1,586 research outputs found
I Remember column in which author Richard Randall writes of his family\u27s disco
No full textI Remember column in which author Richard Randall writes of his family\u27s discovery of abundant wild blueberries growing near Rocky Pond in Osborne Plantation
"The Return of Big Government--Policy Advice for President Obama"
Get PDFIn the current global financial crisis, economists and policymakers have reembraced Big Government as a means of preventing the reoccurrence of a debt-deflation depression. The danger, however, is that policy may not downsize finance and replace money manager capitalism. According to Senior Scholar L. Randall Wray, we need a permanently larger fiscal presence, with more public services. His advice to President Obama is to discard all of former Treasury Secretary Paulson's actions. Wray believes that we can afford any necessary spending and bailouts, and that these actions will not burden our grandchildren.
Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on impulsivity and spatial cognition in C57BL/6 mice
No full textBackground & Aims: Bacterial antigens have shown to cause cognitive deficits and impulsivity in mice that has been thought to be the result of an activated immune system. However these findings could be due to other factors, such as sickness behavior, which could interfere with the behavioral assessments of cognition and impulsivity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a bacterial superantigen that does not induce sickness behaviour in mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SEA on spatial cognition and impulsivity. Methods: Saline or SEA (5 µg i.p) was injected in C57BL6 mice (n=8 per group). Changes in impulsivity were assessed on a 24-32 second differential reinforcement of low response rates schedule of reinforcement and changes in cognition were assessed with the Morris water navigation task (hidden platform and probe trial) after a single or repeated injections of SEA. Results: SEA significantly decreased the number of food pellets mice earned (P= .01) but showed no effect on efficiency ratios (reinforced nose pokes / total nose pokes) with respect to controls, when tested on the DRL schedule. Compared with controls, SEA also increased stereotypy like behavior in mice, with increased responding after food reinforcement (P=.001) in the DRL schedule. Morris water navigation task showed decreases in latency and distance traveled to reach platform across days both in single (P< 0.05) and repeatedly (P<0.005) injected mice. However no differences in performance were seen between SEA and controls. Conclusion: Injection of SEA does not affect spatial cognition or induce impulsive behavior in mice; however, SEA induces behavioral changes similar to stereotypy.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Randall Thomas Woodruf
Briggsia hastingsi Craig & Randall, 2009, new species
No full text<i>Briggsia hastingsi</i>, new species <p>Figures 1–3; Table 1</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> BPBM 36539, 22 mm SL, Oman, southeastern coast, Rahah Bay, 16°57°N, 54°49’E, 2 m, quinaldine, John P. Hoover, 8 February 1993.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> A species of aspasimine gobiesocid with dorsal and anal fins posterior on body, each with 4 rays; pectoral rays 23; caudal fin broad and rounded, with 10 principal rays; gill rakers on first gill arch 9, on third arch 10; head large, its length 2.5 in SL; body depth 6.1 in SL; disc double and well-separated; disc length 3.9 in SL; disc width 4.4 in SL; color in alcohol uniform tan; color when fresh dark reddish gray with numerous blue dots on side of body except posteriorly, and a few on postorbital head; a dark purplish brown stripe from front of snout, continuing posterior to eye; head ventral to stripe yellowish white; a distinct orange ring around pupil.</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> Dorsal rays 4; anal rays 4; pectoral rays 23; principal caudal rays 10; upper procurrent caudal rays 6; lower procurrent caudal rays 5; gill rakers on second gill arch 9; gill rakers on third gill arch 10; vertebrae 29.</p> <p>Body depth 6.1 in SL; body rounded anteriorly, progressively more compressed posteriorly; head length 2.5 in SL; head width 2.5 in SL; snout length 2.6 in HL; eye diameter 6.35 in HL; caudal-peduncle depth 1.1 in its length.</p> <p> Disc double, well-separated, and of moderate size; disc length 3.9 in SL; disc width 4.4 in SL; anus about half way between origin of anal fin and posterior edge of disc. Disc region “A” (<i>sensu</i> Briggs, 1955) with several rows of flattened papillae; disc region “B” with three rows of flattened papillae; disc region “C” with four rows of flattened papillae; a small, oval region slightly posterior to disc region “A” with two circular pads formed by flattened papillae (Fig. 2)</p> <p>Mouth slightly inferior, oblique, and moderately large, the upper-jaw length 6.3 in SL; front of jaws with a sandpaper-like pad of small teeth, followed by two or three well-developed canines and two rows of incisors.</p> <p>Nostrils well separated and distinctly tubular; five pairs of cephalic sensory pores; nasal sensory canals 2, postorbital canals 1, lachrymal canals 2 (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Origins of dorsal and anal fins in vertical alignment; postdorsal-caudal distance 8.3 in SL; dorsal-caudal distance 5.3 in SL; no fleshy pad at base of pectoral fin.