127 research outputs found
Outlining job descriptions of the health professions for preventive care : an exploratory study at the Local Health Authority of Milan, Italy
No full textJob descriptions are detailed descriptions of particular job positions; they are utilized to select and evaluate the personnel, but also to assess the professionals' educational needs; in fact, job descriptions identify which tasks the employee is expected to perform and his/her required characteristics. The aim of this study was to explore suitable methodologies to analyze the job positions in the health professional field, to outline specific job descriptions. More specifically, we intended to study how to outline the job descriptions of the health professions for preventive care (Public Health Nurses, PHN, and Occupational and Environmental Health Officers, OEHO ) employed at the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Milan, in order to contribute to their educational needs assessment. Data were collected in 2012 from a purposive sample of 29 professionals belonging to the population under study (PHN and OEHO employed at the LHA of Milan), and from other 7 healthcare professionals working in the staff (totally 36 participants), through two qualitative methods: focus groups and participant field observations. We used two methods of data gathering to attain triangulation, in order to increase the validity of the results. A thematic analysis was performed by two researchers on focus groups transcriptions and filed notes. A list of 26 activities performed by participants in different contexts of the LHA emerged in the focus groups; ten of those activities were studied in the field through participant observations, which confirmed what informants said in the focus groups. Concerning the methodology for data gathering to outline job descriptions, participants appreciated focus groups, since they gave them the opportunity to reflect on the activities performed at the LHA, highlighting critical aspects of those activities and therefore their educational needs. Participant field observations, conducted by a researcher belonging to the health professions for preventive care, did not encounter any resistance, but were less appreciated by participants than focus groups. From the researcher's point of view, the field observations were less efficient than focus groups. Focus groups have proven to be a valid tool to outline job descriptions of health professions for preventive care, since they are perceived not only as a method for data gathering, but also as a means to identify their educational needs. When triangulated with field observations, data gathered through focus groups enhanced their validity, but participant observations proved to be scarcely efficient. Further research is needed on instruments that allow data gathering on job descriptions to be triangulated with focus groups, such as questionnaires
Rudgea pungens C. M. Taylor, Bruniera & Zappi 2015
No full text7. Rudgea pungens (Steyermark) C.M. Taylor, Bruniera & Zappi (2015: 45, p. 4). – Psychotria pungens Steyermark (1972: 677). (Fig. 7 D–F). Type: — FRENCH GUIANA. Without locality, s.d., F. M. R . Leprieur 118 (holotype, P! [P00837150]; probable isotype (unnumbered collection), G! [G00418599, G00418600]). Shrub 0.3–2 m tall, with nearly horizontal branches; twigs glabrous, 1–1.5 mm thick, soon covered with a pale strawcoloured bark. Stipules 8–16(–20) × 1–7 mm, glabrous, marcescent and soon corky, consisting of a narrow tubular sheath 5–9(–12) mm long (usually split at flower-bearing nodes) bearing 8–15 terminal linear appendages 3–8 mm long, and 5–7 dorsal linear appendages 0.5-3 mm long, forming a very short decurrent keel inserted 1–3 mm above the base of the stipule. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.2–0.6 cm long, glabrous; blades elliptic, 6.5–14.5(–16) × 1.8–4.5(–5.5) cm, acute or obtuse at base, gradually long-acuminate at apex, very thick, entirely glabrous, drying olive green to olive brown; midrib concave above; secondary veins 5–10 on each side of midrib, strongly ascending, forming an angle of 45–60° with the midrib; tertiary veins invisible in fresh leaves, sometimes slightly prominent when dry; domatia absent. Inflorescences terminal, subcapitate and involucrate, ca. 8-flowered, patent to sub-erect, glabrous, sessile or pedunculate; peduncle (when present) terete, to 1 cm long; flower-bearing portion 1.3–2.2 × 1.4–3.5 cm, secondary branches apparently absent or extremely reduced in flower, to 2 mm long in fruit; bracts pale green, numerous and imbricate in several rows, 10–20 × 2–7 mm, lanceolate, entire, acute at apex, glabrous or shortly ciliate, erect or patent, persistent in fruit. Flowers sessile, 5-merous, heterostylous. Hypanthium obovoid, 1.5 mm long, glabrous, Calyx tube 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous; lobes linear to narrowly triangular, 1.2–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, glabrous or ciliate. Corolla white, tube narrow and almost cylindrical, 13 mm long, 1 mm wide at base, 1.5–2.5 mm wide at mouth, glabrous outside (inside not seen); lobes narrowly triangular, 2.5 × 1 mm, glabrous, with short, obtuse dorsal appendage 0.5 mm long. Stamens included in long-styled flowers, or exserted with filaments exceeding corolla throat by 1 mm in short-styled flowers; anthers 2.3 × 0.3 mm. Disk shortly cylindrical, 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Style exserted, exceeding corolla mouth by 1.5 mm in long-styled flowers, or included in short-styled flowers. Fruits ovoid with truncate apex, 11 × 7–8 mm when fresh, 7–10 × 5–7 mm when dry, dark red-brown and hard when immature, cherry red when mature, glabrous, sessile, crowned with persistent calyx 2.5–4 mm in diameter. Pyrenes plano-convex, hemi-obovoid to hemi-ellipsoid, 9 × 6.5 mm, dorsal side smooth, ventral side smooth. Seeds with a deep T-shaped ventral furrow. Distribution and ecology: —This species is only known from French Guiana (Fig. 5), where it occurs on the main summits of the central Inini-Camopi chain (Mts Atachi Bacca to Mts Bakra) and disjunctly at low altitudes in the northeast; it should be expected in adjacent parts of Suriname and Brazil. It is apparently restricted to relatively low forests on rocky substrates, 5-800 m in elevation, and is locally abundant. Phenology: —Flowering collections were made in January, May and August; fruiting collections in January, March–April (full-sized, but still hard) and August (mature fruits). As in the similar Rudgea billietiae, the fruits probably take several months to mature. Notes: —This species, originally described in Psychotria (Steyermark 1972), was recently transferred to Rudgea (Taylor et al. 2015) but its affinities within the genus were still unclear. Taylor and Bruniera (2018) mentioned its similarity to the R. bracteata J.H. Kirkbride (1981: 97) group, especially because of the well-developed bracts, but members of that group have larger fruits, and stipules with a prominent dorsal keel and without marginal appendages. The involucrate inflorescences and narrowly tubular stipules of R. pungens are unusual characters in Rudgea, but the discovery of R. billietiae, with similar stipules and lax inflorescences, links it to R. cornigera, R. hostmanniana and R. tanaosepala, which have lax inflorescences and shorter stipular sheaths. The differences between these species are summarised in Table 1. The original description of the species was based on a single specimen without fruits or corollas, and is therefore incomplete on several points. The species is now known from additional complete material, which allows to present here a full description; only the interior of the corolla tube cannot be described, because the flowers are too few for a dissection to be made. The dimensions in brackets refer to a vegetative collection (Granville 4002) from Mount Bakra, French Guiana, which has slightly larger leaves and stipules; though it almost certainly belongs to this species, confirmation with reproductive material from the same area would be reassuring. Specimens Examined: — FRENCH GUIANA. Crique Kapiri – RN2, bassin de l’Approuague, 4°07’N, 52°05’W, 11 January 1991 (fallen fl.), G . Cremers 11474 (CAY); savane-roche [inselberg] Virginie, 4°11’N, 52°08’W, 18 February 2009 (fallen fl.), C . Delnatte, F. Billiet, J.