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The images of Wu-Wang in Chou dynasty
No full text碩士武王為上古時期以仁義著名的帝王，推翻商紂王的暴政統治，為先秦典籍津津樂道的對象，數千年來受人稱讚歌頌。《尚書》以來的記載，多將武王描述為一位修己的仁者。歷年來研究武王伐紂年代的論文極多，武王形象的探討極少。武王是典型聖王，傳統學者為了隱惡揚善，便將一切善行與功德歸於武王，因此武王形象距離其生存時代愈遠，就愈美好。事實上，武王形象不只隨著時代變遷而不同，更隨著學者思想不同而改變。上古明君與暴君形象的研究長期受人忽略，本文旨在透過主題學，揭開武王之典型與多面性，文人對歷史人物的評價，以及文人塑造形象的意圖。 經書中的武王形象，大致可歸納為「承父之命」、「治國有方」、「任用俊賢」、「克商有功」、「孝順敬天」、「美好德行」等六項。經書中的武王形象十分正面，《禮記》甚至將武王視為民族英雄。史書中的武王形象多透過武王的事蹟展現，其中以《逸周書》較為特別。《逸周書》透過描述武王心理狀態的手法，舖陳武王形象，並據史陳述了武王伐紂後的殘忍祭祀，和《尚書》歌功頌德的筆法大異其趣。 子書中的武王形象因各家書寫目的不同，武王形象也多彩多姿。儒家典籍為宣揚儒家的禮義思想，宣提武王的種種仁義事蹟，甚至將其塑造為神化人物。道家強調自然無為，道家典籍中的武王是以私意約束人民，使人民陷入鬥爭的惡人，禍亂的根源。雜家典籍中的武王形象更多變化，雖如儒家典籍塑造成明君形象，然不若儒家典籍塑造的完美典型，而是亦正亦反的形象，反而更有人性。法家重刑法，故法家典籍中的武王能夠善用刑法與利，他的「德」著重的是現實層面。《管子》中的武王不只有空泛的德，還懂得如何將之運用在行政、經濟上。由先秦各學派中的武王資料，可以看出子書中的武王形象受各家學說影響。諸子百家爭鳴的時代，各家學者無所不用其極地宣揚自己的學說，而引起眾人注意的方法，無非將眾人皆知的上古聖王寫進書裡，將其塑造為符合其學派的形象，子書中的武王也因此有了多彩多姿的面貌。 自先人刪去《逸周書》中不利武王的篇章，武王的形象更為正面，除了反對儒家的法家之外，先秦典籍中的武王幾乎沒有負面形象。武王的形象愈加美好，直至漢代，才開始有反對的聲浪。然如王充、蘇軾等學者畢竟是少數，武王形象在眾人心目中依然美好，凡提及至德、至善、至孝之人，無不以武王為例。The first king of Chou, Wu-Wang, is a famous man living in thousands of years ago. Wu-Wang killed the tyrant of Shang—Zhou-Wang, and was praised for thousands of years. Since the book “Shang Shu,” Wu-Wang has been described a man with “ren.” Many scholars studied the date of Wu-Wang attacking Zhou, but only a few mentioned the image of Wu-Wang. Wu-Wang is a typical type of king of virtues; therefore, scholars covered up his bad deeds and praised his virtue, even attributed others’ success to him. Thus, the farther the time is from now, the more wonderful are Wu-Wang’s images. Since scholars ignored the images of tyrants and wise kings for many years, this essay revealed Wu-Wang’s various images, scholars’ criticism, and scholars’ attempts to mold images through Thematology. The second chapter “the Image of Wu-Wang in the book” classified the images of Wu-Wang to six parts: Wu-Wang’s inheritance of his father, ruling the kingdom, appointing of capable people, achievement of defeating Shang, filial obedience, and moral goodness. The images of Wu-Wang in the book are positive, and “Li Ji” even regards Wu-Wang as a national hero. Books of history describe Wu-Wang by recording his deeds. Among them, “Yi Chou Shu” is the most special. This book recorded Wu-Wang’s images by describing his mentality, and portrayed his cruel rite after defeating Zhou, which is very different from “Shang Shu.”