</p> <p>Color of holotype in alcohol uniform tan. Color when fresh: body and dorsal part of head reddish gray; numerous blue dots on side of body except posteriorly; a few blue dots on postorbital head; a dark purplish brown stripe from upper lip to eye, continuing obliquely downward a short distance behind eye; head below stripe abruptly yellowish white; a short blue line at ventral edge of dark stripe posterior to eye; eye colored like adjacent head except for a bright orange ring around pupil; dorsal and anal fins translucent with vague pale spots; caudal fin with reddish rays and clear membranes, the upper and lower rays with a row of pale spots; paired fins pale.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> This species name <i>hastingsi</i> is named in honor of Dr. Philip A. Hastings, the thesis advisor of the first author, who initially aroused the first author’s curiosity in clingfishes.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> Randall (1996) published a book entitled <i>Coastal Fishes of Oman</i>. Fish collections for this volume include a single specimen of a clingfish taken in 1993 that he was unable to identify to genus or species. We are aware of no additional material of this species, which is so distinctive that we no longer hesitate to describe it from a single specimen.</p> <p> Shiogaki & Dotsu (1983) reported on the head sensory canal pores of the Gobieosocidae and proposed that the orientation and number of these pores may be useful to differentiate clingfish genera. The pattern observed in <i>B. hastingsi</i> (nasal canals 2, postorbital canals 1, lachrymal canals 2) would indicate a close relationship with species of the genera <i>Pherallodus</i> and <i>Parvicrepis</i> of the subfamily Diplocrepinae. Species of the Diplocrepinae, however, have gill membranes that are free from the isthmus, thus <i>B. hastingsi</i> with its attached gill membranes is placed in the Aspaminae, following Briggs (1955). Briggs (1993) described a new genus and species, <i>Posidonichthys hutchinsi</i>, which also possesses three gills, a double disc, and gill membranes that are attached to the isthmus, indicating its placement within the Aspasminae. However, Briggs noted several characters in the general osteology of <i>P. hutchinsi</i> that suggest a close relationship to the Diplocrepinae. The relationship of these two subfamilies is in need of further study.</p> <p>Body Depth 6.1</p> <p>Body Width 4.6</p> <p>Head Length 2.5</p> <p>Head Width 3.9</p> <p>Snout Length 6.5</p> <p>Orbit Diameter 16.0</p> <p>Interorbital Width 13.9</p> <p>Upper-jaw Length 6.3</p> <p>Caudal-peduncle Depth 16.0</p> <p>Caudal-peduncle Length 13.9</p> <p>Predorsal Length 1.2</p> <p>Preanal Length 1.3</p> <p>Longest Dorsal-fin Ray 18.9</p> <p>Longest Anal-fin Ray 20.8</p> <p>Caudal-fin Length 7.7</p> <p>Pectoral-fin Length 10.4</p> <p>Dorsal-caudal Distance 5.3</p> <p>Postdorsal-caudal Distance 8.3</p> <p>Disc Length 3.9</p> <p>Disc Width 4.4</p>Published as part of <i>Craig, Matthew T. & Randall, John E., 2009, Briggsia hastingsi, a new genus and species of clingfish from Oman, pp. 64-68 in Zootaxa 2271</i> on pages 65-67, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190974">10.5281/zenodo.190974</a>
Plectranthias retrofasciatus Fourmanoir & Randall
No full textPlectranthias retrofasciatus Fourmanoir & Randall Figures 35, 40–41; Tables 1–17, 29 Common name: Rear-banded Perchlet Plectranthias retrofasciatus Fourmanoir & Randall 1979: 318, fig. 2, tab. 1 (type locality: Gazelle Pass, New Caledonia).— Anderson 2018: 32 (checklist). — Parenti & Randall 2020: 29 (checklist). Plectranthias pallidus Randall & Hoese 1995: 330, fig. 2 (type locality: off Townsville, Queensland).— Allen et al. 2006: 991 (checklist).— Anderson 2018: 32 (checklist). — Parenti & Randall 2020: 29 (checklist). ? Plectranthias kelloggi [non Jordan & Evermann 1903].— Sih et al. 2017: table 1 (central Great Barrier Reef). Diagnosis. The following combination of characters distinguishes P. retrofasciatus from congeners: dorsal rays X,15–17, third spine longest; pectoral rays 13, most rays branched; lateral line complete, with 27–30 scales; two enlarged antrorse serrations on lower edge of preopecle; greatest body depth 36–42 % SL. Remarks. This species was originally described by Fourmanoir & Randall (1979) from the 61.8 mm SL holotype collected in 200 m at Gazelle Pass, New Caledonia. In 1986, the first author identified a second, 16.0 mm SL specimen collected in 194 m off Lady Elliot Island, southern Great Barrier Reef (AMS I.26844-001). The Lady Elliot specimen was overlooked in subsequent faunal checklists and accounts on Australian Plectranthias. Aside from differences that can be attributed to its much smaller size, the specimen agrees well with the holotype, including the presence of a tapered bar extending from the middle of the dorsal fin to the anterior anal fin, and a second band on the caudal peduncle (Figure 40A). Randall & Hoese (1995) described P. pallidus from the holotype from off Townsville, Queensland, which they named for its pale preserved coloration and apparent lack of pigmentation. We located a second specimen that closely resembles the P. pallidus holotype and was collected on the same voyage from