208,973 research outputs found
Sae Wai, J. & Hu, J.-M. (2023) Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand. Phytotaxa 620 (2): 107-142.
No full textSae Wai, J., Hu, J.-M. (2023): Sae Wai, J. & Hu, J.-M. (2023) Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand. Phytotaxa 620 (2): 107-142. Phytotaxa 622 (2): 172-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.2.7, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.622.2.7/5125
Produção, modo de vida e singularidades: o caso das comunidades indígenas da etnia Wai Wai em Roraima.
No full textO presente artigo procura abordar as características de produção e as contribuições das comunidades indígenas da etnia Wai Wai no estado de Roraima. Primeiramente, traz um recorte do processo histórico da região e procura focar no modo de vida, de produção, saber local e conhecimento tradicional associado desse povo indígena, o qual compõe a agricultura familiar brasileira. Especificamente, no caso do estado de Roraima, o qual em termos relativos é o que apresenta o maior número de indígenas, bem como, de terras indígenas, essa abordagem é de extrema relevância para dar visibilidade a tão importante categoria social que contribui, fortemente, com a produção de farinha de mandioca e de castanha do Brasil. Para tanto, se fará uma descrição da realidade desses indígenas, suas potencialidades e gargalos para um processo de desenvolvimento rural mais homogêneo com vistas à sustentabilidade dos povos indígenas da Amazônia
Sonerila phuhinrongklaensis J. Wai
No full text<i>7.</i> <i>Sonerila phuhinrongklaensis</i> J. Wai & J.-M. Hu, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figures 14, 15) <p> TYPE:— THAILAND. NORTHERN: Phitsanulok Province, Nakhon Thai District, Phu Hin Rong Kla, <i>P. Kamol 2020–1</i> (holotype PSU!, isotype BKF!).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Sonerila phuhinrongklaensis</i> is morphologically most similar to <i>S. secunda</i> Brown (in Bennett 1844: 216) in having a tuberous rhizome, often variegated leaves and funnel-shaped capsules, but differs by its subglabrous petioles (vs. long woolly, trichomes 2–3 mm long), spreading calyx lobes in immature fruits (vs. erect) and long stipitate glandular trichomes on peduncles and pedicels (trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long vs. absent).</p> <p> Perennial herbs with subterranean rhizhome, 5–30 cm high; rhizome globose or irregularly shaped, 5–20 mm in diam.; stems erect or ascending, usually unbranched, quadrangular, 2–5 mm thick, fleshy, almost all parts covered with minute brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification); internodes up to 4 cm long. <i>Leaves</i> opposite decussate, isomorphic, light to dark green, brownish or reddish purple, often with scattered numerous white spots, membranaceous when dry; petioles 0.5–5 cm long, subglabrous; blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 3–13 × 1.5–7.5 cm, 1.44–3 times as long as wide, adaxial surface minutely strigose, abaxial surface sparsely strigose, trichomes usually present on the secondary veins, apex acute, obtuse or acuminate, base rounded, cordate or broadly cuneate, margin shallowly serrulate; venation pinnate; primary vein shallowly grooved above, prominent beneath, sparsely strigose; secondary veins arising from both sides of primary vein in an alternate or occasionally sub-opposite manner, 3–5 pairs. <i>Inflorescences</i> terminal or axillary, scorpioid cymes, 1–20-flowered, with scattered minute transparent brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification) mixed with scattered long stipitate glandular trichomes on peduncles (trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long), pedicels and hypanthia; peduncles 2–7 cm long, erect or slightly curved, greenish or purplish; bracts minute, narrowly triangular or subulate, ca. 0.5 mm long. <i>Flowers</i> 3-merous; pedicels 3.5–6 mm long, purplish. <i>Hypanthium</i> cylindrical or obconical, 7–7.5 × 2–2.5 mm, purplish or greenish, sparsely glandular pilose; part of hypanthium free from ovary 2–3 mm long. <i>Calyx lobes</i> 3, triangular-ovate, 1–1.5 × ca. 2 mm, obviously spreading in immature fruits. <i>Petals</i> short-clawed, elliptic or obovate, 8–13.5 × 4–6 mm, apex acuminate, pinkish, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface with glandular trichomes along the midvein (trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long). <i>Stamens</i> 3, equal, glabrous; filaments 6–8 mm long, pinkish white; anthers slightly incurved, cordate at base, narrowing towards apex, 6.5–8 mm long, yellow, apex opening with two pores. <i>Ovary</i> 4–4.5 mm long, 3-locular; ovary crown ca. 1 mm high; ovules numerous; style 11–15 mm long, pinkish; stigma capitate, papillate. <i>Capsule</i> obconical or funnel-shaped, 5–7.5 × 3–4 mm, subglabrous. <i>Seeds</i> numerous, triangular ovoid, 0.3–0.35 mm long, 0.2–0.25 mm wide, ca. 0.2 mm thick (measured through SEM), dark brown to nearly black; testa cells densely verrucose-papillose, with minutely verrucose-papillose tubercles on antiraphal side.