3,012 research outputs found
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Evidence for Electroweak Production of W(+/-)W(+/-)jj in pp Collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
No full textFurther distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.This Letter presents the first study of W±W±jj, same-electric-charge diboson production in association with two jets, using 20.3 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at √s=8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two reconstructed same-charge leptons (e±e±, e±μ±, and μ±μ±) and two or more jets are analyzed. Production cross sections are measured in two fiducial regions, with different sensitivities to the electroweak and strong production mechanisms. First evidence for W±W±jj production and electroweak-only W±W±jj production is observed with a significance of 4.5 and 3.6 standard deviations, respectively. The measured production cross sections are in agreement with standard model predictions. Limits at 95% confidence level are set on anomalous quartic gauge couplings
Physical activity in preschoolers
No full textSummary:
The health benefits of physical activity are clearly established. Physical activity is also thought to be
beneficial for children, although morbidity and mortality are established only later in life. One of the
most important benefits of physical activity is maintaining a healthy weight and it thus contributes to
prevent the development of obesity. However, physical activity is also thought to be related to both
aerobic fitness, a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease, and to different motor skills. As there is a
gap on research investigating those relationships in preschool children, cross-sectional and longitudinal
analyses were done to examine children’s physical activity behaviours and their correlates. In addition,
it was analysed if physical activity is associated with socio-cultural characteristics. Finally, the
effects of a physical activity intervention on adiposity and fitness were evaluated, especially in preschoolers
of migrant or low educated families.
This research is based on the Ballabeina Study, a multidimensional lifestyle intervention study aimed
at reducing BMI and increasing fitness in preschool children. The cluster-randomized trial was conducted
in German and French speaking regions in Switzerland with a high prevalence of migrant
populations. The intervention targeted four lifestyle behaviours during one school year: an increase in
physical activity, a balanced nutrition, sufficient sleep and a reduction in media use.
In the cross-sectional analyses, substantial differences in physical activity and in adiposity were found
between the German and French speaking part of Switzerland. On the other hand, parental sociocultural
characteristics (migrant status or educational level) had less impact on physical activity and
adiposity. The cross-sectional analyses also revealed a relationship between physical and body fat,
aerobic fitness and motor skills. The cross-sectional analyses also revealed a relationship between
physical and body fat, aerobic fitness and motor skills. The longitudinal analyses also showed an association
of baseline physical activity with prospective changes in aerobic fitness and in motor skills,
but not in body fat. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the relationships of physical
activity with fitness and adiposity and strengthen the benefits of being active from early childhood.
The intervention led to improvements in aerobic fitness, but not in BMI, the two primary outcomes. It
also led to improvements in body fat and agility. In view of the substantial decrease in children’s fitness
and the increase in obesity over the last 20 years, the improvements in aerobic fitness and in
body fat in favor of the intervention group are most relevant. Moreover, children of migrant or low educated
parents benefitted equally from the intervention compared to their respective counterparts.
These results are encouraging, as these children have been less accessible in previous interventions.
Thus, using strategies to target a multicultural population might represent a promising approach to
reduce body fat and increase fitness in these high-risk groups. In conclusion, Ballabeina is an intensive
intervention, but offers an effective school-based intervention program to reduce body fat and
increase fitness in preschool children.
Physical activity in preschoolers. ---------- Zusammenfassung:
Der gesundheitliche Nutzen von körperlicher Aktivität ist unbestritten. Dies gilt auch für Kinder, auch
wenn sich die positiven Effekte meist erst im späteren Leben zeigen. Körperliche Aktivität ist wichtig,
um ein gesundes Körpergewicht zu halten und dadurch einen Beitrag zur Übergewichtsprävention zu
leisten. Körperliche Aktivität scheint aber auch mit aerober Ausdauer, einem wichtigen Einflusswert für
kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten, und mit motorischen Fertigkeiten assoziiert zu sein. Da diese Zusammenhänge
im Vorschulalter noch nicht ausreichend untersucht worden sind, haben wir die körperliche
Aktivität von Vorschulkindern und dessen Wechselbeziehungen mit Adipositas und Fitness genauer
unter die Lupe genommen. Zudem haben wir untersucht, inwiefern körperliche Aktivität und Adipositas
mit sozio-kulturellen Faktoren assoziiert sind. Schlussendlich haben wir auch die Effekte einer schulbasierten
Intervention in Bezug auf Adipositas und Fitness evaluiert, speziell bei Kindern aus Familien
mit Migrationshintergrund oder tiefem Bildungsniveau.