almost the same locality and depth (Figure 40B). Randall & Hoese compared P. pallidus only with P. wheeleri, and not with P. retrofasciatus. Randall (1996) differentiated P. retrofasciatus from subsequent species in his key (including P. pallidus) on the basis of coloration (presence versus absence of two sharply defined red bars, one on body through notched portion of dorsal fin and the other through caudal peduncle) and lower jaw dentition (inner row teeth about twice as long as those in outer rows versus about same size as outer row teeth). White et al. (2013) and Peristiwady et al. (2014) recorded P. retrofasciatus from Indonesia on the basis of market specimens from Lombok and northern Sulawesi, respectively. Y.K. Tea (pers. comm.) brought to our attention an additional Indonesian specimen (from Java) that entered the marine aquarium fish trade (Figure 41A). There are two specimens in the CSIRO collection, which formed the basis of White et al. ’s record, one of which was photographed when fresh (Figure 41B). When examined in Feb 2020, the photographed specimen was very pale, with only a weak indication of the red bars and other markings persisting as scattered fine melanophores (Figure 41C). These markings were even less obvious in the other CSIRO specimen. Peristiwady et al. also noted that their specimens were pale following preservation. Suspecting that P. pallidus may be referable to P. retrofasciatus, we re-examined the holotype and non-type specimen from off Townsville. We found that they not only had very faint indication of the mid-body and caudal peduncle bars, but the enlarged inner row teeth in the lower jaw characteristic of P. retrofasciatus. We found no other substantial differences between the specimens, and therefore place P. pallidus in the synonymy of P. retrofasciatus. Sih et al. (2017) recorded P. kelloggi from the central Great Barrier Reef (ca 18°12′S, 147°15′E and 18°15′S, 147°23′E) based on video footage from baited cameras in 155–179 m, but their observations also appear to be referable to P. retrofasciatus. Based on Randall’s (1980) treatment of P. kelloggi, Sih et al. ’s record of P. kelloggi would indicate the presence of P. melanesius (otherwise P. azumanus – see Remarks for P. melanesius). However, the fishes in their footage have two red bars on the posterior body, the anterior of which is relatively narrow, slopes posteroventrally and tapers ventrally. This agrees well with the condition found in P. retrofasciatus. In contrast, the anterior bar in P. azumanus and P. melanesius is more or less vertical, and broad throughout its length. We add the following new observations based on our examination of the Australian and Indonesian specimens: scales with peripheral cteni; vertebrae 10+16; supraneurals 3; predorsal formula 0/0+0/2/1+1; dorsal pterygiophores in interneural spaces 9–13 1/1/1+1/1+1/1+1; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with dorsal fin; terminal dorsal pterygiophore in interneural space 17–18; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with anal fin; terminal anal pterygiophore in interhaemal space 5; ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 10; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 through 12–13; parhypural and hypurals autogenous; well-developed hypurapophysis on parhypural; epurals 3; single uroneural (posterior uroneural absent); ventral tip of cleithrum with well-developed posteroventral process; proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore near distal tips of parapophyses on vertebra 10. Morphometric data and additional meristic data are summarised in Table 29. Material examined. Queensland, Australia. AMS I.26844-001, 16.0 mm SL, Great Barrier Reef, off Lady Elliot Island, 24°04.0′S, 152°37.8′E, 194 m, sled dredge, R. V. Kimbla, 7 Jul 1984; AMS I.25800-005, 73.0 mm SL (holotype of P. pallidus), off Townsville, 17°58.5′ S 147°00.5′ E, 220 m, bottom trawl, M. McGrouther & S.E. Reader, FRV Soela, 8 Jan 1986; AMS I.25811-006, 89.4 mm SL, north of Townsville, 18°00′S, 147°01′E, 218–219 m, AMS party, FRV Soela, 12 Jan 1986 (field number SO1/86/23). Indonesia. CSIRO H 7219-08, 77.5 mm SL, southeast coast of Lombok, Tanjung Luar fish market, 8°45′S, 116°35′E, W. White, 4 Nov 2010; CSIRO H 7721- 03, 70.5 mm SL, southeast coast of Lombok Tanjung Luar fish market, 8°45′S, 116°35′E, W. White, 6 Nov 2010.Published as part of Gill, Anthony C., Pogonoski, John J., Moore, Glenn I. & Johnson, Jeffrey W., 2021, Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 1-116 in Zootaxa 4918 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/447192
Private Information Management Agent
No full textThesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105).The Web is changing. Originally a medium for human-readable documents, the next generation Semantic Web is opening up toolkit that provides vast opportunities for sharing information that is encoded in a machine-readable form. The opportunities for sharing data also are opportunities for encroaching on people's privacy. While some technologies already exist for expressing privacy preferences, they do not integrate closely with the Semantic Web. In addition, previous approaches to privacy expression do not easily expand to data shared over multiple hops, with different privacy preferences at each hop. The Private Information Management Agent is an attempt to mitigate these concerns.by Ryan Randall Wagner.M.Eng