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:—</b> THAILAND. <i>NORTHERN</i>: Phitsanulok Province, Nakhon Thai District, Phu Hin Rong Kla, 1300 m, 14 October 1998, <i>P. Suksathan 1288</i> (QBG); ibid., 29 October 2001, <i>S. Watthana & P. Suksathan 1563</i> (QBG); ibid., 1200 m, 17 October 2015, <i>M. Poopath et al. 1325</i> (BKF!); ibid., Sapan Morana, 20 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2556</i> (PSU!); ibid., Saifon Waterfall, 20 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2557</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); ibid., Lan Hin Pum, 20 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2558</i> (PSU!, TAI!); ibid., Air-raid shelter, 20 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2560</i> (PSU!); ibid., 25 December 2016, <i>J. Wai 2609</i> (PSU!). NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun Province, Khao Kho, Sridith Waterfall, 16°37’46.89” N, 100°56’23.05” E, 700 m, 15 December 2021, <i>J. Wai 2769</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!). Loei Province, Phu Ruea District, Phu Ruea, 1150–1530 m, 24 December 1982, <i>H. Koyama et al. T31607</i> (KYO!); ibid., Hin Sam Chan Waterfall, 17°30’00” N, 101°20’09” E, 1141 m, 4 November 2014, <i>M. Poopath et al. 855</i> (BKF!); ibid., 18 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2554</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); ibid., 9 October 2017, <i>J. Wai 2643</i> (PSU!, TAI!).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:—</b> Thailand (Phitsanulok, Phetchabun and Loei Provinces).</p> <p> <b>Habitat:—</b> Terrestrial plant.This species was often found growing in shaded areas, along the stream in submontane to montane forests, at elevations of 700–1550 m.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> Flowering and fruiting were observed from October to December.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcodes:—</b> OP431251 (ITS), OP453054 (ETS), OP480538 (<i>accD-psal</i>), OP452976 (<i>ndhF</i>), OP480664 (<i>rpl16</i>), OP503771 (<i>trnS-trnG</i>), OP558261 (<i>ndhC-trnV</i>), OP495573 (<i>ndhF-rpl32</i>). All sequenced from <i>J. Wai 2609</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The specific epithet “phuhinrongklaensis” refers to the type locality, Phu Hin Rong Kla.</p> <p> <b>Vernacular name:—สาวน้ำตกภูหิน</b> (Sao Namtok Phu Hin) (Thailand).</p> <p> <b>Proposed IUCN conservation status:—</b> Endangered (EN) under criteria B1ab (iii)+B2ab (iii). This species is known only from <i>three locations</i> in <i>Northern and Northeastern Thailand</i>. The known extent of occurrence (EOO)</p> <p> is less than 5,000 km 2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km 2. Since they are particularly attractive to tourists and some populations are very close to roads and nature trails, they have been partially destroyed by tourism activities. Therefore, we qualify this species as EN according to IUCN Red List guidelines Version 15.1 (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p>Published as part of <i>Wai, Jarearnsak Sae & Hu, Jer-Ming, 2023, Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand, pp. 107-142 in Phytotaxa 620 (2)</i> on pages 125-127, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10011117">http://zenodo.org/record/10011117</a>
Organizational Learning and Marketing Capability Development: A Study of Charity Retailing Operation of British Social Enterprises
No full textSocial enterprise is a hybrid form of profit- and social benefit-seeking organization whereby traditional nonprofit organizations pursue both their social mission and business opportunities. To embrace this new strategic direction shift, the nonprofit organizations need to develop new competences that will enable them to respond to the changes in the business model. The article investigates the learning mechanisms through which social enterprises develop a marketing capability to deploy their resources in the marketplace as the drivers of competitive advantage in their commercial practice. We study eight cases of UK-based charity retailers, in order to address the role of knowledge accumulation, articulation and codification process in the evolution of marketing capability development. We identify, amongst other things that the critical process of organizational learning for social enterprise is to transfer the experience into organization specific knowledge under the social aspects of constraints
