103,588 research outputs found

    Remembering Kenneth G. Holum

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    Reminiscences by: Gideon Avni, Israel Antiquities Authority and Hebrew University of Jerusalem Elizabeth Conner, University of Maryland Alan Walmsley, Macquarie Universit

    Anisotropy Effects in Superconductive Tunnelling

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    Title: Anisotropy Effects in Superconductive Tunnelling, Author: David G. Walmsley, Location: ThodeThe application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity to the results of experiments on quantum-mechanical electron tunnelling between superconductors is discussed. A cryostat and associated electrical circuitry, constructed for tunnelling experiments, are described. There is a discussion of sample fabrication techniques which have received much attention, and have been extended, during the course of this work. Finally, results obtained on the metals aluminium, indium, tin, and lead are illustrated, and interpreted with particular emphasis on superconductor energy gap anisotropy.ThesisDoctor of Philosophy (PhD

    Paul, Mark, Barnabas or G. Walmsley Memorial Window

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    Vignette of sailboat and coat of arms Canadian Air Force. Inscriptions: IHS / PAUL / MARK / BARNABAS and IN LOVING MEMORY OF / GEORGE WALMSLEY / 1923 – 1988 / PRESENTED BY HIS WIFE ELANOR / & SONS FRANK, CHRIS & JEFF. Signed: CRW, CHRISTOPHER WALLIS, LONDON ONTARIO 1988. Lead Investigator: C. Cody Barteet ([email protected]). Photograph: Katie Oateshttps://ir.lib.uwo.ca/chriswallis_stainedglass_on_london_stmarks/1067/thumbnail.jp

    Heat Integrated Milk Powder Production

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    Dairy processing is critical to New Zealand’s (NZ) economy producing NZ13billioninexportsfor2012whileconsuming32PJoffossilfuelsforprocessheat.ThreequartersofNZdairyexportsaremilkpowders.ThisthesispresentsmethodstoreduceprocessheatuseinMilkPowderPlants(MPP)throughimprovedheatintegrationandaddresseskeytechnicalchallengespreventingindustrialimplementation.Myoriginalcontributionstoliteratureinclude:(1)anoveldesignmethodcalledtheCostDerivateMethod(CDM)thatcostoptimallyallocatesareaindirectheatexchangenetworks,(2)anewdesignmethodologyforintegrationofsemicontinuousprocessclustersusingaHeatRecoveryLoop(HRL)withaVariableTemperatureStorage(VTS)systemforimprovedheatrecovery,(3)anexperimentallyvalidateddepositionmodelforpredictingcriticalairconditionsthatcausemilkpowderfouling,and(4)athermoeconomicassessmenttoolfortheoptimisationofindustrialspraydryerexhaustheatrecoveryprojectsviaaLiquidCoupledLoopHeatExchanger(LCHE)system.ByapplyingPinchAnalysistoanindustrialMMP,thisworkconfirmsthatheatmustberecoveredfromthemilkspraydryerexhaustair( 75°C)toachievemaximumheatintegrationinMPPs.ForstandaloneMPPsexhaustheatisbestusedtoindirectlypreheattheinletdryerairreducingsteamuseby12.7AkeybarrierpreventingexhaustheatrecoveryimplementationinNZMPPsisthepossibilityofmilkpowderfouling.Dryerexhaustaircontainsalowconcentrationofpowderthatwhenexposedtolowtemperaturesathighhumiditybecomessticky.Foraheatexchangerfaceairvelocityof4m/s,experimentaldatafrommilkpowderfoulingtestsofflatplates,tubesandfinsindicatesparticulatefoulingbecomesseverewhentheexhaustairtemperaturereaches55°C.Higherfacevelocitiesareshowntolowerthiscriticalexhausttemperatureforavoidingseverefouling,whichgivespotentialforincreasedheatrecoverybutforincreasedpressuredrop.Lowerfacevelocitiesshowtheoppositeeffect.Designingexhaustheatrecoverysystemsentailanacutetradeoffbetweenheattransfer,pressuredropandfouling.Twoimportantdesignparametersarethenumberoftuberowsintheexhaustheatexchangerandthefacevelocity.TheoutputsofathermoeconomicspreadsheettoolsuggestLCHEsystemsforadryerproducing23.5t/hiseconomic.Withafacevelocityof4m/sand14rowsoffinnedroundtube,theprojecthadanestimatedpaybackof1.6years,anetpresentvalueofNZ13 billion in exports for 2012 while consuming 32 PJ of fossil fuels for process heat. Three quarters of NZ dairy exports are milk powders. This thesis presents methods to reduce process heat use in Milk Powder Plants (MPP) through improved heat integration and addresses key technical challenges preventing industrial implementation. My original contributions to literature include: (1) a novel design method called the Cost Derivate Method (CDM) that cost optimally allocates area in direct heat exchange networks, (2) a new design methodology for integration of semi-continuous process clusters using a Heat Recovery Loop (HRL) with a Variable Temperature Storage (VTS) system for improved heat recovery, (3) an experimentally validated deposition model for predicting critical air conditions that cause milk powder fouling, and (4) a thermo-economic assessment tool for the optimisation of industrial spray dryer exhaust heat recovery projects via a Liquid Coupled Loop Heat Exchanger (LCHE) system. By applying Pinch Analysis to an industrial MMP, this work confirms that heat must be recovered from the milk spray dryer exhaust air (~75 °C) to achieve maximum heat integration in MPPs. For stand-alone MPPs exhaust heat is best used to indirectly preheat the inlet dryer air reducing steam use by 12.7 % for a 55 °C exhaust outlet. Additional economic heat recovery from condensate and vapour flows decreased steam use by a further 6.9 %. Application of the CDM to the liquid and vapour sections of new MMP maximum energy recovery networks reduced total cost by 5.8 %. For multi-plant dairy factories, a second industrial case study showed the exhaust heat may be integrated with neighbouring plants via a HRL with VTS to increase site heat recovery by 10.8 MW including 5.1 MW of exhaust heat recovery, compared to 7.9 MW using a conventional HRL design method with constant temperature storage. A key barrier preventing exhaust heat recovery implementation in NZ MPPs is the possibility of milk powder fouling. Dryer exhaust air contains a low concentration of powder that when exposed to low temperatures at high humidity becomes sticky. For a heat exchanger face air velocity of 4 m/s, experimental data from milk powder fouling tests of flat plates, tubes and fins indicates particulate fouling becomes severe when the exhaust air temperature reaches 55 °C. Higher face velocities are shown to lower this critical exhaust temperature for avoiding severe fouling, which gives potential for increased heat recovery but for increased pressure drop. Lower face velocities show the opposite effect. Designing exhaust heat recovery systems entail an acute trade-off between heat transfer, pressure drop and fouling. Two important design parameters are the number of tube rows in the exhaust heat exchanger and the face velocity. The outputs of a thermo-economic spreadsheet tool suggest LCHE systems for a dryer producing 23.5 t/h is economic. With a face velocity of 4 m/s and 14 rows of finned round tube, the project had an estimated payback of 1.6 years, a net present value of NZ3 million and internal rate of return of 71 %. This tool will empower industry with greater confidence to uptake exhaust heat recovery technology as a vital method for improving the heat integration of MPPs in NZ

