10, 5 g GOS=0.43 ± 0.10, 10 g GOS=0.40 ± 0.13). Bifidobacteria composition was also significantly increased with GOS consumption when compared to baseline measurements before intervention. Overall, results from this investigation suggest that a modest intake of GOS is effective at increasing fractional calcium absorption in young girls. Soluble corn fiber effects on calcium absorption were evaluated during two, 3-week metabolic balance sessions of a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in adolescent girls and boys, aged 12–15 years. The effects of 0 and 12 g/d SCF on calcium absorption and balance were studied under the condition of a controlled diet containing 600 mg daily calcium. Diet composites, fecal and urine samples were collected daily and analyzed for calcium content. Fractional calcium absorption was calculated as the ratio of excess 44Ca and 43Ca in the urine after accounting for natural abundance and administered doses. Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference in fractional calcium absorption at 48 h with SCF treatment increasing absorption by 12% compared to control (0.664 ± 0.129 and 0.595 ± 0.142, respectively; p=0.0239). SCF treatment had no effect on calcium balance. In summary, results from this study suggest that the addition of 12 g/d SCF has positive effects on calcium absorption in adolescent children with calcium intakes below daily recommended levels. Overall, results from these investigations support that prebiotics have a broad application in adolescent children. Using a variety of NDO products it may be possible to influence calcium absorption in both boys and girls on a range of calcium intakes. The moderate levels of prebiotics used in these studies increased calcium absorption in children ranging from 10 to 15 years of age indicating that if consumed at such achievable levels, they may positively impact the development of peak bone mass
Case Study 17A: using technology to teach clinical skills
No full textThis case study describes a two-year pilot project using virtual case simulation to enable the acquisition of clinical skills at the University of Southampton School of Nursing and Midwifery (SONAM), the second largest such school in the United Kingdom.
The projected shortfall of the required numbers of health professionals, especially in English-speaking nations and particularly among nurses is being addressed in the United Kingdom primarily by means of a significant increase in education and training. The SONAM responded to this imperative by expanding its pre-registration education programs by approximately 300 percent over the past six years, with an annual intake of 750 students. Ironically, as student enrolments have increased, our service organisations’ ability to absorb students and provide clinical experience has decreased markedly
Impact of High Calcium Intake from Calcium Carbonate or Dairy on Cardiovascular Function, Coronary Artery Calcification and Coronary Artery Disease Burden in Ossabaw Miniature Swine
Full text linkRecent secondary analyses have associated supplemental calcium use with increased risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular-related death in healthy, older adults. Subsequent concern over the safety of calcium supplements has spurred a calcium controversy, because calcium is a shortfall essential nutrient that is critical for bone health and a mainstay of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. The proposed mechanism by which calcium intake may detriment cardiovascular health is through the acceleration of coronary artery calcification (CAC), a clinical indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD) that has been associated with mortality risk. However, causal evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Determining causality between calcium intake and cardiovascular risk has been hindered by the long intervention period necessary to monitor disease progression in human populations and a lack of sensitive outcome measures to detect early vascular calcification. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of high calcium consumption from calcium carbonate or dairy on cardiovascular function, CAD burden and coronary artery calcium deposition in the Ossabaw swine, a model that mimics human metabolic syndrome and CAD when fed an atherogenic diet. Pigs (n=24) were maintained on an atherogenic diet and randomized to one of three calcium treatments including control calcium (0.5% Ca by weight), high calcium from calcium carbonate (2% Ca), or high calcium from dairy (2% Ca) for 6 months. To sensitively assess CAC with calcium tracer kinetics, pigs were dosed with the rare isotope, 41Ca, that can be measured in blood and tissues at a sensitivity of 10-18 M by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). More traditional measures of cardiovascular health and disease were also utilized including computed tomography (CT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), histopathology and in vitro wire myography. 41Ca:Ca accumulation measured in the coronary arteries did not differ by calcium treatment. Further, calcium tracer kinetic modeling revealed the rates of calcium transport from blood to the coronary arteries were similar among groups. These findings were corroborated by collective data obtained through CT, IVUS and histopathology that showed no treatment differences in atherosclerotic or calcified plaque coverage of the coronary arteries. Further analysis of coronary artery endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function by in vitro wire myography revealed no differences among calcium treatment groups. High calcium intakes from calcium carbonate or dairy did not alter cardiovascular function or aggravate atherosclerotic or calcified plaque deposition in coronary arteries of Ossabaw miniature swine fed an atherogenic diet
Bioaccessibility and tissue distribution of carotenoids and vitamin D from fortified foods
No full textNovel approaches to food fortification are being developed in order to meet dietary gaps in micronutrient intake. The efficacy of food fortification relies on bioavailability of the nutrient, i.e. the nutrient must be released from the food matrix during digestion, absorbed at the intestinal epithelial surface, and delivered to target tissues for biological activity and/or storage. Underlying the investigation of bioavailability is the need for analytical methods to determine carotenoid and vitamin D concentrations in foods and tissues. The bioaccessibility and tissue distribution of carotenoids and vitamin D were investigated from three distinct food systems. Provitamin A carotenoid levels of sorghum are being enhanced through transgenic approaches in the Africa Biofortified Sorghum project, yet bioavailability of carotenoids has not been considered. Bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids were assessed from 18 biofortified and wild-type sorghum varieties by in vitro digestion. The most promising biofortified variety was identified, and contained 4-8x more bioaccessible β-carotene equivalents than wild-type sorghum. Human breast milk is a primary source of bioactive carotenoids including lutein and zeaxanthin, which may protect the developing infant retina from light-induced damage. To develop additional insights into carotenoid profiles across lactation stage and country, human milk was analyzed from twenty donors in China, Mexico, and the USA at 2, 4, 13, and 26 weeks postpartum. Bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of breast milk from 1-6 months postpartum and 9 prototypes of lutein-fortified infant formula were assessed by a coupled in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 human intestinal cell model. Bioaccessibility of lutein was not different between human milk (29±2%) and infant formula (36±4%), or between types of lutein-fortified formula. However, accumulation efficiency of lutein by Caco-2 from human milk was over 4x greater from human milk than infant formula and increasingly efficient at low levels of lutein. Sample preparation and LC-MS/MS methodology was developed in order to assess the tissue distribution of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D from select soft tissues. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were ~1 ng/g from both vitamin D forms in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Total vitamin D concentration in adipose tissue reflected serum 25-hydroxyvitamin concentration, suggesting that potential differences in tissue accumulation did not cause the disparity in bioavailability. To isolate digestive processes from further metabolism, vitamin D bioaccessibility from fortified breads and bovine milks was assessed by in vitro digestion. Vitamin D bioaccessibility was lower from bread fortified with vitamin D2 enriched yeast than from crystalline vitamin D2 fortified breads and from bovine milks. Microscopy and solvent extraction of breads further suggests that vitamin D was not released from intact yeast cells. Together, these studies strongly indicate that increasing the carotenoid or vitamin D content of foods is not sufficient for effective fortification. Carotenoid and vitamin D bioaccessibility and absorption are a function of the food matrix these nutrients are placed into. Bioavailability is not only influenced by macronutrients such as lipid to aid in micellarization, but also the microenvironment that may physically trap or chemically associate with the nutrient, as well as biological factors that may potentiate intestinal absorption. While similar observations have been made before for other food systems, these data highlight the necessity of bioavailability assessment from any novel approach to fat-soluble micronutrient fortification. (Abstract shortened by UMI.
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