Sonerila subumbellata J. Wai
No full text10. <i>Sonerila subumbellata</i> J. Wai & J.-M. Hu, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figures 20, 21). <p> TYPE:— THAILAND. Yala Province, Betong District, Ban Piyamit 2, 5°52’36.15” N, 101° 1’10.35” E, 800–850 m, 28 April 2019, <i>J. Wai 2713</i> (holotype PSU!; isotypes BKF!, TAI!).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Sonerila subumbellata</i> is morphologically most similar to <i>S. capitata</i> Stapf & King (in King 1900: 35) by the anisophyllous leaves and subumbellate inflorescences, but differs in the shape of leaves (obliquely ovate or elliptic vs. obovate), broad leaf bases (vs. narrow), larger petals (6.5–13 × 3.5–6 mm vs. ca. 3 × 1.5 mm), larger hypanthia (3.5–5 mm long vs. 2–2.5 mm) and short-muricate capsules (vs. bristly muricate).</p> <p> Perennial herbs; stems creeping to ascending, stout, terete, simple or branched, 4–10 mm thick, appressed-sericeous; main erect stems 10–30 cm high; internodes 2.5–8 cm long. <i>Leaves</i> opposite, anisomorphic, adaxially light to dark green or occasionally purplish, glossy, abaxially pale green or occasionally reddish purple, chartaceous when dry. Larger leaves obliquely ovate or elliptic, 7.5–17.5 × 4.5–10 cm, 1.5–2.2 times as long as wide, adaxially sparsely appressed-sericeous, abaxially densely appressed-sericeous along veins, apex acute to acuminate, base broad, obliquely cordate, margin ciliate; venation pinnate; primary vein shallowly grooved above, prominent beneath; secondary veins arising from both sides of primary vein in an alternate or sub-opposite manner, 2–3 pairs; petioles 1–4 cm long, densely appressed-sericeous. Smaller leaves ovate, 0.5–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed-sericeous along veins, apex acute or obtuse, base cordate, margin ciliate; venation basal acrodromous, usually with 3–5 main veins arising from the base; petioles sessile to subsessile, up to 2 mm long, appressed-sericeous. <i>Inflorescences</i> terminal or axillary, arranged in scorpioid cymes or subumbellate (derived from short-branched scorpioid cymes), 3–25- flowered, with scattered minute transparent glandular trichomes (seen under magnification) on peduncles, pedicels and hypanthia; peduncles erect or slightly curved, 1.5–6.5 cm long, green or reddish purple, sparsely appressed-sericeous; outer bracts sterile, leaf-like, persistent, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6–8 × 2–2.5 mm long, margin ciliate, abaxially appressed-sericeous; inner (floral) bracts leaf-like, persistent, linear-oblong, narrowly lanceolate or subulate, 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm long, margin ciliate, abaxially sparsely appressed-sericeous or subglabrous. <i>Flowers</i> 3- merous; pedicels 2–4 mm long, greenish or reddish purple, glabrous. <i>Hypanthium</i> cup-shaped to campanulate, 3.5–5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, greenish or reddish, muricate; part of hypanthium free from ovary ca. 2 mm long. <i>Calyx lobes</i> 3, triangular, 2–2.5 × 2–3 mm, muricate. <i>Petals</i> short-clawed, elliptic or elliptic-rhomboid, 6.5–13 × 3.5–6 mm, apex acuminate, white or pinkish, glabrous on both surfaces. <i>Stamens</i> 3, equal, glabrous; filaments 2.5–5 mm long, white; anthers straight, oblong, deeply cordate at base, 2.5–4.5 mm long, yellow, apex opening with two pores. <i>Ovary</i> 1.5–2 mm long, 3-locular; ovary crown 0.7–1 mm high; ovules numerous; style 10–15 mm long, white or pinkish; stigma truncate, papillate. <i>Capsule</i> cup-shaped or turbinate, 4–5 × 4–5 mm, short-muricate. <i>Seeds</i> numerous, triangular ovoid, with an enlarged lateral raphe, 0.45–0.6 mm long, ca. 0.3 mm wide, 0.2–0.25 mm thick (measured through SEM), dark brown; testa cells with prominent tubercles on antiraphal side; tubercles cone-shaped or dome-shaped, usually with few minute verrucose papillae on the top.