Wu-Wang’s images in books of Zi are various because of authors’ different purposes. To advocate the idea of “Li Yi,” the school of “Ru” publicize Wu-Wang’s deeds of “Ren” and “Yi,” even deify him like a god. The school of “Dao” emphasizes the idea of nature; therefore, Wu-Wang is a wicked person and
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the root of all evil in the book of Dao . There are various images in other books. In other books, Wu-Wang is a wise king, but there are also negative sides portrayed, which makes Wu-Wang more human. Wu-Wang makes good use of penal law and benefits in book of the school “Fa,” because the school takes penal law and benefits seriously. The school of “Fa” takes reality into account in Wu-Wang’s images. In “Guan Zi,” Wu-Wang’s virtue is showed in economy and administration. We can see from the data in books of Zi that ideas of every school affect Wu-Wang’s images. At the time of books of Zi, scholars attempt to make their schools widely known, so they wrote people of virtue into their books, and make their images fit in with their own ideas. Thus, various images of Wu-Wang were shown. Since ancient scholars deleted chapters unfavorable to Wu-Wang, the images of Wu-Wang have been more positive. Except for the school “Fa” against the school “Dao,” there aren’t any negative images of Wu-Wang. Wu-Wang’s images are more and more wonderful until the Han Dynasty. Scholars like Wang Chong and Su Shi are just a few against Wu-Wang’s wonderful images. Therefore, Wu-Wang’s images are wonderful until now; we even set Wu-Wang for example when mentioning people with the highest virtue, goodness, and filial piety.目 次
第一章 緒論.................................................................................................................. 1
第一節 研究動機............................................................................................ 1
第二節 文獻回顧............................................................................................ 5
第三節 研究方法與論文架構........................................................................ 9
第二章 經書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 12
第一節 《尚書》中的武王形象.................................................................. 12
一、 承父之命...................................................................................... 12
二、 德政克己...................................................................................... 16
三、 伕用俊賢...................................................................................... 17
第二節 《毛詩》中的武王.......................................................................... 20
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 20
二、 孝順敬天...................................................................................... 21
三、 承父之業...................................................................................... 23
四、 施行仁政...................................................................................... 24
第三節 禮書中的武王形象.......................................................................... 27
一、 英雄形象...................................................................................... 27
二、 克商有功...................................................................................... 28
三、 孝順盡忠...................................................................................... 31
四、 仁政克己...................................................................................... 33
第四節 《左傳》與《論語》中的武王形象.............................................. 41
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 41
二、 美好德行...................................................................................... 44
第三章 史書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 48
第一節 《國語》中的武王形象.................................................................. 48
一、 天命伐紂...................................................................................... 48
二、 四方來朝...................................................................................... 51
第二節 《戰國策》中的武王形象.............................................................. 52
第三節 《竹書紀年》中的武王形象.......................................................... 53
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 53
二、 武王治國...................................................................................... 55
第四節 《逸周書》中的武王形象.............................................................. 59
一、 夙夜憂患...................................................................................... 59
二、 克商有功...................................................................................... 71