Plectranthias inermis Randall
No full textPlectranthias inermis Randall Figures 5A, 23; Tables 1–16, 24 Common name: Checkered Perchlet Plectranthias inermis Randall 1980: 135, fig. 11, tab. 9 (type locality: Caban Island, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; paratypes from Christmas Island).— Allen & Steene 1988: 180 (checklist, Christmas Island).— Allen 2000: 87 (checklist, Christmas Island).— Hobbs et al. 2014a: 194, tab. 1 (checklist, Christmas Island).— Anderson 2018: 28 (checklist). — Parenti & Randall 2020: 26 (checklist). Diagnosis. The following combination of characters distinguishes P. inermis from congeners: segmented dorsal rays 16–18; third dorsal spine longest, 15.6–18.8 % SL; lateral line complete, interrupted or incomplete, consisting of 12–28 tubed scales; predorsal scales extend anteriorly to middle or posterior interorbital (at point ranging from vertical through posterior edge of orbit to vertical through middle of pupil); preopercle with 3–11 weak serrations on posterior (vertical) edge and 0–2 weak serrations on ventral edge (none antrorse). Remarks. A relatively small species (largest specimen 44.8 mm SL, Heemstra 1980), P. inermis is known in Australia only from Christmas Island. Elsewhere it is widely distributed, ranging from Mauritius in the western Indian Ocean to Fiji in the Pacific (Randall 1980; Heemstra 1996; Heemstra & Randall 2009). Its small size and bright coloration make it desirable as an aquarium fish, and it frequently enters the aquarium trade, often under the names “Geometric Perchlet” or “Geometric Hawkfish” (a misnomer, resulting from confusion with members of the superficially similar Cirrhitidae). Two specimens were obtained by the first author through the US aquarium trade, and subsequently cleared and stained (Taylor & van Dyke 1985). The two specimens form the basis of our summary of osteological features of the species, as radiographs of other specimens lacked adequate detail. Randall (1980, 1996) reported this species as having an incomplete lateral line. However, Heemstra (1996) and Heemstra & Randall (2009) later reported that the species may have an interrupted or complete lateral line. Several specimens examined in this study also have interrupted or complete lateral lines, which consist of 12–28 tubed scales. Katayama & Masuda (1980) described P. altipinnatus from the holotype from the Izu Peninsula, Japan. They compared the species only with P. morgansi (Smith, 1961) from east Africa. However, the species is clearly more closely related to P. inermis, having similar meristic and morphometric details, an elongate third dorsal spine bearing a pennant-like filament, and weak serrations on the preopercle. The two species differ in live coloration details (cf. Figures 23A and 24): P. inermis has a red and white checkered pattern on the body, with the pattern extending on to the posterior abdomen, anal-fin base and caudal peduncle; in contrast, in P. altipinnatus, the upper body is mostly red, from which extend 4–5 short red to yellow bars, with five short red bars ventrally (one on mid-abdomen, one near the anal-fin origin, one near the anal-fin termination, and two on the caudal peduncle). However, a detailed morphological comparison of the two nominal species is required. We have not attempted such a comparison in the present study. We add the following new observations for P. inermis: scales with peripheral cteni; vertebrae 10+16; supraneurals 3; predorsal formula 0/0+0/2/1+1; dorsal pterygiophores in interneural spaces 9–13 1/1/1+1/1/1+1, 1/1/1+1/1+1/1+1 or 1/1/1+1/1+1/1+1+1; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with dorsal fin; terminal dorsal pterygiophore in interneural space 18; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with anal fin; terminal anal pterygiophore in interhaemal space 4–5; ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 10; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 through 11; parhypural and hypurals autogenous (Figure 5A); well-developed hypurapophysis on parhypural; epurals 3; single uroneural (posterior uroneural absent); ventral tip of cleithrum with well-developed posteroventral process; proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore near distal tips of parapophyses on vertebra 10. Morphometric data are summarised in Table 24. Material examined. No data. AMS I.45300-250, 2: 28.0–30.0 mm SL (cleared and stained), no data (ex-aquarium specimens). Christmas Island, Australia . WAM P.26125-008, 25.5 mm SL (paratype), Flying Fish Cove, 10°29′S, 105°40′E, 55–65 m, G. R. Allen & R.C. Steene, 12 Apr 1978. Indonesia . AMS I.34500-045, 20.8 mm SL, Flores, west-nor-west side of Bisar, Panda Reef, 8°25.8′S, 122°19.7′E, 29–30 m, T. Trnski et al., 24 Nov 1993. Papua New Guinea. NTM S.13687-015, 7: 19.1–32.0 mm SL, Madang, reef off Wongat Island, 5°09′S, 145°48′E, 29–32 m, H.K. Larson & M. Jebb, 22 Oct 1992.Published as part of Gill, Anthony C., Pogonoski, John J., Moore, Glenn I. & Johnson, Jeffrey W., 2021, Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 1-116 in Zootaxa 4918 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4918.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/447192
Field localization in a modified Randall-Sundrum brane model