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:—</b> THAILAND. PENINSULAR: Songkhla Province, Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, 6°56’ N, 100°13’ E, 250 m, 17 August 1995, <i>K. Karsen et al. 45731</i> (AAU!, BKF!). Yala, Province, Bannang Sata District, Khao Pok Yo, 6°20’ N, 101°17’ E, 1000 m, 10 October 1991, <i>K. Karsen et al. 42282</i> (AAU!, BKF!, P!, PSU!); ibid., 950–1050, 16 June 1992, <i>K. Karsen et al. 42918</i> (AAU!, P!); ibid., 6 April 1995, <i>Herb Trip 1059</i> (BCU!); Betong District, Ban Piyamit, 24 May 1993, <i>Herb Trip 422</i> (BCU!); Ban Piyamit 2, 5°52’43.14” N, 101°1’18.92” E, 800–850 m, 3 June 2005, <i>J. Wai 235</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); ibid., 850 m, 11 April 2010, <i>J. Wai 1869</i> (PSU!); ibid., 5°52’41.4” N, 101° 1’18.3” E, 800–1000 m, 20 August 2014, <i>J. Wai 2375</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); ibid., 5°54’26.04” N, 101° 2’8.77” E, 850–1000 m, 23 July 2015, <i>J. Wai 2453</i> (PSU!); ibid., 5°54’23” N, 101° 2’11.3” E, 900 m, 19 August 2015, <i>J. Wai 2468</i> (PSU!, TAI!). Narathiwat Province, Sukhirin District, 5°46’36.08” N, 101°42’53.18” E, 163 m, 2 January 2016, <i>J. Wai 2506</i> (PSU!); Toh Moh, Khao Re Chaw, 550 m (1800 feet), 24 April 1931, <i>M. C. Lakshnakara 727</i> (BM!, BK!); Waeng District, Bala forest, 18 February 1999, <i>P. Puudjaa & S. Cholkulchana 541</i> (BKF!); ibid., 5°48’30” N, 101°48’36” E, 380 m, 9 March 2004, <i>S. Chongko 256</i> (CMUB!); ibid., 50–100 m, 1 January 2016, <i>J. Wai 2503</i> (PSU!); ibid., 350 m, 26 August 2017, <i>J. Wai 2624</i> (BK!, BKF!, PSU!, TAI!). MALAYSIA. <i>PENINSULAR MALAYSIA</i>: Kedah, Gunung Lang, near Baling, 25 March 1938, <i>Kiah SFN 35052</i> (K, L, SING). Perlis, Mata Ayer Forest Reserve, 30–31 August 1992, <i>G. W. H. Davison s.n.</i> (KEP).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:—</b> Peninsular Thailand (Songkhla, Yala and Narathiwat Provinces), Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah and Perlis).</p> <p> <b>Habitat:—</b> Terrestrial plant. This species was found growing in deep shade, often found along the streams in lowland humid and submontane evergreen forests, at elevations of 50–1050 m.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> Flowering and fruiting were observed from January to October.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcodes:—</b> OP431260 (ITS), OP480544 (<i>accD-psal</i>), OP452981 (<i>ndhF</i>), OP480669 (<i>rpl16</i>), OP503776 (<i>trnS-trnG</i>), OP558266 (<i>ndhC-trnV</i>), OP495580 (<i>ndhF-rpl32</i>). All sequenced from <i>J. Wai 2375</i></p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The specific epithet “subumbellata” refers to the almost umbrella-like appearance of the inflorescences.</p> <p> <b>Vernacular name:—สาวสนมดง</b> (Sao Sanom Dong) (Thailand).</p> <p> <b>Proposed IUCN conservation status:—</b> Vulnerable (VU) under criteria B1ab (iii)+B2ab (iii). This species is narrowly distributed in <i>Southern Thailand and Northern Peninsular Malaysia</i>. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km 2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km 2. Some populations are very close to the road, and they are threatened by agricultural expansion. It has been noticed that the populations have declined over time. Therefore, we qualify this species as VU according to IUCN Red List guidelines Version 15.1 (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p>Published as part of <i>Wai, Jarearnsak Sae & Hu, Jer-Ming, 2023, Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand, pp. 107-142 in Phytotaxa 620 (2)</i> on pages 132-134, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10011117">http://zenodo.org/record/10011117</a>
Ko Wai Au – Ko Wai Au: Expressions of Wai
No full textVideo 1 - Ko Wai Au – Ko Wai Au: Expressions of Wai (photo essay).SOURCE - A. DENTON, 2023</p
Sonerila tenue J. Wai
No full text12. <i>Sonerila tenue</i> J. Wai & J.-M. Hu, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figures 24, 25). <p> TYPE:— THAILAND. <i>NORTHERN</i>: Uttaradit Province, Nam Pat District, Phu Soi Dao, 17°44’12.80” N, 100°59’21.23” E, 1600 m, 22 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2561</i> (holotype PSU!, isotypes BKF!, TAI!)</p> <p> Diagnosis: <i>Sonerila tenue</i> is similar to <i>S. collina</i> Parker (1931: 42) in having isophyllous leaves with basal acrodromous venation, but differs by the slender stems (vs. stout woody stems), minute reddish brown glandular trichomes (vs. almost glabrous), shorter anthers (7–8.5 mm long vs. ca. 10 mm long).