三、 殘酷暴行...................................................................................... 74
第四章 子書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 86
第一節 儒家典籍中的武王形象.................................................................. 86
一、 《孟子》中的武王形象.............................................................. 86
二、 《荀子》中的武王形象.............................................................. 91
第二節 道家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 100
一、 不仁不義.................................................................................... 100
二、 貪婪巧詐.................................................................................... 101
第三節 墨家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 104
一、 得賢用賢.................................................................................... 104
二、 誅暴伐惡.................................................................................... 104
三、 明鬼非命.................................................................................... 105
第四節 法家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 108
一、 《韓非子》中的武王形象........................................................ 108
二、 《管子》與《商君書》中的武王形象.................................... 111
第五節 雜家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 119
一、 因勢利導.................................................................................... 119
二、 美好德行.................................................................................... 120
三、 治國有方.................................................................................... 122
四、 伐紂之功.................................................................................... 127
五、 善用權謀.................................................................................... 130
第五章 結論.............................................................................................................. 134
參考書目.................................................................................................................... 140學號: 696010312, 學年度: 9
Conversation between Wu Rongfu and Wu Decai
No full textConversation between Wu Decai and Wu Rongfu, recalling various Duoxu names (finger, hand, etc.)Equipment: Fostex Fr-2 Beyerdynamic M88 N (cardioid) on the left channel (mono
Figures 16-19 from: Wang M, Chen F, Zhu C, Wu C (2017) Two new genera and three new species of Epipaschiinae Meyrick from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). ZooKeys 722: 87-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.722.12362
No full textFigures 16-19 -
Head of Androconia Wang, Chen & Wu, gen. n. species. 16 An. rallusa Wang, Chen & Wu, sp. n., male, paratype 17 An. rallusa Wang, Chen & Wu, sp. n., female, paratype 18 An. morulusa Wang, Chen & Wu, sp. n., male, holotype 19 An. morulusa Wang, Chen & Wu, sp. n., female, holotype
Lista longifundamena Wang, Chen & Wu 2017
No full textLista longifundamena Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017 (Figs 13, 28) Lista longifundamena Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017: 105. TL: China (Hainan). Material examined. CHINA, Fujian Province: 1 ♀, Yunshan, Mt. Meihua, 19.IV.2014, coll. XF Yang, slide No. RH 15162; Hainan Province: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Jianfengling Nature Reserves, Ledong, 770 m, 14–15.VII.2014, coll. PX Cong et al., slide Nos. RH 15155 ♂, RH15156 ♀; 1 ♂, Tianchi, Jianfengling, 787 m, 12.VII.2015, coll. QY Wang et al.; 2 ♀, Limushan Forest Park, 607 m, 15–18.VII.2016, coll. X Bai et al., slide No. RH 16163; 1 ♀, Wuzhishan Nature Reserves, 738 m, 2.XI.2016, coll. X Bai et al.; Yunnan Province: 1 ♀, Taiyanghe Nature Reserves, 1450 m, 19.VIII.2014, coll. ZG Zhang, slide No. RH 15378. Adult (Fig. 13) wingspan 25.0–27.0 mm. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the sub-quadrate uncus with two weakly sclerotized lateral processes, distal process of the gnathos with four small spines at apex, inner dorsal process of the sacculus more than 5 times as long as the outer one, and juxta with long needle-shaped lateral lobes (Fig. 28). It is similar to L. gilvasa Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017 in the male genitalia, and differences between them are stated under the latter species. Distribution. China (Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan).Published as part of Rong, Hua, Wang, Yiping, Qi, Mujie & Li, Houhun, 2021, Taxonomic review of the genus Lista Walker, 1859 from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Epipaschiinae), with descriptions of five new species, pp. 237-262 in Zootaxa 5081 (2) on pages 253-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/577173