Get PDFWe consider a modified Randall-Sundrum metric model in a five-dimensional spacetime. The metric is conformally flat, has an exponential warp factor, and is physically distinct from the original Randall-Sundrum metric model. Massless scalar fields are localized on the brane for decreasing warp factor while massive scalar fields are localized on the brane for either decreasing or increasing warp factors. There is an upper bound mass for the decreasing warp factor and there are two possible different masses for the increasing warp factor. For a constant value of the fifth component of the vector matter field we obtain a possible localization for massless vector fields, but not for massive vector fields. Both massless and massive spinor fields unfortunately are not localized on the brane.The following article appeared in AIP Conference Precedings, Vol. 1617, pp. 96-99 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4897113. Copyright © 2014 by AIP Publishing. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing.Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.489711
Elacatinus colini Randall & Lobel, 2009, new species
No full text<i>Elacatinus colini</i>, new species <p>(Figs. 2–7; Tables 1, 2)</p> <p> ? <i>Gobiosoma (Elacatinus) horsti</i> Colin, 1975: 94 (Belize).</p> <p> <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> Smith et al., 2003: 62, fig. 17 (Pelican Cays, Belize).</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> USNM 395063, female, 26.8 mm, Belize, Wee Wee Cay, off main dock, 16°45.860’N, 88°8.631’W, patch reef of mixed coral and sponge on sloping sand substratum, 5 m, hand net, P.S. Lobel, 7 December 2008.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>: BPBM 37442, 21.3 mm, Belize, Pelican Cays, coral reef in mangrove area, 14 m, quinaldine, J.E. Randall, 21 March 1997; USNM 347301, 32.0 mm, Belize, Carrie Bow Cay, sand bores south of island, C.C. Baldwin, 28 August 1997; USNM 347401, 27.2 mm, Belize, Pelican Cays, Cat Cay, outside lagoon, <i>Agaricia</i> slope at southwest end of cay, 9–13.5 m, J.C. Tyler, M. Tyler, W.P. Davis, & C.L. Smith, 14 October 1997; USNM 365031, 4: 17.1–25.8 mm, Belize, Pelican Cays, Manatee Cay, west side, outside of coral wall at entrance to lagoon, 12–16.5 m, J.C. Tyler & W.P. Davis, 29 January 2001; USNM 394964, female, 33.5 mm, Belize, Wee Wee Cay, off main dock, same location as holotype, patch reef of mixed coral and sponge on sloping sand substratum, 3 m, hand net, P.S. Lobel, 4 December 2003; ANSP 189240, 4: 18.5–23.2 mm and UF 173046, 28.1 mm, same data as preceding; SIO 08-180, 19.3 mm, Honduras, Islas de la Bahía, Isla de Utila, south-side wall, 16.081°N, 86.921°W, B.C. Victor, 30 June 2008; MNHN 2009-0091, 2: 22.5–24.7, same location as holotype, sloping coral and sponge bottom, 5 m, hand net, P.S. Lobel, 7 December 2008.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> Dorsal rays VII + I, 11 (10–12, rarely 10); anal rays I,10 (10–11, two of 15 with 11); pectoral rays 17–19 (usually 18, one of 30 with 19); no scales; body and fins covered with thick adherent mucus; mouth subterminal; tongue truncate; no rostral frenum; color in alcohol pale yellowish gray with a midlateral black stripe from eye nearly to posterior end of caudal fin, about a pupil diameter in width on head, broadening to about an eye diameter in width on body; a blackish line extending posteriorly from above upper edge of eye, continuing below base of dorsal fins, and extending into dorsal part of caudal fin; fins otherwise translucent gray; color in life of body above black lateral stripe bluish to greenish gray with a bright white stripe as wide as pupil passing between black stripe and black line, becoming yellow on head as it nears upper edge of eye; dorsal part of iris brilliant yellow; snout and lips dusky yellow; a median brilliant yellow band on snout extending into anterior interorbital; ventral part of head and body whitish.</p> <p>Species Dorsal rays Anal rays Pectoral rays1</p> <p> 10 11 12 9 10 11 17 18 19 20 <i>E</i>. xanthiprora 4 1 5 4 6 <i>E</i>. colini 9 3 11 1 7 17</p> <p> <i>E. serranilla</i> 4 4 2 6</p> <p> <i>E.</i> sp. 1 (Nicaragua) 2 2 2 2 <i>E.</i> sp. 2 (Isla de Providencia) 3 8 2 9 8 12 2</p> <p>1Both pectoral fins counted Holotype Paratypes</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> Dorsal rays VII + I,11 (10–12, usually 11, one with 10); anal rays I,10–11 (two of 13 paratypes with 11); dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 18 (17–19, usually 18, one with 19 on one side), the uppermost and lowermost unbranched (branched or unbranched in paratypes); pelvic rays I,5; pelvic frenum well developed; branched caudal rays 13 (12–13); upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 9 (8–9); head and body entirely naked, with a thick adherent covering of mucus; gill rakers 2 +7 (1–2 + 7); vertebrae 28.</p> <p>The following morphometrics are given as percentages of the standard length: body depth 18.8 (18.7–23.3); body compressed, the width 12.5 (10.6–15.0); head length 28.3 (28.2–29.2); snout length 6.7 (6.1–6.8); orbit diameter 6.7 (6.6–7.0); interorbital width 4.8 (4.0–5.3); caudal-peduncle depth 12.6 (11.5–13.8); caudal-peduncle length 19.8 (19.6–21.5).