</p> <p> Perennial herbs or subshrubs, 10–45 cm high; stems erect or ascending, slender, terete, simple or branched, semi-woody in older parts, 1–3 mm thick, almost all parts covered with minute reddish brown glandular trichomes, young parts usually reddish, old parts turn to grayish brown; internodes up to 3.5 cm long. <i>Leaves</i> opposite decussate, isomorphic, dark green or reddish purple, sometimes with a whitish stripe along the midvein, membranaceous when dry; petioles 0.5–3 cm long; blades elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 1–3 cm, 1.5–4.3 times as long as wide, adaxially sparsely minutely strigose, abaxially sparsely minutely strigose along veins, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, margin shallowly serrulate; venation basal to subbasal acrodromous, usually with 3–5 main veins arising from the base. <i>Inflorescences</i> terminal or axillary, scorpioid cymes, 1–12-flowered, with scattered minute transparent brown glandular trichomes on peduncles, pedicels and hypanthia; peduncles erect or slightly curved, 1–2 cm long, reddish purple; bracts minute, triangular-oblong, 0.25–0.35 mm long. <i>Flowers</i> 3-merous; pedicels 3–5 mm long, purplish. <i>Hypanthium</i> cylindrical to obconical, 7–8.5 × 2.5–3 mm, purplish or greenish; part of hypanthium free from ovary 2.5–3 mm long. <i>Calyx lobes</i> 3, triangular-ovate, ca. 1.5 × 2.5–3 mm. <i>Petals</i> short-clawed, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 11–13 × 6–7 mm, apex acuminate, pinkish, glabrous on both surfaces. <i>Stamens</i> 3, equal, glabrous; filaments 7–8.5 mm long, pinkish or white; anthers slightly incurved, deeply cordate at base, narrowing towards apex, 7–8.5 mm long, yellow, apex opening with two pores. <i>Ovary</i> 4–5 mm long, 3-locular; ovary crown ca. 1 mm high; ovules numerous; style 15–18 mm long, pinkish; stigma capitate, papillate. <i>Capsule</i> obpyramidal, trigonous, 7–8.5 × 4–5 mm. <i>Seeds</i> numerous, triangular ovoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long, ca. 0.3 mm wide, 0.2–0.25 mm thick (measured through SEM), dark brown; testa cells densely verrucose-papillose, with minute tubercles on antiraphal side; tubercles dome-shaped, with minute verrucose papillae on the top.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:—</b> THAILAND. NORTHERN: Uttaradit Province, Nam Pat District, Phu Soi Dao, 1566 m, 17 November 2009, <i>M. Norsaengsri & S. Intamusik 6119</i> (QBG!); ibid., 1570 m, 18 November 2009, <i>M. Norsaengsri & S. Intamusik 6168</i> (QBG!); ibid., 17°44’2.36” N, 100°59’56.80” E, 1613 m, 23 October 2016, <i>J. Wai 2562</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); Phu Miang, 1500 m, 16 February 1964, <i>B. Hansen et al. 11173</i> (SING!); North Side of Phu Miang, 1175–1550 m, 15 October 2005, <i>J. F. Maxwell 05–572</i> (BKF!, CMUB!). Phitsanulok Province, Chat Trakan District, Ban Romklao, 20 January 2009, <i>C. Maknoi 2852</i> (QBG!); Phu Soi Dao, 1800 m, 8 October 2008, <i>W. Pongamornkul 3246</i> (QBG!). NORTH-EASTERN: Loei Province, Na Haew District, Huai Nam Phak, 900 m, 9 December 1996, <i>W. Nanakorn et al. 8004</i> (QBG!); Phu Suan Sai, 1000 m, 25 April 1994, <i>W. Nanakorn et al. 3068</i> (QBG!); ibid., 5 November 1995, <i>W. Nanakorn et al. 5140</i> (QBG!); ibid., 1200 m, 10 December 1996, <i>W. Nanakorn et al. 8069</i> (QBG!); ibid., 17°30’ N, 100°56’ E, 950 m, 11 January 1998, <i>P. Srisanga et al. 161</i> (QBG!); ibid., 14 May 2008, <i>C. Maknoi & P. Srisanga 2216</i> (QBG!); ibid., 17°29’45.30” N, 100°56’56.70” E, 1225 m, 24 December 2015, <i>J. Wai 2493</i> (PSU!, TAI!); Phu Luang District, Phu Luang, 1100–1500 m, 4 December 1965, <i>M. Tagawa et al. T1180</i> (BKF!, KYO!); ibid., 900–1400 m, 6 December 1965, <i>M. Tagawa et al. T1807</i> (BKF!, KYO!, L!); ibid., 1250–1500 m, 17 November 1968, <i>C. Chermsirivattana 1142</i> (BK!); ibid., 23 November 2006, <i>S. Watthana & H. Kurzweil 2170</i> (BKF!, CMUB!, QBG!); ibid., 17°17’54.80”N, 101°31’24.90”E, 1383 m, 25 December 2015, <i>J. Wai 2495</i> (PSU!).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:—</b> Thailand (Uttaradit, Phitsanulok and Loei Provinces). It might be also found across the border in Laos.</p> <p> <b>Habitat:—</b> Terrestrial plant. This species was found growing in shaded areas of submontane to montane forests, at elevations of 900–1800 m.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> Flowering and fruiting were observed from October to February.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcodes:—</b> OP431284 (ITS), OP453067 (ETS), OP480565 (<i>accD-psal</i>), OP452991 (<i>ndhF</i>), OP480675 (<i>rpl16</i>), OP503782 (<i>trnS-trnG</i>), OP558271 (<i>ndhC-trnV</i>), OP495583 (<i>ndhF-rpl32</i>). All sequenced from <i>J. Wai 2561</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The specific epithet “tenue” refers to the thin and slender habit of this species.</p> <p> <b>Vernacular name:—สาวสนมภู</b> (Sao Sanom Phu) (Thailand).</p> <p> <b>Proposed IUCN conservation status:—</b> Endangered (EN) under criteria B1ab (iii)+B2ab (iii). This species is known only from <i>four locations</i> near Thai-Laos Border. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km 2</p> <p> and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km 2. Since they are particularly attractive to tourists and some populations are very close to nature trails, they have been partially disturbed by tourism activities. Therefore, we qualify this species as EN according to IUCN Red List guidelines Version 15.1 (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p>Published as part of <i>Wai, Jarearnsak Sae & Hu, Jer-Ming, 2023, Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand, pp. 107-142 in Phytotaxa 620 (2)</i> on pages 138-141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10011117">http://zenodo.org/record/10011117</a>
Sonerila peninsularis J. Wai
No full text6. <i>Sonerila peninsularis</i> J. Wai & J.-M. Hu, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figures 12, 13) <p> TYPE:— THAILAND. PENINSULAR: Songkhla Province, Hat Yai District, Kho Hong Hill, 7° 0’55.17” N, 100°31’12.80” E, 360 m, 24 October 2020, <i>J. Wai 2758</i> (holotype PSU!, isotypes BKF!, TAI!).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Sonerila peninsularis</i> is morphologically most similar to <i>S. calophylla</i> Ridley (1912: 5) in having quadrangular stems and isophyllous leaves, but differs by its subterranean globose tuber (vs. irregularly shaped rhizome), long stipitate glandular trichomes on abaxial midvein of the petals (vs. absent), shorter filaments (2–4 mm long vs. 4.5–5.5 mm), smaller anthers (1.5–2.5 mm long vs. 4.5–6 mm) and shorter style (6–9 mm long vs. 10–14 mm).</p> <p> Perennial herbs with subterranean tuber, 5–25 cm high; tuber more or less globose, 3–10 mm in diam.; stems erect or decumbent to ascending, usually unbranched, quadrangular, 2–5 mm thick, fleshy, almost all parts covered with minute brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification); internodes up to 2 cm long. <i>Leaves</i> opposite decussate, isomorphic, light to dark green, brownish or reddish purple, often with scattered numerous white spots, membranaceous when dry; petioles 0.5–2 cm long; blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 2.5–10 × 1–4.5 cm, 1.5–2.6 times as long as wide, adaxial surface minutely strigose, abaxial surface subglabrous, few strigose trichomes only present on the secondary veins, apex acute or obtuse, base cordate, rounded or broadly cuneate, margin shallowly serrulate; venation pinnate; primary vein shallowly grooved above, prominent beneath; secondary veins arising from both sides of primary vein in an alternate or occasionally sub-opposite manner, 2–5 pairs. <i>Inflorescences</i> terminal or axillary, scorpioid cymes, 5–20-flowered, with scattered minute transparent brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification) on peduncles, pedicels and hypanthia; peduncles 3–8 cm long, erect or slightly curved, greenish or purplish; bracts minute, narrowly triangular, 0.25–0.5 mm long. <i>Flowers</i> 3-merous; pedicels 1.5–4 mm long, purplish. <i>Hypanthium</i> cylindrical, narrowly campanulate or obconical, 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, purplish or greenish, occasionally with few long stipitate glandular trichomes (trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long); part of hypanthium free from ovary 1.5–2.5 mm long. <i>Calyx lobes</i> 3, triangular-ovate, 0.5–1 × 1.5–2 mm. <i>Petals</i> short-clawed, elliptic or obovate, 6.5–11 × 3–4.5 mm, apex acuminate, pinkish, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface with few long stipitate glandular trichomes along the midvein (trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long). <i>Stamens</i> 3, equal, glabrous; filaments 2–4 mm long, white; anthers slightly incurved, cordate at base, narrowing towards apex, 1.5–2.5 mm long, yellow, apex opening with two pores. <i>Ovary</i> 3–4 mm long, 3-locular; ovary crown ca. 1 mm high; ovules numerous; style 6–9 mm long, white; stigma capitate, papillate. <i>Capsule</i> obpyramidal, trigonous, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, glabrous. <i>Seeds</i> numerous, triangular ovoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long, ca. 0.3 mm wide, 0.2–0.25 mm thick (measured through SEM), dark brown; testa cells densely verrucose-papillose, with minutely verrucose-papillose tubercles on antiraphal side.