Wang Shuo and the commercialisation of contemporary Chinese culture
Get PDFThis thesis examines the commercialisation of Chinese culture that has taken place over the past twenty years in mainland China. It explores the contribution of Wang Shuo, a cultural figure who straddles different fields of culture, moving from literature to the ultimate mass culture medium of television, this study plots Wang Shuo' s development from educational failure, to business failure, to fiction writer, film & TV editor, film director and cultural critic and analyst. His stories, films, TV series and articles have caused shock-waves throughout national cultural circles as he has transformed the terms of the debate from academic discourse to a validation of the role of the market in the culture field. Although Wang Shuo has not been labelled as a dissident, his approach to the culture market has had a more subversive effect on official ideology that those overt dissidents who have had to live in exile or have been imprisoned. He has utilised the language of official ideology to satirise the authorities, turning the ideology and its supporters into figures of fun. Yet his own goals have been strictly personal and economic ones. The authorities recognize the value of Wang Shuo's work in the cultural market but at the same time distrust his works and place him under strict censorship. Examining the way Wang Shuo and people surround him have succeeded in different fields of cultural achievement is a mirror to understanding the process of the transformation of contemporary Chinese culture from a socialist state-controlled culture to a market-oriented mass culture industry
Lasioseius chaudhrii Wu & Wang 1982
No full textLasioseius chaudhrii (Wu & Wang , 1982) Gnorimus chaudhrii Wu & Wang, 1982: 134. Lasioseius chaudhrii.— Zhang & Fan, 2010: 283. TYPE DEPOSITORY: Guangdong Institute of Entomology, Guangdong, China. TYPE LOCALITY AND HABITAT: Fuzhou, Fujian, China, on rice [Oryza sp.; Plantae: Poaceae] plant.Published as part of De Moraes, Gilberto J., Britto, Erika P. J., Mineiro, Jefferson L. De C. & Halliday, Bruce, 2016, Catalogue of the mite families Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans, Blattisociidae Garman and Melicharidae Hirschmann (Acari: Mesostigmata), pp. 1-299 in Zootaxa 4112 (1) on page 163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4112.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/39947
Empress Wu the Great Tang Dynasty China
No full textEurope and Great Britain have had many sovereign queens in the course of history. In ancient China, there was none of that. Only one Empress ever ruled China in her own name Empress Wu. Given her startling performance in a world of deadly intrigue and shifting loyalties, Wu is still respected as an effective and clear-sighted ruler.Intro -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Origins of a Future Sovereign -- The Wu Family -- Wu's Father Rises from a Merchant to a Nobleman -- Mr. Wu Marries Up -- Mr. Wu Becomes a Governor -- Mr. Wu Leaves His Family Bereft -- The Establishment of the Tang Dynasty -- Mr. Wu's Sponsor Becomes the Second Emperor of the Tang Dynasty -- Empress Changsun and a Few of the Courtiers -- Chapter 2. Miss Wu Becomes an Imperial Concubine -- The Sons Vie for the Succession -- Selecting the Crown Prince -- Introduction to the Crown Prince -- Sent to a Nunnery -- The New Emperor Reigns -- Empress Wang Brings Wu Back to the Palace -- Empress Wang and Concubine Xiao Unite against Concubine Wu -- Concubine Wu Fights Back -- The Courtiers Take Sides -- Empress Wang and Her Supporters Take a Mis-Step -- Empress Wang and the Crown Prince are Removed -- Wu Becomes Empress -- Chapter 3. From Empress to Empress Dowager -- Advancing Supporters and Annihilating Opponents -- Taking Part in Politics -- The Pleasures of Traveling -- Relationship With Her Children -- Chapter 4. The Empress Dowager Consolidates Her Power -- Standing at the Top -- View from the Summit -- Chapter 5. Rebellions -- The Largest Rebellion -- The Rebellions of the Princes Li -- Other Rebellions -- Abuse of Power at Every Level -- Chapter 6. Picking Favorites -- Naming a Successor -- Empress Wu's Favorites -- Chapter 7. Relations with Other Nations -- Tibet -- Korea -- The Tujue Clan -- Japan and Arabia -- Chapter 8. Famous Legends About Empress Wu -- Face Reading -- Flowers Blooming in Winter -- Other LegendsEurope and Great Britain have had many sovereign queens in the course of history. In ancient China, there was none of that. Only one Empress ever ruled China in her own name Empress Wu. Given her startling performance in a world of deadly intrigue and shifting loyalties, Wu is still respected as an effective and clear-sighted ruler.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Lista angustusa Wang, Chen & Wu 2017
