164,530 research outputs found
The special status of actions in causal reasoning in rats
No full textA. P. Blaisdell, K. Sawa, K. J. Leising, and M. R. Waldmann (2006) reported evidence for causal reasoning in rats. After learning through Pavlovian observation that Event A (a light) was a common cause of Events X (an auditory stimulus) and F (food), rats predicted F in the test phase when they observed Event X as a cue but not when they generated X by a lever press. Whereas associative accounts predict associations between X and F regardless of whether X is observed or generated by an action, causal-model theory predicts that the intervention at test should lead to discounting of A, the regular cause of X. The authors report further tests of causal-model theory. One key prediction is that full discounting should be observed only when the alternative cause is viewed as deterministic and independent of other events, 2 hallmark features of actions but not necessarily of arbitrary events. Consequently, the authors observed discounting with only interventions but not other observable events (Experiments 1 and 2). Moreover, rats were capable of flexibly switching between observational and interventional predictions (Experiment 3). Finally, discounting occurred on the very first test trial (Meta-Analysis). These results confirm causal-model theory but refute associative accounts.NIMH NIH HHS [MH12531
[Report to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author #1]
No full textReport to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author. The report contains a list of officers who gave depositions to the United States Attorney
[Report to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author #2]
No full textReport to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author. The report contains a list of officers who gave depositions to the United States Attorney
[Bürgermeister Waldmann wird gefangen genommen]
No full textDer Bürgermeister Zürichs, Hans Waldmann (um 1435-1489) wurde im sogenannten "Waldmannschen Auflauf" verhaftet und wird zum Wellenbergturm in der Limmat gebrachtSchellenberg. inv. &. fec. [in Spiegelschrift]Blatt im Umschlag mit der Bezeichnung "Keine Brun Nr. Schweizerische Erzählungen. St. Gallen. (30 von 32 Kupfern)" und handschriftlicher Notiz "vollst. Exemplar ZB 36 513 / 6 Radierungen von David Ehrenzeller 1826"Handschriftliche Notiz auf dem Blatt "21"Gemäss Thanner handelt es sich bei den Radierungen Schellenbergs für die "Schweizerischen Erzählungen" um Wiederholungen der Illustrationen in: Leonhard Meisters Helvetische Galerie, Zürich 1786Erschienen in: Schweizerische Erzählungen, St. Gallen [1826?], vor S. 11
Reply to the Comment by O. Waldmann on "Bounding and approximating parabolas for the spectrum of Heisenberg spin systems"
No full textSchmidt H-J, Schnack J, Luban M. Reply to the Comment by O. Waldmann on "Bounding and approximating parabolas for the spectrum of Heisenberg spin systems". Europhys. Lett. 2002;57:620
Nils Fiebig und Friederike Waldmann (Hg.): Richard M. Meyer - Germanist zwischen Goethe, Nietzsche und George. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2009
No full textAndres J. Nils Fiebig und Friederike Waldmann (Hg.): Richard M. Meyer - Germanist zwischen Goethe, Nietzsche und George. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2009. George-Jahrbuch . 01.12.2012;9 (2012/13)(1):311-313
Induced defence reaction in the phloem of spruce (Picea abies ) and Larch (Larix decidua ) after attack by Ips typographus and Ips cembrae
No full textInduced defence reaction in the phloem of spruce (Picea abies ) and Larch (Larix decidua ) after attack by Ips typographus and Ips cembrae
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