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:—</b> THAILAND. PENINSULAR: Songkhla Province, Hat Yai District, Kho Hong Hill, 400 m, 23 September 1984, <i>J. F. Maxwell 84–248</i> (BKF!, PSU!); ibid., 15 December 1984, <i>J. F. Maxwell 84–513</i> (BKF!, PSU!); ibid., 15 December 1984, <i>J. F. Maxwell 84–514</i> (BKF!, PSU!); ibid., 7° 0’55.17” N, 100°31’12.80” E, 360 m, 19August 2016, <i>J. Wai 2527</i> (PSU!); ibid., 7° 0’54.03”N, 100°31’12.25”E, 350 m, 10 December 2016, <i>J. Wai 2603</i> (BKF!, PSU!, TAI!); Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, 80–350 m, 19 December 1979, <i>T. Shimizu et al. T27713</i> (BKF!, KYO!); ibid., 100 m, 10 January1984, <i>P. Sirirugsa 736</i> (PSU!); ibid., 250 m, 27 December 1984, <i>J. F. Maxwell 84–571</i> (PSU!); ibid., 6°56’ N, 100°13’ E, January 1992, <i>P. Puudjaa 52</i> (BKF!); ibid., 2 February 2022, <i>J. Wai 2740</i> (PSU!); Na Thawi District, Khao Nam Kang, 6°45’ N, 100°43’ E, 100–150 m, 20 October 1991, <i>K. Larsen et al. 42421</i> (AAU!, P!); ibid., 13 June 1992, <i>K. Larsen et al. 42849</i> (AAU!); ibid., 13 March 1998, <i>Puangpen et al. N321</i> (QBG!); ibid., 6°35’37.06” N, 100°35’22.27” E, 150 m, 21 August 2015, <i>J. Wai 2475</i> (PSU!, TAI!); ibid., 14 December 2015, <i>J. Satthaphorn s.n.</i> (PSU!). Narathiwat Province, Bacho District, 9 June 1961, <i>K. Bunchuai 200</i> (BKF!); ibid., 10 December 1968, <i>P. Sangkhachand 1550</i> (BK!, KYO!); ibid., 13 December 1968, <i>S. Phusomsaeng 4</i> (BKF!, C!); ibid., 6°31’ N, 101°39’ E, 17 October 1970, <i>Ch. Charoenphol et al. 3939</i> (AAU!, L!).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:—</b> Thailand (Songkhla and Narathiwat Provinces).</p> <p> <b>Habitat:—</b> Terrestrial plant. This species was often found growing in shaded areas of hill slopes and rocky habitats in lowland forests, at elevations of 50– 400 m.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> Flowering and fruiting were observed from September to March.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcodes:—</b> OP431230 (ITS), OP453046 (ETS), OP480523 (<i>accD-psal</i>), OP452970 (<i>ndhF</i>), OP480656 (<i>rpl16</i>), OP503765 (<i>trnS-trnG</i>), OP558254 (<i>ndhC-trnV</i>), OP495565 (<i>ndhF-rpl32</i>). All sequenced from <i>J. Wai 2758</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The specific epithet “ <i>peninsularis</i> ” refers to the distribution of this species being restricted to Peninsular Thailand.</p> <p> <b>Vernacular name:—สาวสนมใต้</b> (Sao Sanom Dai) (Thailand).</p> <p> <b>Proposed IUCN conservation status:—</b> Endangered (EN) under criteria B1ab (iii)+B2ab (iii). This species is known only from <i>four locations</i> in <i>Southern Thailand</i>. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km 2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km 2. Since this species is found in lowlands and some populations are very close to agricultural areas and can be affected by human disturbance. Therefore, we qualify this species as EN according to IUCN Red List guidelines Version 15.1 (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p>Published as part of <i>Wai, Jarearnsak Sae & Hu, Jer-Ming, 2023, Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand, pp. 107-142 in Phytotaxa 620 (2)</i> on pages 122-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10011117">http://zenodo.org/record/10011117</a>
Sonerila reptans J. Wai
No full text9. <i>Sonerila reptans</i> J. Wai & J.-M. Hu, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figures 18, 19). <p> TYPE:— THAILAND. NORTHERN: Nan Province, Bo Kluea District, Ban Sapan, Sapan Waterfall, 19°11’17.80” N, 101°11’41.30” E, 750–900 m, 8 October 2017, <i>J. Wai 2641</i> (holotype PSU!, isotype TAI!).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Sonerila reptans</i> is morphologically most similar to <i>S. cantonensis</i> Stapf (1892: 302) in having woolly young stems, isophyllous leaves, and long woolly petioles, but differs by its creeping then ascending habit (vs. usually erect), pubescent leaves (vs. sparsely strigose) and usually suprabasal acrodromous venation (vs. pinnate), shorter anthers (6–7 mm long vs. ca. 8 mm), woolly capsules (vs. glabrous).