</p> <p>Mouth subterminal, U-shaped when viewed ventrally, and oblique laterally, forming an angle of about 18° below horizontal axis of body; maxilla reaching to or slightly posterior to middle of eye, the upper-jaw length 11.5 (11.3–12.7); each side of upper jaw of female holotype with an outer row of 24 slender, conical, slightly incurved and retrorse teeth, the largest about two-thirds pupil diameter, becoming progressively shorter on posterior half of jaw; an inner band of 3 rows of small conical teeth at front of jaw, narrowing to a single row posteriorly; each side of front of lower jaw with an outer row of 7 or 8 slender, incurved, conical teeth about two-thirds size of anterior upper-jaw teeth, followed by about 22 smaller teeth on side of jaw; a band of small conical teeth medial to anterior row of large teeth; an inner row of four larger, strongly retrorse, conical teeth about one-third distance back in jaw; each side of front of upper jaw of males with five progressively larger and more retrorse canine teeth, the last two of about pupil length; corner of lower jaw of males with two retrorse canines comparable to posterior two of upper jaw; no rostral frenum, and no mental flap.</p> <p>Gill opening short, extending ventrally to level of lower edge of pectoral-fin base; gill membranes attached anteriorly to isthmus; gill rakers short, the longest at angle less than one-half length of longest gill filaments.</p> <p>Anterior nostril tubular, at edge of snout above upper lip, in line with ventral edge of pupil; posterior nostril dorsoposterior, with a fleshy rim, nearly in line with upper edge of pupil, the internarial distance threefourths pupil diameter; cephalic sensory pores system of eight pores as diagrammed by Lachner & Karnella (1980: fig. 4a); cephalic sensory papillae as follows: a row of papillae from anterior nostril along edge of upper lip and continuing horizontally half way across cheek, a second row extending ventroposteriorly from posterior nostril to join first row, followed by six rows from ventral edge of eye, the first three progressively less oblique, the fourth perpendicular to eye, the fifth obliquely posterior to eye with a horizontal branch near base; sixth row below posterior interorbital pore; a series of papillae along lower jaw adjacent to lower lip, continuing along edge of operculum; an irregular, double, horizontal row of papillae dorsal to opercle; a vertical row of papillae anteriorly on opercle behind posterior margin of preopercle, with a horizontal row of papillae from its upper end, and another near lower end, the two slightly converging; a series of slightly oblique rows of papillae following midlateral black stripe on body posterior to axil of pectoral fin.</p> <p>Origin of first dorsal fin above rear base of pelvic fins, the predorsal length 34.1 (34.0–35.0); dorsal and anal spines slender and flexible; third dorsal spine longest (but second and fourth spines nearly as long), 17.7 (l7.7–18.7); last membrane of first dorsal fin reaching origin of second dorsal fin; spine of second dorsal fin 11.4 (11.2–13.8); middle dorsal soft rays longest, 17.9 (17.8–18.5); origin of anal fin slightly posterior to base of first dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 58.0 (57.3–59.9); anal spine 9.0 (8.4–9.5); penultimate anal soft ray usually longest 15.8 (15.3–17.5); caudal fin rounded, 23.9 (23.4–25.2); base of pectoral fins directly posterior to and equal to height of gill opening; ninth or tenth pectoral rays usually longest, reaching to between verticals at base of seventh dorsal spine and origin of second dorsal fin, 24.8 (23.3–25.9); origin of pelvic fins slightly posterior to rear edge of pectoral-fin base, the prepelvic length 27.7 (27.2–29.0); pelvic fins joined to form a disk more than twice as long as wide, approaching but not reaching anus, 23.5 (23.3–25.3); genital papilla of male a narrow triangle in ventral view, one-half orbit diameter in length in 32-mm paratype.</p> <p>Color of holotype in alcohol: pale yellowish gray with a midlateral black stripe from middle of eye nearly to posterior end of caudal fin, about a pupil diameter in width on head, broadening to about an eye diameter in width on body; a median white line dorsally on snout, faintly edged in blackish; a blackish line at edge of each eye in interorbital, continuing across postorbital head, below base of dorsal fins, and extending into dorsal part of caudal fin; fins otherwise translucent yellowish gray.</p> <p>Color of holotype in life as illustrated in Fig. 2. Color of other individuals shown in Figs. 3–7. Figs. 6 and 7 extend the range to the island of Utila, Islas de Bahía, Honduras. We also have a paratype collected at Utila by Benjamin B. Victor.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> We are pleased to name this species for Patrick L. Colin, in recognition of his exceptional doctoral thesis on the comparative biology of western Atlantic gobies of the genus <i>Elacatinus</i>, and for his help in our research on the genus.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> We examined the holotype of <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> (ANSP 110898, 28.8 mm) from 23 m at Alligator Reef in the Florida Keys and the two paratypes from Dry Tortugas collected by W.H. Longley (USNM 118105, 22.9–25.6 mm), first identified by Longley in Longley & Hildebrand (1941: 227) as <i>Elacatinus horsti</i> (Metzelaar). The fourth paratype of <i>E. xanthiprora</i> from Jamaica, collected by the first author from 24 m in 1959, is reidentified here as a new species that is described below, along with three specimens from the Serranilla Bank.