Die Grundlage dieser Forschungsarbeit bildet die Ballabeina Studie, eine in der Schweiz durchgeführte
Interventionsstudie bei Kindergartenkindern. Diese cluster-randomisierte Studie wurde in Regionen
mit einem hohen Ausländeranteil in der Deutschschweiz sowie in der Romandie durchgeführt. Ziel der
Studie war, den BMI zu senken und die aerobe Fitness zu verbessern. Die vier wichtigsten Elemente
der Intervention waren: eine Erhöhung der täglichen Aktivität, eine ausgewogene Ernährung, genügend
Schlaf und eine Reduktion des Medienkonsums.
Die Querschnittuntersuchungen zeigten, dass körperliche Aktivität mit Körperfett, Ausdauer und motorischen
Fertigkeiten assoziiert war. Dabei stellten wir bedeutende Unterschiede in Bezug auf körperliche
Aktivität und Adipositas zwischen der Deutschen und Französischen Schweiz fest. Auf der anderen
Seite schienen elterliche Merkmale wie Migrationshintergrund oder Bildungsniveau weniger Einfluss
auf diese Parameter zu haben. In den Längsschnittuntersuchungen konnten wir einen Zusammenhang
zwischen körperlicher Aktivität und Verbesserungen in der Fitness aufzeigen, jedoch nicht
beim Körperfett. Diese Erkenntnisse entsprechen früher gefundenen Zusammenhänge von körperlicher
Aktivität, Adipositas und Fitness und unterstreichen somit die Wichtigkeit, bereits im frühen Kindesalter
körperlich aktiv zu sein.
Die Intervention führte zu einer Verbesserung der aeroben Fitness, nicht aber zu einer Reduktion des
BMI’s. Zusätzlich erzielten wir eine Abnahme des Körperfetts und eine Verbesserung bei den motorischen
Fertigkeiten. Da die Fitness bei Kindern über die letzten 20 Jahren stetig abgenommen und das
Übergewicht stetig zugenommen hat, sind diese positiven Resultate besonders wichtig. Darüber hinaus
konnten Kinder aus Familien mit Migrationshintergrund oder tiefem Bildungsniveau ebenso viel
von der Intervention profitieren wie alle anderen Kindern. Dies ist besonders betonenswert, da diese
Kinder in früheren Interventionen weniger erreicht werden konnten. Der Ansatz, eine multikulturelle
Population einzubeziehen, stellt einen vielversprechenden Lösungsansatz dar, um Übergewicht und
Fitness auch bei benachteiligten Kindern zu verbessern. Schlussfolgernd kann gesagt werden, dass
Ballabeina ein intensives, aber erfolgreiches schulbasiertes Interventionsprogramm darstellt, mit welchem
Körperfett und Fitness von Kindergartenkindern verbessert werden kann
The contingent effect of personal IT innovativeness and IT self-efficacy on innovative use of complex IT
No full textAuthor name used in the publication: JJ Po-An Hsieh2013-2014 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalAccepted ManuscriptPublishedGreen (AAM
Physical fitness in preschool children : correlates and intervention effects
No full textSummary: Children’s physical fitness has decreased over the last decades. At the same time, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased dramatically. For public health, these trends are alarming because overweight and a decrease in aerobic fitness are already in children associated with increased cardiovascular risks. In addition, the interaction between poor fitness, low physical activity and high BMI leads to a vicious circle. Preschool time corresponds to the time of the adiposity re-bound, a critical period for the development of overweight and obesity. Therefore, the preschool set-ting seems to be particularly relevant in the establishment of a healthy lifestyle and a healthy weight.