</p> <p> Perennial herbs; stems creeping then ascending, branched, slender, terete or subterete, 2–3 mm thick, almost all parts covered with minute brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification), young parts densely white woolly, trichomes turn to rusty brown in old parts; erect parts from ground 5–10 cm high; internodes 0.5–5 cm long. <i>Leaves</i> opposite decussate, isomorphic, light to dark green or sometimes reddish purple, chartaceous or submembranaceous when dry; petioles 0.5–1.7 cm long, long white woolly; blades elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 1–5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, 1.1–2 times as long as wide, pubescent on both surfaces, apex acute or obtuse, base rounded, obtuse or cordate, margin shallowly serrulate; venation usually suprabasal acrodromous or occasionally subpinnate, with 2–3 pairs of secondary veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> usually terminal, scorpioid cymes, 3–5-flowered, with scattered minute transparent brown glandular trichomes (seen under magnification) mixed with long white woolly trichomes on peduncles, bracts, pedicels and hypanthia; peduncles erect or slightly curved, 2–3 cm long, green or purplish, densely woolly; bracts minute, subulate or linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long. <i>Flowers</i> 3-merous; pedicels 1.5–3 mm long, green or purplish, densely woolly. <i>Hypanthium</i> cylindrical-campanulate or obconical, 5–6.5 × ca. 2.5 mm, greenish, densely woolly; part of hypanthium free from ovary 3–3.5 mm long. <i>Calyx lobes</i> 3, triangular, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. <i>Petals</i> short-clawed, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 9–12 × 4.5–5 mm, apex acuminate, pinkish, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glandular pilose along the midvein. <i>Stamens</i> 3, equal, glabrous; filaments 7–8.5 mm long, white; anthers slightly incurved, deeply cordate at base, narrowing towards apex, 6–7 mm long, yellow, apex opening with two pores. <i>Ovary</i> 3–3.5 mm long, 3-locular; ovary crown ca. 1.5 mm high; ovules numerous; style 17–19 mm long, white; stigma capitate, papillate. <i>Capsule</i> obconical, slightly trigonous, 5.5–6 × 3–4.5 mm, woolly. <i>Seeds</i> numerous, triangular ovoid, 0.35–0.45 mm long, 0.2–0.25 mm wide, 0.2 mm thick (measured through SEM), dark brown to nearly black; testa cells densely verrucose-papillose, with minute tubercles on antiraphal side; tubercles dome-shaped, smooth or with few minute verrucose papillae on the top.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:—</b> THAILAND. NORTHERN: Nan Province, Bo Kluea District, Ban Sapan, Sapan Waterfall, 19°12’ N, 101°13’ E, 600 m, 17 November 1993, <i>K. Larsen et al. 44499</i> (K!); ibid., 750–900 m, 1 August 2017, <i>J. Wai 2614</i> (PSU!).</p> <p> <b>Distribution:—</b> Thailand (Nan Province). It might be expected also to occur across the border in Laos.</p> <p> <b>Habitat:—</b> Terrestrial plant. This species was found growing in shaded areas, on the cliffs, hill slopes, or along the streams in evergreen forests, at elevations of 600– 900 m.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> Flowering and fruiting were observed from October to December.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcodes:—</b> OP431245 (ITS), OP453053 (ETS), OP480534 (<i>accD-psal</i>), OP452975 (<i>ndhF</i>), OP480662 (<i>rpl16</i>), OP503770 (<i>trnS-trnG</i>), OP558260 (<i>ndhC-trnV</i>), OP495572 (<i>ndhF-rpl32</i>). All sequenced from <i>J. Wai 2641</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The specific epithet “reptans” refers to the creeping habit of this species.</p> <p> <b>Vernacular name:—สาวสนมเลื้อย</b> (Sao Sanom Lueai) (Thailand).</p> <p> <b>Proposed IUCN conservation status:—</b> Data Deficient (DD). This species is known only from the type locality near the Thai-Laos border. Information on population size and the threats for this species is inadequate. More extensive field surveys are needed. We suggest this status as DD according to IUCN Red List guidelines Version 15.1 (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022).</p>Published as part of <i>Wai, Jarearnsak Sae & Hu, Jer-Ming, 2023, Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand, pp. 107-142 in Phytotaxa 620 (2)</i> on pages 130-131, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10011117">http://zenodo.org/record/10011117</a>
Literary theory today
No full textpublished_or_final_versionAcknowledgement Abbas, M. A. Abbas, M. A. Wong, Tak- wai Wong, Tak-wai viiIntroduction Abbas, M. A. Abbas, M. A. 1Notes on the obvious discussion Ellis, John Ellis, John 14Writing on Giorgione dicussion Bann, Stephen Bann, Stephen 43The authority of symbols discussion Moore, F.C.T. Moore, F.C.T. 80Mikhail Bahktin and the critique of systematicity discussion Hall, Jonathan Hall, Jonathan 109Linguistic analogies discussion Lord, Robert Lord, Robert 137A new line a new mind : language & the original world discussion Yip, Wai-lim Yip, Wai-lim 161Teh critic in the wilderness : on Hartman's romance with romanticism discussion Aske, Martin Aske, Martin 185Hermeneutics and the novel discussion Shaffer, Elinor Shaffer, Elinor 22
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