</p> <p> Two additional specimens of <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> were examined, one collected by Patrick L. Colin at Dry Tortugas in 13.5 m, in 1973 (UF 230715, 22.2 mm) (Fig. 8), and the other from trawl station 50 of the R/ V <i>Albatross IV</i> in 26 m off the west coast of Florida, commencing at 28°40’54”N, 83°45’18”W in 1980 (ANSP 148926, 43.1 mm).</p> <p> An underwater color photograph of <i>E. xanthiprora</i> taken by Paul Humann off Key Biscayne, Miami (Humann, 2002: 265) was provided for this study (Fig. 9). It is the northernmost record of the species for the Atlantic coast of Florida.</p> <p> We present the fin-ray counts of the six available specimens of <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> (all from Florida) in Table 1, along with those of <i>E. colini</i> (types and nontypes). The pectoral-ray counts of 19 and 20 for <i>E. xanthiprora</i> provide complete separation from <i>E. colini</i>.</p> <p> Comparison of the proportional measurements of <i>E. colini</i> (Table 2) with those of <i>E. xanthiprora</i> (Table 3) offers little to separate the species. The only nonoverlapping measurements are the snout length (shorter in <i>E. colini</i>) and the length of base of dorsal fins (longer in <i>E. colini</i>).</p> <p> Most of the specimens of <i>E. colini</i> have been collected in Pelican Cays of the lagoon area of the Belize Barrier Reef. We have not seen the species on the seaward side of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, or on the offshore reefs of Glovers and Lighthouse Atolls.</p> <p> Tyler & Böhlke (1972: 619) regarded <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> and relatives as facultative sponge dwellers, defined as species that spend at least a portion of their lives in or on tubular sponges. <i>E. colini</i> clearly falls in this category. It has been observed in association with sixteen different sponges and often seeks refuge in the lumen of its hosts. In addition to the five sponges identified in our Figs. 3–7, we have seen <i>E. colini</i> on or within <i>Aplysina fulva</i>, <i>Aplysina</i> sp. 1, <i>Aplysina</i> sp. 2., <i>Ircinia</i> sp., <i>Niphrates digitalis</i>, <i>Spirastrella coccinea</i>, <i>Verongula</i> sp., and four unidentified sponge species. However, it has also been observed at rest on live coral (Fig. 2), and may hide in cracks in the reef when threatened. The two individuals of Fig. 4 were observed to retire to the sponge for the night.</p> <p> <b>TABLE 3.</b> Proportional measurements of type specimens of <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> as percentages of standard length. Holotype Nontype Paratype Nontype ANSP 110898 UF 230715 USNM 118105 ANSP 148926 Measurements were not taken from the two smallest paratypes due to their poor condition.</p> <p> <i>Elacatinus colini</i> has been found in the depth range of 2–17 m, but it probably occurs at greater depths. The coral reefs of the Pelican Cays area extend on sloping bottom to only about 18 m. This sponge goby is usually seen in pairs or small groups. It is sympatric with a blue-striped cleaning goby that has long been identified as <i>Elacatinus oceanops</i> Jordan. However, the latter is another undescribed species of the genus (Randall & Colin, MS). A third species of <i>Elacatinus</i>, <i>E. lori</i> Colin (Fig. 10), also a sponge inquiline, was described from Belize, but is known only from the seaward part of the barrier reef. Colin (1975: 98-99) had tentatively identified this species as the white form of <i>E. horsti</i> (Metzelaar). We present an illustration of the true <i>E. horsti</i> as Fig. 11.</p> <p> <i>Elacatinus randalli</i> is similar in color to <i>E. colini</i> and <i>E. xanthiprora</i>, especially in the snout coloration, and it may be found on sponge as in Fig. 12, but it is a cleaner goby.</p> <p> <i>Elacatinus colini</i> has a thick coat of mucus over the head, body, and fins. The mucus congeals in formalin-preserved specimens to a tough, faintly translucent, whitish coating that nearly obliterates the black markings. The first specimen collected for this study was damaged in the attempt to remove the mucus, and no measurements were taken from it for Table 2.</p> <p> Smith & Tyler (1972: 160) reported that the mucus of the sponge-dwelling <i>Elacatinus chancei</i> (Beebe & Hollister) contains a repelling substance after they observed the hamlet <i>Hypoplectrus puella</i> (Cuvier) forcefully reject an individual of this goby, following its initial seizure. Colin (1975: 243–247) discussed experiments demonstrating the noxious quality of the skin of <i>E. horsti</i> and <i>E. chancei</i>.</p> <p> The first author determined the suspected presence of a crinotoxin in the mucus of some species of grammistine, gobiesocid, and callionymid fishes by the bitter taste of the mucus. At his suggestion, the second author and students tasted the mucus of <i>E. colini</i> and found it very bitter and somewhat peppery. The mucus of the sympatric cleaning goby also tasted bitter, but not so strongly. One could assume that the latter would not need as much chemical protection because of its symbiotic association with numerous species of Caribbean reef fishes.