275 research outputs found
Investigating the relationship between interoceptive accuracy, interoceptive awareness, and emotional susceptibility
No full textInteroception, the sense of the physiological condition of the body, provides a basis for subjective feelings and emotions. Anterior insular cortex activity represents the state of the body and varies according to personality traits, such as emotional susceptibility (ES)-the tendency to experience feelings of discomfort and vulnerability when facing emotionally-laden stimuli. The accuracy of perceiving one's own bodily signals, or interoceptive accuracy (IAc), can be assessed with the heartbeat perception task (HPT), which is the experimental measure used by most of the existing research on interoception. However, IAc is only one facet of interoception. Interoceptive awareness (IAw) is the conscious perception of sensations from inside the body, such as heart beat, respiration, satiety, and the autonomic nervous system sensations related to emotions, which create the sense of the physiological condition of the body. We developed an Italian version of the recent self-report Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), tested its psychometric properties (reliability, dimensionality, and construct validity), and examined its relationship to ES, as assessed using the Emotional Susceptibility Scale, in a sample (n = 321) of healthy Italian psychology students (293 females, mean age: 20.5 years). In a subgroup of females (n = 135), we measured IAc with the HPT. We used a series of correlation/regression analyses to examine the complex interplay between the three constructs. We provide further evidence for a substantial independence of the IAc and IAw measures, confirming previous reports and current theoretical models that differentiate between IAc and IAw. Our analyses elucidate the complex relationship between distinct dimensions of IAw and ES, highlighting the need for continued efforts to shed more light on this topic
Impacts and State‐Dependence of AMOC Weakening in a Warming Climate
No full textAbstract All climate models project a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength in response to greenhouse gas forcing. However, the climate impacts of the AMOC decline alone cannot be isolated from other drivers of climate change using existing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations. To address this issue, we conduct idealized experiments using the EC‐Earth3 climate model. We compare an abrupt 4×CO2 simulation with the same experiment, except we artificially fix the AMOC strength at preindustrial levels. With this design, we can formally attribute differences in climate change impacts between these two experiments to the AMOC decline. In addition, we quantify the state‐dependence of AMOC impacts by comparing the aforementioned experiments with a preindustrial simulation in which we artificially reduce the AMOC strength. Our findings demonstrate that AMOC decline impacts are state‐dependent, thus understanding AMOC impacts on future climate change requires targeted model experiments
Limits to predictability of the asymptotic state of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a conceptual climate model
No full textAnticipating critical transitions in the Earth system is of great societal
relevance, yet there may be intrinsic limitations to their predictability. For
instance, from the theory of dynamical systems possessing multiple chaotic
attractors, it is known that the asymptotic state depends sensitively on the
initial condition in the proximity of a fractal basin boundary. Here, we
approach the problem of final-state sensitivity of the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation (AMOC) using a conceptual climate model, composed of a
slow bistable ocean coupled to a fast chaotic atmosphere. First, we explore the
occurrence of long chaotic transients in the monostable regime, which can mask
a loss of stability near bifurcations. In the bistable regime, we explicitly
construct the chaotic saddle using the edge tracking technique. Quantifying the
final-state sensitivity through the maximum Lyapunov exponent and the lifetime
of the saddle, we find that the system exhibits a fractal basin boundary with
almost full phase space dimension, implying vanishing predictability of the
second kind near the basin boundary. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of
studying non-attracting chaotic sets in the context of predicting climatic
tipping points, and provide guidance for the interpretation of
higher-dimensional models such as general circulation models
Centennial-Scale Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CMIP6 Models Shaped by Arctic–North Atlantic Interactions and Sea Ice Biases
No full textClimate variability on centennial timescales has often been linked to internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, due to the scarceness of suitable paleoclimate proxies and long climate model simulations, large uncertainties remain on the magnitude and physical mechanisms driving centennial-scale AMOC variability. For these reasons, we perform a systematic multi-model comparison of centennial-scale AMOC variability in pre-industrial control simulations of state-of-the-art global climate models. Six out of nine models in this study exhibit a statistically significant mode of centennial-scale AMOC variability. Our results show that freshwater exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic provide a plausible driving mechanism in a subset of models, and that AMOC variability can be amplified by ocean–sea ice feedbacks in the Labrador Sea. The amplifying mechanism is linked to sea ice cover biases, which could provide an observational constraint for centennial-scale AMOC variability
Centennial‐Scale Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CMIP6 Models Shaped by Arctic–North Atlantic Interactions and Sea Ice Biases
No full textClimate variability on centennial timescales has often been linked to internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, due to the scarceness of suitable paleoclimate proxies and long climate model simulations, large uncertainties remain on the magnitude and physical mechanisms driving centennial-scale AMOC variability. For these reasons, we perform a systematic multi-model comparison of centennial-scale AMOC variability in pre-industrial control simulations of state-of-the-art global climate models. Six out of nine models in this study exhibit a statistically significant mode of centennial-scale AMOC variability. Our results show that freshwater exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic provide a plausible driving mechanism in a subset of models, and that AMOC variability can be amplified by ocean-sea ice feedbacks in the Labrador Sea. The amplifying mechanism is linked to sea ice cover biases, which could provide an observational constraint for centennial-scale AMOC variability
Model output and analysis scripts for "High-latitude precipitation as a driver of multicentennial variability of the AMOC in a climate model of intermediate complexity"
No full textHere, we provide annually averaged model output from a 3000-year control simulation of PlaSim–LSG, a climate model of intermediate complexity. Processed variables and a Jupyter notebook to reproduce all figures of the manuscript (Mehling et al.: "High-latitude precipitation as a driver of multicentennial variability of the AMOC in a climate model of intermediate complexity") can also be found in this repository.