    Detail, Inscription from Paul, Mark, Barnabas or G. Walmsley Memorial Window

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    Inscriptions: IN LOVING MEMORY OF / GEORGE WALMSLEY / 1923 – 1988 / PRESENTED BY HIS WIFE ELANOR / & SONS FRANK, CHRIS & JEFF. Signed: CRW, CHRISTOPHER WALLIS, LONDON ONTARIO 1988. Lead Investigator: C. Cody Barteet ([email protected]). Photograph: Katie Oateshttps://ir.lib.uwo.ca/chriswallis_stainedglass_on_london_stmarks/1075/thumbnail.jp

    Detail, Vignettes, Inscription, and Signature from Paul, Mark, Barnabas or G. Walmsley Memorial Window

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    Vignette of sailboat and coat of arms Canadian Air Force. Inscriptions: IN LOVING MEMORY OF / GEORGE WALMSLEY / 1923 – 1988 / PRESENTED BY HIS WIFE ELANOR / & SONS FRANK, CHRIS & JEFF. Signed: CRW, CHRISTOPHER WALLIS, LONDON ONTARIO 1988. Lead Investigator: C. Cody Barteet ([email protected]). Photograph: Katie Oateshttps://ir.lib.uwo.ca/chriswallis_stainedglass_on_london_stmarks/1070/thumbnail.jp