No full textLista angustusa Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017 (Figs 6, 22, 38) Lista angustusa Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017: 100. TL: China (Jiangxi). Material examined. CHINA, Zhejiang Province: 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Mt. Jiulong, 4–7.VIII.2011, coll. XB Fu, slide Nos. RH16419 ♂, RH16420 ♀; Fujian Province : 6 ♂, Tongmu, Wuyishan, 759 m, 19. V.2012, coll. JW Li, slide No. RH16371; Jiangxi Province: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Mt. Jiulian, Longnan, 625 m, 27–28.IV.2012, coll. JW Li, slide No. RH16333 ♂; Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region : 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Huaping, 1300 m, 6–8.VIII.2006, coll. WC Li, slide Nos. WYP05282 ♂, WYP05283 ♀; 3 ♂, Mt. Shengtang, Jinxiu, 25.VIII.2011, coll. DD Zhang, slide No. RH16336; 1 ♀, Hekou, Mt. Dayao, Jinxiu, 823 m, 18.VII.2015, coll. MJ Qi and SN Zhao; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Yinshan Park, Mt. Dayao, Jinxiu, 1364 m, 19–21.VII.2015, coll. MJ Qi and SN Zhao, slide No. RH16132 ♂; 1 ♀, Lianhuashan, Mt. Dayao, Jinxiu, 1000 m, 22.VII.2015, coll. MJ Qi and SN Zhao; 1 ♀, Jiuniutang, Mt. Mao’er, Guilin, 1016 m, 23.VII.2015, coll. MJ Qi and SN Zhao; 1 ♀, Yangmei’ao, Huanjiang County, Hechi, 1180 m, 24.VII.2015, coll. MQ Yang and GE Lee; 1 ♀, Yangmeiao, Huanjiang County, Hechi, 1180 m, 25.VII.2015, coll. MQ Yang and GE Lee; 1 ♂, Yangmei’ao, Rongshui County, Liuzhou, 1240 m, 27.VII.2015, coll. MQ Yang and GE Lee; Yunnan Province: 2 ♂, Baihualing, Baoshan, 1520 m, 13.VIII.2007, coll. DD Zhang, slide No. RH16361. Adult (Fig. 6) wingspan 21.0–23.0 mm. Diagnosis. This species is characterized in the male genitalia by the gnathos with two conical lateral processes at the base of the distal process, the sclerotized median plate truncated on the outer margin, and the sacculus with the inner lobe of the dorsal process uniform from base to serrated apex (Fig. 22). It is similar to L. menghaiensis Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017 superficially, and the differences between them are stated in the diagnosis of L. menghaiensis Wang, Chen & Wu, 2017. Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang).Published as part of Rong, Hua, Wang, Yiping, Qi, Mujie & Li, Houhun, 2021, Taxonomic review of the genus Lista Walker, 1859 from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Epipaschiinae), with descriptions of five new species, pp. 237-262 in Zootaxa 5081 (2) on page 240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/577173
Aluminum-inhibited root growth of rice seedlings is mediated through putrescine accumulation
No full textArcanusa Wang, Chen & Wu 2017
No full textGenus Arcanusa Wang, Chen & Wu in Wang et al., 2017a: 88 Type species: Arcanusa apexiarcanusa Wang, Chen and Wu in Wang et al., 2017a Diagnosis: The genus Arcanusa closely resembles the members of the genus Lista Walker, 1859. Both genera share the synapomorphies of a long hair-like structure at the base of the forewing, and the extension of the sacculus base into a sclerotised spined process. However, species of Arcanusa are darker and not as bright as those of Lista. In the male genitalia of Lista, the apical lobes of the juxta are free, and the uncus is conspicuously broader than that of Arcanusa. Another similar genus is Coenodomus from which Arcanusa is distinguished by the filiform antennae (bipectinate in Coenodomus) and in differences in the wing venation. Taxonomic notes: Arcanusa was established to place its type species Arcanusa apexiarcanusa from Yunnan, China. In the same publication (Wang et al. 2017a), Scopocera sinuosa (Moore, 1888) (India: Darjeeling) was assigned to Arcanusa. At present, the genus contains two species, with only Arcanusa sinuosa recorded from India. Herein, we describe a new species of Arcanusa that closely resembles A. sinuosa. Distribution: India, Bhutan, China (Hampson 1896b, Wang et al. 2017a).Published as part of Ranjan, Rahul, Singh, Navneet & Kirti, Jagbir Singh, 2022, A new genus, three new species and a new species record of Epipaschiinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from India, pp. 385-394 in Zootaxa 5222 (4) on page 391, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/746680
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