This research is based on the Ballabeina Study, a multidimensional lifestyle intervention aimed at in-creasing aerobic fitness and reducing BMI in preschool children. The cluster-randomized trial was conducted in German and French speaking regions of Switzerland with a high migrant population. The intervention targeted four lifestyle behaviors during one school year: an increase in physical activity, a balanced nutrition, sufficient sleep and a reduction in media use. For this thesis, cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of physical fitness (aerobic fitness, agility, static balance and dynamic balance), body composition (BMI, BMI-group and body fat) and cognition (attention and spatial working memory) were assessed and analyzed. In addition, the effects of the intervention on physical fitness in pre-school children were evaluated. The thesis first describes the study design. The following publications focus on the physical fitness of preschoolers, on correlates and intervention effects.
The cross-sectional results showed that already in preschoolers, normal weight children performed significantly better in different dynamic fitness tests assessing aerobic fitness, agility and dynamic balance compared to their overweight counterparts. The differences in aerobic fitness and agility were more pronounced in older preschoolers compared to the younger ones. In the longitudinal analysis, the relationship between aerobic fitness, agility and balance with memory and attention was investi-gated. Higher baseline physical fitness was related to a better spatial working memory and attention at baseline, and to some extent also to their future improvements over the following 9 months. Contrary to this finding, higher baseline memory and attention levels were not associated with improvements in aerobic fitness or motor skills over the following 9 months. The dominant direction regarding the longi-tudinal association between measures was the relationship of physical fitness with future cognitive performance. The study also showed that the Ballabeina intervention was successful in increasing aerobic fitness and agility but not balance in the general population. Subgroup analysis revealed that overweight and low fit children benefitted at least equally from the intervention compared to their nor-mal weight and normal fit peers.
This research has shown that physical fitness can be increased in children over one school year with a multilevel and multidimensional lifestyle intervention. Although coordination was not improved as a result of the intervention, the findings of this study are of great value, because aerobic fitness is the
Physical fitness in preschool children: correlates and intervention effects
physical fitness component that is most strongly associated with health related outcomes. This re-search was also able to show, that differences in physical fitness between normal weight and over-weight children are more pronounced in older compared to younger preschoolers. It seems that the vicious circle of overweight and low physical fitness begins to manifest itself at this age. Therefore it is important to start with interventions already in preschoolers and to support children with low physical fitness starting at a young age. This might help to reduce the ongoing epidemiological trend of over-weight and low fitness in children and the development of cardiovascular risk factors in the coming years. It is encouraging that overweight and low fit children can benefit equally from the intervention compared to their normal weight and normal fit peers. With respect to the cognitive abilities, our data was able to contribute to the emerging field of brain fitness and highlights the importance of promoting physical education in school. In conclusion, Ballabeina offers an effective school-based intervention program to increase fitness and reduce adiposity in both, the general population as well as the risk roups of overweight and/or low fit children. ---------- Zusammenfassung: In den letzten Jahrzehnten konnte ein Rückgang der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit bei Kindern beo-bachtet werden. In der gleichen Zeit stieg die Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas an. Für die öffentliche Gesundheit sind diese Trends beunruhigend, weil eine tiefe Fitness und Adipositas bereits im Kindesalter mit erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiken im Zusammenhang stehen. Dazu kommt, dass eine schlechte Fitness, eine tiefe körperliche Aktivität und Übergewicht sich gegenseitig beeinflussen und zu einem Teufelskreis führen können. Das Kindergartenalter ist eine kritische Zeit für die Entwick-lung von kindlichem Übergewicht, deshalb scheint der Kindergarten in der Vermittlung eines gesunden Lebensstils von besonderer Bedeutung zu sein.