    Economic Analysis of U.S. Immigration Reforms

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    In January 2004, President George Bush proposed the creation of a temporary worker program to allow more migrant workers to enter the US legally. This new temporary worker program would be open to undocumented workers in the US, as well as to prospective migrants currently residing abroad. The program would temporarily allow immigrants to fill jobs that, according to employers, would otherwise go unfilled at the current wage. The US Congress vetoed the presidential proposal, however, and requested a stricter enforcement of immigration law and the consequent deportation of undocumented immigrants. This study analyzes the economic effects of these immigration reforms on the US economy using an applied global general equilibrium model of migration. In this paper the global trade and migration model (GMig2) developed by Walmsley, Winters and Ahmed (2007) is modified to include a third labor category – undocumented unskilled – to reflect estimates of undocumented workers residing in the United States. The model is then used to analyze the impacts of two policy scenarios on the US economy: first, the deportation of undocumented workers currently residing in the US; and second, the legalization of undocumented agricultural workers. The first scenario is implemented through a decline in the number of undocumented workers residing in the US to zero, and a corresponding increase in the number of workers in Mexico. The second scenario is achieved by allowing undocumented workers to obtain legal status, thereby increasing their wages and productivity. We find that the deportation of undocumented workers causes a considerable loss to the US economy in terms of real GDP. Legalization of Mexican undocumented immigrants, on the other hand, is found to increase US real GDP. Hence the paper demonstrates there are clear advantages to the US economy of implementing proposals that both allow migrant workers to remain in the United States and increase the workers ability to participate freely in the US labor force as legal residents.US Undocumented Workers, Applied General Equilibrium, Political Economy,

    The regulation of the cAMP signalling pathway in the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

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    Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) is the causative agent of the disease Paracoccioidomycosis (PCM), which is one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses in Latin Amercia (Borges-Walmsley et al., 2002). P. brasiliensis is a thermally dimorphic fungus which undergoes morphological changes from a mycelial form at 26 C (environment) to a pathogenic yeast form at 37 C (human body) after inhalation of spores/conidia into the lungs of a human host (Nemecek et al., 2006). The cAMP pathway controls this morphological transformation in several fungi (Borges-Walmsley and Walmsley, 2000; Kronstad et al., 1998). G proteins are guanine-nucleotide (GDP or GTP) binding proteins that are generally associated with the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. They receive signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Adenylyl cyclase acts downstream of these G proteins. Ga subunits are required to regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC), which controls the level of cellular cAMP (Ivey and Hoffman, 2005). Protein Kinase A (PKA), which is activated by cAMP, is required for morphogenesis and virulence (Durrenberger et al., 1998; Sonnebom et al., 2000). The cAMP pathway in P. brasiliensis is poorly understood. However, recently the genes encoding a number of the components of the cAMP pathway have been cloned in our lab: these include the genes encoding three Ga proteins, Gpal-3, a Go protein, Gpb1; a Gy protein, Gpg1; Ras; adenylyl cyclase, Cyr1; and the catalytic subunit of PKA, Tpk2. Two-hybrid analyses confirmed that Gpa1 and Gpg1 interact with Gpb1. These data indicate the formation of a Gaβy trimer complex. A GST pull-down assay confirmed that Gpa1 and Gpb1 interacted with the N-teminus of adenylyl cyclase. Our hypothesis is that Gpa1 and Gpb1 modulate the activity of the AC/Tpk2 signalling pathway. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found changes in intracellular cAMP levels during the mycelium to yeast transformation that correlated with changing transcript levels of the signalling genes (Chen et al., 2007). We have established that Tpk2 interacts with the N-terminus of adenylyl cyclase, the G protein β subunit Gpb1 and with the co-repressor Tup1 by both two-hybrid and GST pull down analyses. This suggests that Tpk2 activity is required for feedback regulation of adenylyl cyclase to reduce cAMP levels. P. brasiliensis Tpk2-C-terminal 226-583-GFP and Tpk2 full length (FL) complemented the growth defect of a S. cerevisiae tpk2 temperature sensitive mutant strain SGY446 and induced the formation of pseudohyphue in the S. cerevisiae tpk2 mutant diploid strain XPY5a/a. Tpk2 C-tenninus has been over expressed in E. coli and in vitro PKA activity was measured. On the other hand we have also analysed the second catalytic subunit Tpk1, which failed to induce pseudohyphae in S. cerevisiae tpk1 inutant strain and is localised to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the Pb Gβ subunit Gpb1 inhibited the development of pseudohyphae in TPK2 FL transformed yeast cells. Tpk2 C-terminus and Tpk2 FL co-transformed with Gpb-GFP were localized in the nucleus. Our hypothesis is that Gpb1 down regulates the activity of Tpk2, because Gpb1 binds to the catalytic C-terminal domain of Tpk2
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