1,721,033 research outputs found
Recreating Feng-jian：A Study of Noble Title and Political Order in Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties
No full text封爵是中國古代官僚體系的要角之一，其動力來自於「封建」。自戰國兩漢以來，以周公為核心的西周封建制度，透過儒生、士人不斷追溯重構，最終成為不同於西周封建的「歷史記憶」，此即中國中古封建體系。在這套封建體系，諸侯代替天子統治萬民，王爵與五等爵成為士人將「歷史記憶」具體化的手段。因此本文以爵制為研究重心，探討中國中古時期封建的意涵，及其與政治秩序的交互關係，並結合其他政治制度，觀察魏晉南北朝時期爵制發展。
西晉開建五等，是爵制發展的一大變革，諸侯王與公侯伯子男各自擁有封國，獲得相應的食邑租稅與特權，宗室與異姓高門儼然具備古代諸侯地位。至南北朝時期，公侯伯子男的官品大幅降低，王侯與封國的關係也日漸疏離，各種相關禮儀遭受剝奪。而復行五等爵之舉，其所涉及之冊封禮儀規範，諸如「開國」與「茅土」，亦可作為分析魏晉南北朝封建體系的關鍵詞。
「開國」一詞出於《周易》，原指天子冊命諸侯開國承家，並告誡諸侯不可任用小人。之後「開國」逐漸成為諸侯的代稱，東晉以降甚至與爵稱結合，形成「郡縣名+開國+爵稱」的複合型爵名。至北朝後期，開國爵與封國的關係更為疏離，至唐代演變為開國爵不再開國的奇特現象。從魏晉到隋唐，隨著「開國」一詞的普及化與制度化，諸侯的開國規範日益受到制約。
「茅土」根據《逸周書．作雒解》，相傳為周公之創制，但茅土理論之起源仍有待處理。自西漢後期開始，茅土逐漸成為諸侯王與列侯的代稱；東漢以降，詔書授與茅土的用詞也趨於定型。茅土不論在概念或實物方面，皆與諸侯密不可分。皇帝也運用茅土理論，結合《尚書．禹貢》，強化天子治理天下的正當性。
此外，魏晉南北朝時期，中國同時存在數個自稱正統的王朝，各政權皆自稱是唯一的天下之主，構成了複雜的冊封體系與國際關係。無論是刺史或是開國爵、諸侯王爵，皆帶有漢晉的郡縣名稱，代表獲得官爵的勢力，被認可位於天子德化所及範圍，反之則為化外之地。魏晉南北朝存在著以漢代天下為背景的內臣、外臣模式，並以「擬制郡縣範圍」為區分標準。總而言之，魏晉南北朝的封爵，在失去原有「封建」權力的基礎上，與當世政治秩序建立更密切的關係
FIGURE 6 in Three new species of freshwater Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomida) from southern China
No full textFIGURE 6. The phylogenetic tree of 18S rDNA gene generated with Neighbor-Joining method. (bootstrap=1000, Kimura 2- parameter type)Published as part of Sun, Ting, Zhang, Lv, Wang, An-Tai & Zhang, Yu, 2015, Three new species of freshwater Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomida) from southern China, pp. 120-134 in Zootaxa 4012 (1) on page 127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/23468
Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China
No full textZhang, Hang, Li, Yi-Kui, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Wang, An-Tai (2014): Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China. Zoological Systematics 39 (4): 485-495, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2014040
Figs 7–9 in A new species of Aequales, genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China
No full textFigs 7–9. Gieysztoria shiyanensis Wang & Xia, sp. nov. 7. Ventral view. 8. Dorsal view. 9. Stylet. br: brain; b: bursa; cag: cement glands ("Kittdrüsen"); e: egg; i: intestine; fd: female duct; og: oesophagieal glands; ov: ovary; ph: pharynx; pv: prostate vesicle; rs: receptaculum seminalis; st: stylet; t: testis; vi: vitellaria; vs: vesicula seminalis. Scale bars: 7= 60 μm; 8= 100 μm; 9= 20 μm.Published as part of Xia, Xiao-Jie, Lu, Yan-Hong & Wang, An-Tai, 2014, A new species of Aequales, genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China, pp. 229-235 in Zoological Systematics 39 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11865/zs20140204, http://zenodo.org/record/717664
Dalyelliidae Graff 1908
No full textFamily Dalyelliidae Graff 1908Published as part of Lu, Yan-Hong, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Xia, Xiao-Jie & Wang, An-Tai, 2013, Two new species of Gieysztoria (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Dalyelliidae) from a Freshwater Artificial Lake in Shenzhen, China, pp. 569-578 in Zootaxa 3745 (5) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/22322
Gieysztoria Ruebush & Hayes 1939
No full textGenus Gieysztoria Ruebush & Hayes 1939Published as part of Lu, Yan-Hong, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Xia, Xiao-Jie & Wang, An-Tai, 2013, Two new species of Gieysztoria (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Dalyelliidae) from a Freshwater Artificial Lake in Shenzhen, China, pp. 569-578 in Zootaxa 3745 (5) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/22322
FIGURE 4. Gieysztoria guangdongensis Wang & Xia n in Two new species of Gieysztoria (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Dalyelliidae) from a Freshwater Artificial Lake in Shenzhen, China
No full textFIGURE 4. Gieysztoria guangdongensis Wang & Xia n. sp. Reconstruction of the sclerotic stylet.Published as part of Lu, Yan-Hong, Wu, Cheng-Chen, Xia, Xiao-Jie & Wang, An-Tai, 2013, Two new species of Gieysztoria (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Dalyelliidae) from a Freshwater Artificial Lake in Shenzhen, China, pp. 569-578 in Zootaxa 3745 (5) on page 575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/22322
Fig. 22 in A new species of the genus Girardia (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) from China
No full textFig. 22. Girardia sinensis Chen & Wang, sp. nov., distribution.Published as part of Chen, Xiao-Min, Chen, Yu-Hui, Wu, Cheng-Chen & Wang, An-Tai, 2015, A new species of the genus Girardia (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) from China, pp. 166-178 in Zoological Systematics 40 (2) on page 174, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20150202, http://zenodo.org/record/461746
Fig. 18 in A new species of the genus Girardia (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) from China
No full textFig. 18. Girardia sinensis Chen & Wang, sp. nov., sagittal reconstruction of copulatory apparatus. Scale bar = 100 μm.Published as part of Chen, Xiao-Min, Chen, Yu-Hui, Wu, Cheng-Chen & Wang, An-Tai, 2015, A new species of the genus Girardia (Tricladida: Dugesiidae) from China, pp. 166-178 in Zoological Systematics 40 (2) on page 172, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20150202, http://zenodo.org/record/461746
Figs 13–14 in Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China
No full textFigs 13–14. Gieysztoria huizhouensis Zhang, Wu & Wang, sp. nov., stylet. Scale bars = 20 μm.Published as part of Zhang, Hang, Li, Yi-Kui, Wu, Cheng-Chen & Wang, An-Tai, 2014, Two new species of the genus Gieysztoria (Rhabdocoela: Dalyelliidae) from China, pp. 485-495 in Zoological Systematics 39 (4) on page 491, DOI: 10.11865/zs.20140402, http://zenodo.org/record/461738
- …