Diese Forschungsarbeit basiert auf der Ballabeina Studie, einer Lebensstilintervention zur Steigerung der aeroben Fitness und zur Reduktion des BMI bei Kindergartenkindern. Die «cluster»-randomisierte Studie wurde in der deutsch- und der französischsprachigen Region der Schweiz durchgeführt. Die städtischen Settings waren geprägt durch einen hohen Anteil an Kindern mit einem Migrationshin-tergrund. Die einjährige Intervention zielte ab auf der Vermittlung von vier Lebensstilverhalten: mehr körperliche Aktivität, ausgewogenere Ernährung, weniger Medienkonsum und ein gesundes Schlaf-verhalten. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden Querschnitts- und Longitudinaldaten zur körperlichen Fitness (aerobe Fitness, Agilität, statisches und dynamisches Gleichgewicht), zur Körperzusammen-setzung (BMI, Gewichtsstatus und Anteil Körperfett) und zur Kognition (Aufmerksamkeit und visuelles Arbeitsgedächtnis) erfasst und ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurde der Interventionseffekt auf die körperli-che Fitness der Kinder evaluiert. Die erste Publikation beschreibt das Studiendesign. Die darauf fol-genden Arbeiten konzentrieren sich auf die körperliche Fitness von Kindergartenkindern, auf Korrelati-onen und Interventionseffekte.
Die Resultate der Querschnittanalyse zeigten, dass normalgewichtige Kinder in verschiedenen dyna-mischen Fitnessparametern bereits im Kindergarten signifikant bessere Leistungen zeigen als über-gewichtige Kinder. Bei den älteren Kindergartenkindern waren die Unterschiede in der aeroben Fit-ness und im Hindernislauf (Agilität) grösser als bei den jüngeren. In den Längsschnittanalysen wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen aerober Fitness, Agilität und Gleichgewicht untersucht. Bessere kör-perliche Fitness zu Beginn der Studie stand im Zusammenhang mit einem besseren visuellen Arbeits-gedächtnis und mit einer gesteigerten Aufmerksamkeit ebenfalls zu Beginn der Studie aber zum Teil auch mit einer besseren kognitiven Leistung neun Monate später. Dagegen standen die Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitsleistung zu Beginn der Studie nicht im Zusammenhang mit der späteren körper-lichen Fitness. Das bedeutet, dass der positive Zusammenhang zwischen der körperlichen Fitness und der späteren kognitiven Leistung die dominante Richtung dieser Verbindung ist. Die Analyse der Interventionsstudie zeigte positive Effekte in der Erhöhung der aeroben Leistungsfähigkeit und der Agilität, aber keine Verbesserung des Gleichgewichts. In der Analyse der Untergruppen konnte ge-
Physical fitness in preschool children: correlates and intervention effects
zeigt werden, dass übergewichtige Kinder und Kinder mit einer tiefen Fitness mindestens gleich stark von der Intervention profitierten, wie ihre normalgewichtigen und fitten Altersgenossen.
Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die körperliche Fitness bei Kindern mit einem intensiven und vielseitigen ein-jährigen Programm signifikant gesteigert werden kann. Obwohl in der Koordination keine Interventi-onseffekte erzielt werden konnten, sind diese Resultate bedeutend, weil die aerobe Fitness für die Gesundheit die wichtigste Fitnesskomponente darstellt. Die Unterschiede in der Fitness zwischen den Normalgewichtigen und den Übergewichtigen waren bei den älteren Kindern verglichen mit den jünge-ren grösser. Übergewicht und reduzierte Fitness scheinen sich also bereits im Kindergartenalter in einem Teufelskreis zu manifestieren. Deshalb ist es wichtig bereits im Kingergarten mit Interventionen zu starten und Kindern mit einer tiefen Fitness möglichst früh Unterstützung zu bieten. Es ist erfreu-lich, dass gezeigt werden konnte, dass von der Lebensstilintervention auch übergewichtige Kinder und Kinder mit einer tiefen Fitness profitieren können. Die Daten in Bezug auf die kognitiven Fähigkeiten tragen zum noch wenig untersuchten Feld der «brain fitness» bei und unterstreichen den Nutzen der Bewegungsförderung im Kindesalter. Zusammengefasst bietet Ballabeina eine effektive Schulinter-vention zur Steigerung der körperlichen Fitness und zur Reduktion von Adipositas. Die Intervention war erfolgreich in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung, erreichte aber auch übergewichtige Kinder oder Kin-der mit einer tiefen Fitness, die zur kardiovaskulären Risikogruppe gehören
Design of a Marine Wireless Sensor Network for Seawater Quality Monitoring
No full textIn questa tesi viene presentata una profonda analisi di tutti i blocchi costituenti una versatile rete marina di sensori (WSN). Il framework discusso, incentrato sull’utilizzo di boe sensore per il monitoraggio in tempo reale della qualità dell’acqua marina, è stato pensato come estensione delle classiche sonde CTD, usate per la misura della conducibilità, della temperatura e della profondità dell’acqua marina. Queste vengono poi tipicamente equipaggiate con strumentazione addizionale per la misura della concentrazione di clorofilla-a e torbidità dell’acqua. Tuttavia questa strumentazione addizionale è di solito molto costosa e perciò ha di fatto impedito la realizzazione di un’ampia rete di unità di misura. A patire perciò da questa considerazione e tenendo presente le normative italiane in questo ambito, l’autore propone un nuovo ed economico modulo elettronico per il rilevamento in-vivo della clorofilla-a microalgale.
L’implementazione di tale sensore ha richiesto inoltre l’implementazione di una innovativa tecnica di progettazione di circuiti integrati, usata per derivare una completa rappresentazione simbolica del circuito e successivamente per simulare milioni di combinazioni dei parametri circuitali in un tempo esiguo. Il calcolo di una adeguata figura di merito permette quindi di selezionare la più appropriata combinazione di componenti passivi.
L’autore presenta inoltre due innovative tecniche prodotte: la prima per la caratterizzazione dei consumi energetici dei moduli di una WSN, tipicamente soggetti ad elevate variazioni dinamiche di corrente, e la seconda per una completa caratterizzazione dei moduli termoelettrici usati per fornire autonomia energetica, in cogenerazione con i pannelli solari, alle boe.A solid investigation of all the building blocks of a versatile Wireless Sensor Network for seawater monitoring applications is presented in this thesis.
The discussed framework, based on buoys for real-time monitoring of seawater, is intended to be an extension of the classical CTD probes, used for measuring the water conductivity, temperature and depth, and usually equipped with additional instrumentation for measuring the chlorophyll-a concentration and water turbidity. This additional instrumentation is usually very expensive and thus de facto has prevented the realization of a wide network of measuring unit. Starting from this assumption and in line with the Italian regulations in this area, the author proposes a new cheap module for in-vivo detection of chlorophyll-a.
The implementation the aforementioned sensor also requested the implementation of a novel circuit design technique, used to give a full symbolical representation of the circuit, which is then numerically simulated for millions of different combinations of the design parameters in a small time. The computation of a figure of merit thus leads to choose the most appropriate combination of adopted passive components.