</p> <p> Although these two species of <i>Elacatinus</i> on lagoon reefs of Belize are readily separated by the color of the stripe on the upper side of the body in life, white in <i>E. colini</i> and blue in the undescribed cleaner goby, a close examination is needed to distinguish them as preserved specimens. The overhanging snout and ventral mouth of the cleaning goby provides the most obvious difference. Other morphological differences are its shorter pelvic fins, 16.4–17.6% SL, compared to 23.3–25.3% SL of <i>E. colini</i>, and the rounder pelvic disk, reflecting its use as a strong sucking disk when it attaches to the host fishes. There is also a difference in the ventrolateral black stripe. It is broader on the cleaning goby and extends onto the side of the snout.</p> <p> Because Colin (1975: 119) found the parasitic polychaete <i>Haplosyllis spongicola</i> as the principal component of the gut contents of the four species of sponge-dwelling <i>Elacatinus</i> that he was able to dissect, <i>E. chancei</i>, <i>E. horsti</i>, <i>E. louisae</i>, and <i>E. tenox</i>, we expected to find the polychaete in the digestive tract of <i>E. colini</i>. However, the seven adult type specimens that we dissected were largely empty, and none contained anything that we could identify as polychaete. One fish had eaten copepods, which might be anticipated because individuals on the reef occasionally make quick upward forays, as if to feed on zooplankton. Another fish contained only one small larval gnathiid isopod and a tiny fish scale. This supports the fleeting observation by the second author of what appeared to be a brief cleaning of a reef fish by <i>E. colini</i>. Three nontype specimens from Belize were obtained from David G. Smith of the National Museum of Natural History for further dissection. All had empty digestive tracts. Although additional specimens may yet reveal feeding on the parasitic polychaete, our limited data suggest that it is not a major food source.</p> <p> An abundance of polychaete remains were found in two specimens of the undescribed species of spongedwelling <i>Elacatinus</i> from Isla de Providencia. The gut material was sent to Leslie H. Harris of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, who confirmed it as belonging to the genus <i>Haplosyllis</i>.</p> <p> We contacted two aquarium fish collectors in Florida with a request to provide tissue samples of specimens of <i>Elacatinus xanthiprora</i> so that genetric comparison could be made with our tissue samples of <i>E. colini</i>. Both collectors know the species but indicated that they rarely catch it because of its occurrence on deep reefs.</p>Published as part of <i>Randall, John E. & Lobel, Phiillip S., 2009, A literature review of the sponge-dwelling gobiid fishes of the genus Elacatinus from the western Atlantic, with description of two new Caribbean species, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 2133</i> on pages 5-11, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/274944">10.5281/zenodo.274944</a>
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Too much free speech? /
No full text"Randall P. Bezanson takes up an essential and timely inquiry into the Constitutional limits of the Supreme Court's power to create, interpret, and enforce one of the essential rights of American citizens. Analyzing contemporary Supreme Court decisions from the past fifteen years, Bezanson argues that judicial interpretations have fundamentally and drastically expanded the meaning and understanding of "speech." Bezanson focuses on judgments such as the much-discussed Citizens United case, which granted the full measure of constitutional protection to speech by corporations, and the Doe vs. Reed case in Washington state, which recognized the signing of petitions and voting in elections as acts of free speech. In each case study, he questions whether the meaning of speech has been expanded too far and critically assesses the Supreme Court's methodology in reaching and explaining its expansive conclusions"--"In this project Randall Bezanson examines judicial interpretations of free speech by means of a broad range of Supreme Court cases, arguing that over the past 15 years the Court has engaged in a truly revolutionary expansion of the reach of the free speech guarantee. The cases include the much-discussed Citizens United decision which granted the full measure of constitutional protection to speech by corporations; the Doe v. Reed case from Washington State that recognized the acts of signing petitions and voting in elections as acts of free speech; the Summum decision holding that the decision to select a monument for a public park and to reject another based on the government's disagreement with the monument's message is an act of government speech immunized from challenge by the First Amendment; and the Hurley and Dale cases that recognized free speech claims for messages and meanings that arose "out of thin air": speech without an author (a parade); and an author without a message (the Boy Scouts). As in earlier books on freedom of the press and of religion, Bezanson aims to arm the reader with the capacity to reach her or his own decision about whether the Court's conduct befitted the independent judicial branch and the consequences of its decisions for a representative democracy"-
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