In addition, a Python implementation of the three-box model proposed in the manuscript can be found in the notebook boxmodel.ipynb
FIGURE 33 in Reconstructing the specimens and history of Howe Quarry (Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation; Wyoming)
No full textFIGURE 33. Ulna (AMNH FARB 33667; field number #155), housed in two pieces. We chose to keep the ulna in two parts because it will be easier to handle for curatorial purposes, and this way it fits in a drawer. The fractured surfaces (see cross section) were partially freed from adhering gypsum crystals using needles, and then consolidated with Butvar B-76, which makes the surface look slightly wet, but avoids gloss. The layer of Butvar will protect the surfaces when the two pieces are joined to take pictures or measurements for research purposes (see complete ulna; break where pieces are joined indicated with arrows). Photographs by B. Javors (cross section and complete ulna) and E.T. (ulna in ethafoam housing).Published as part of Tschopp, Emanuel, Mehling, Carl & Norell, Mark A., 2020, Reconstructing the specimens and history of Howe Quarry (Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation; Wyoming), pp. 1-56 in American Museum Novitates 2020 (3956) on page 40, DOI: 10.1206/3956.1, http://zenodo.org/record/456647
High-latitude precipitation as a driver of multicentennial variability of the AMOC in a climate model of intermediate complexity
No full textCentennial-scale variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the absence of external forcing has been identified in several climate models, but proposed mechanisms differ considerably. Therefore, better understanding of processes governing AMOC variability at these timescales is needed. Here, we analyze numerical simulations with PlaSim-LSG, an Earth System Model Intermediate Complexity (EMIC), which exhibits strong multicentennial oscillations of AMOC strength under constant pre-industrial boundary conditions. We identify a novel mechanism in which these oscillations are driven by salinity anomalies from the Arctic Ocean, which can be attributed to changes in high-latitude precipitation. We further corroborate our findings by conducting a set of millennial-length sensitivity experiments, and we interpret the mechanism by formulating a three-box model which qualitatively reproduces regular oscillations of the AMOC. While PlaSim-LSG lacks complexity compared to state-of-the-art models, our results reveal that precipitation minus evaporation (P-E) change in the Arctic is a physically plausible driver of centennial-scale AMOC variability. We discuss how this mechanism might be most relevant in climate states warmer than the present-day, raising questions about the state-dependence of multicentennial AMOC variability
Recommended from our members
Body Awareness: A phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies
No full textEnhancing body awareness has been described as a key element or a mechanism of action for therapeutic approaches often categorized as mind-body approaches, such as yoga, TaiChi, Body-Oriented Psychotherapy, Body Awareness Therapy, mindfulness based therapies/meditation, Feldenkrais, Alexander Method, Breath Therapy and others with reported benefits for a variety of health conditions. To better understand the conceptualization of body awareness in mind-body therapies, leading practitioners and teaching faculty of these approaches were invited as well as their patients to participate in focus groups. The qualitative analysis of these focus groups with representative practitioners of body awareness practices, and the perspectives of their patients, elucidated the common ground of their understanding of body awareness. For them body awareness is an inseparable aspect of embodied self awareness realized in action and interaction with the environment and world. It is the awareness of embodiment as an innate tendency of our organism for emergent self-organization and wholeness. The process that patients undergo in these therapies was seen as a progression towards greater unity between body and self, very similar to the conceptualization of embodiment as dialectic of body and self described by some philosophers as being experienced in distinct developmental levels. © 2011 Mehling et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Self-reported interoceptive awareness in primary care patients with past or current low back pain
No full textWolf E Mehling,1,2 Jennifer Daubenmier,1,3 Cynthia J Price,5 Mike Acree,1 Elizabeth Bartmess,1 Anita L Stewart41Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, 3Department of Medicine, 4School of Nursing, Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 5School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USABackground: Mind–body interactions play a major role in the prognosis of chronic pain, and mind–body therapies such as meditation, yoga, Tai Chi, and Feldenkrais presumably provide benefits for pain patients. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) scales, designed to measure key aspects of mind–body interaction, were developed and validated with individuals practicing mind–body therapies, but have never been used in pain patients.Methods: We administered the MAIA to primary care patients with past or current low back pain and explored differences in the performance of the MAIA scales between this and the original validation sample. We compared scale means, exploratory item cluster and confirmatory factor analyses, scale–scale correlations, and internal-consistency reliability between the two samples and explored correlations with validity measures.Results: Responses were analyzed from 435 patients, of whom 40% reported current pain. Cross-sectional comparison between the two groups showed marked differences in eight aspects of interoceptive awareness. Factor and cluster analyses generally confirmed the conceptual model with its eight dimensions in a pain population. Correlations with validity measures were in the expected direction. Internal-consistency reliability was good for six of eight MAIA scales. We provided specific suggestions for their further development.Conclusion: Self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness differ between primary care patients with past or current low back pain and mind–body trained individuals, suggesting further research is warranted on the question whether mind–body therapies can alter interoceptive attentional styles with pain. The MAIA may be useful in assessing changes in aspects of interoceptive awareness and in exploring the mechanism of action in trials of mind–body interventions in pain patients.Keywords: interoception, body awareness, low back pain, questionnair
- …