The author also present two novel techniques: the first for power consumption characterization of WSN modules, which are usually subjected to high dynamic current variations and the second for the characterization of thermoelectric modules that are intended to be used to provide energy self-sufficiency in cogeneration with solar panel
Corrigendum
No full textBoyer TD, Medicis JJ, Pappas SC, Potenziano J, Jamil K. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to confirm the reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin: the REVERSE trial design. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials. 2012;4:39–49.Dr Jamil’s first name was incorrectly spelt as Khuramm Jamil in the author list. The correct spelling is Khurram Jamil.Read the original articl
Absolute rate constants for the reactions of some arylchlorocarbenes with acetic acid
No full textPT: J; CR: CLOSS GL, 1968, TOP STEREOCHEM, V3, P193 CLOSS GL, 1976, J AM CHEM SOC, V98, P8190 EISENTHAL KB, 1980, J AM CHEM SOC, V102, P6563 GRAHAM WH, 1965, J AM CHEM SOC, V87, P4396 GRILLER D, 1982, J AM CHEM SOC, V104, P5549 HADEL LM, UNPUB CHEM PHYS LETT KIRMSE W, 1971, CARBENE CHEM, CH7 LIU MTH, 1972, CAN J CHEM, V50, P3009 NAGAI Y, 1962, B CHEM SOC JPN, V35, P132 SCAIANO JC, 1980, J AM CHEM SOC, V102, P7747 TURRO NJ, 1980, J AM CHEM SOC, V102, P7576 WONG PC, 1981, CHEM PHYS LETT, V83, P69 WONG PC, 1981, J AM CHEM SOC, V103, P5934 WONG PC, 1982, J AM CHEM SOC, V104, P5106 ZUPANCIC JJ, 1980, J AM CHEM SOC, V102, P5958 ZUPANCIC JJ, 1981, J AM CHEM SOC, V103, P2423 ZUPANCIC JJ, 1981, J AM CHEM SOC, V103, P944; NR: 17; TC: 17; J9: J ORG CHEM; PG: 2; GA: QM675Source type: Electronic(1
A theoretical investigation in heterogeneous gold catalysis
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Despite the nobleness of bulk gold metal in air, small supported gold particles have been shown experimentally to be active in a wide range of chemical reactions. The objective of this work was to study, theoretically, some of the fundamental aspects of the reactivity of gold catalysts. Using activation of CO, CO2 and H2 as a test case, periodic and cluster density functional theory (DFT) calculations, within the generalized-gradient approximation (GGA), were performed to investigate the change in nobility of gold from the extended surface to small clusters. Potential methanol synthesis intermediates were optimized on the Au(111) surface. It was found that the molecules that are stable as gasphase species generally adsorbed weakly on the surface. Surface hydrogenation of CO-derived species appeared to be easier than surface hydrogenation of CO2- derived species. On an AU13 cluster, the energetics of CO2 adsorption and hydrogenation remain unfavourable. The cluster-size dependency of hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption was investigated. It was found that small gold clusters (1 to 13 atoms in size) can bind both H and CO strongly. Due to the changes in the orbital spatial symmetries and the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) with cluster size in this small size range, the adsorption energies depend very strongly on the number of gold atoms present, i.e. each atom makes a difference. For H adsorption, there is a very marked oscillation in adsorption energies, with the clusters with an odd number of gold atoms (with lower LUMO energies) being generally more reactive than the even clusters, up to about 10 atoms when the HOMO-LUMO gap ceases to fluctuate strongly. The role of the support material in activating gold atoms was studied. A hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QMlMM) electronic embedding technique was employed to model the ZnO(000l) surface of zincite. The QM region of the surface, treated by density functional theory, consisted of a total of 13 zinc and oxygen atoms for the zinc-vacant site, and 14 atoms for the bulk-terminated island site. It was found that Au0 and Au+ could be stabilized at the zinc vacant site of this surface. The higher oxidation states are unstable with respect to auto-reduction by the ZnO surface (i.e. their LUMO energies were below the HOMO of a bare ZnO surface. However, gold hydroxyls, where gold has + 1 to +3 oxidation states, can be stabilized at the vacancy. As zinc-substitutional impurities on the bulk-terminated island site, Au+, Au2+ and Au3+ oxidation states can be stabilized. CO was used as a test molecule to probe the chemical reactivity of the gold atoms in different adsorption sites and oxidation states. It was found that supported Au+ was more reactive than Au0, Au2+, or Au3+. Furthermore, CO binds more strongly to supported Au0 than the free Au0 atom. This implies that the support does not simply disperse gold particles, but it also modifies their electronic properties. It was also found that the nucleation of gold atoms to clusters can be affected by the support. Supported charges Au clusters have shorter Au-Au distances than their gas-phase counterparts
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