- J. de Granville & B. Jadin 1682 (CAY); Fleuve Sinnamary, rive droite, layon ONF (n°7) direction Sud, à 7 km du fleuve, 1 May 1969 (fl.), J.- J . de Granville 128 (CAY); sommet des Monts Atachi Bacca, 4 March 1971 (fr.), J.- J . de Granville 765 (CAY, P); Monts Galbao, 10 km WSW Saül, 14 March 1973 (imm. fr.), J.- J . de Granville 1534 (CAY, P); Monts Bakra, versant Sud, 5 km WSW du pic Coudreau, 28 September 1980 (st.), J.- J . de Granville 4002 (CAY, P); Montagne Bellevue de l’Inini, zone centrale, 23 August 1985 (fl. & imm. fr.), J.- J . de Granville, L. Allorge, G. Cremers, A. R. A. Görts-van Rijn & J. F. Kodjoed 7770 (BR, CAY, P); Crique Gabaret, bassin de l’Oyapock, Saut Mérignan, 13 April 1988 (fallen fl.), J.- J . de Granville 10275 (CAY); Monts Atachi Bacca, versant Nord, 9 km au SE de Gobaya Soula, 3°33’N, 53°55’W, 12 January 1989 (fl.), J.- J . de Granville, G. Cremers, J. I. Hagemann, B. E. Leuenberger, R. W. Sanders & M. Sangrey 10616 (CAY, P); Monts Atachi Bacca, est du plateau sommital, 3°33’N, 53°55’W, 22 January 1989 (fr.), J.- J . de Granville, G. Cremers, J. I. Hagemann, B. E. Leuenberger, R. W. Sanders & M. Sangrey 10861 (CAY, P); layon Régina – Kaw, 4°21’W – 52°08’W, 7 August 1997 (fallen fl.), V . Hequet 688 (CAY); Route Régina – Saint Georges, piste de la savane-roche [inselberg] Virginie, 4°11’05”N, 52°08’13”W, 6 April 2014 (fr.), O . Lachenaud 1720 (BR, CAY, L, MO, P); without locality, s.d. (fl.), L.C.M. Richard s.n. (P [P04008549], mixed with R. billietiae); sommet nord du Mont Galbao, 29 January 1978 (fallen fl.), Tay 91 (MPU) .Published as part of Lachenaud, Olivier, Bruniera, Carla P. & Zappi, Daniela C., 2022, The Rudgea hostmanniana complex (Rubiaceae) in the Guiana Shield region, pp. 219-242 in Phytotaxa 561 (3) on pages 236-237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/706987
Rudgea coussareoides C. M. Taylor, Bruniera & Zappi 2015
No full text4. Rudgea coussareoides (Standley) C.M. Taylor, Bruniera & Zappi (2015: 45, p. 4 [E-publication]). – Psychotria coussareoides Standley (1931: 441). – Palicourea coussareoides (Standley) Delprete & J.H. Kirkbride (2016: 417). Fig. 1B, 2B. Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas, slopes of Mount Duida, Agüita, 4000 ft [ca. 1220 m], 1928–29 (fl. buds), G. H. H . Tate 919 (holotype, NY! [NY00132650]). Rudgea tillettii Steyermark (1967: 416). Type: — GUYANA. Porkknocker Camp 2 on Partang River, about 19 miles from mouth, Merume Mountains, 625 m, 28 June 1960 (fl. buds), S. S . Tillett, C. L. Tillett & R. Boyan 43934 (holotype, NY! [2 sheets, NY00133238, NY00133239], isotypes K! [K000005080], VEN! [VEN 64649]). Psychotria coussareoides var. ciliata Steyermark (1972: 496). Type: — VENEZUELA. Bolivar: Cerro Venamo (parte SO), 950–1000 m, 10 January 1964 (fl. buds), J. A. Steyermark, G. C. K. Dunsterville & E. Dunsterville 92929 (holotype, VEN! [VEN 62981], isotype, NY! [NY00132651]). Shrub or tree 1.5–7 m tall; twigs glabrous, 1.5–3 mm thick, soon covered with a brown corky bark. Stipules 2.5–7 × 4.5–10 mm, glabrous, marcescent but soon damaged, consisting of a truncate sheath bearing 6 groups (2 between every pair of leaves) of ca. 10 thick aculeiform dorsal appendages 0.5–1 mm long, shorter than the sheath and inserted between 2/3 and 3/4 of its length from the base. Leaves ternate; petioles 0.8–2.5 cm long, glabrous; blades elliptic, 6.2–21 × 1.2–7 cm, decurrent on petiole at base, acuminate at apex, coriaceous with slightly recurved margin, entirely glabrous, drying olive brown to dark brown; midrib slightly prominent above; secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midrib, weakly to moderately ascending, forming irregular loops 0.5–2 mm from the margin; tertiary venation prominently reticulate (at least in the dry state) and concolorous below, the veins 1–2 mm apart; domatia absent. Inflorescences terminal, pale green to purplish (at least in the fruiting stage), in pyramidal panicles, 5.7–13.5 cm long, erect, minutely spreading-puberulous; peduncle terete, 2.2–4.2 cm long; branched portion 3.5–10.5 × 3–8 cm; secondary branches (2–)3–4 per node, 1.2–2 cm long; bracts of basal node resembling small leaves, 8–27 × 1–5.5 mm, narrowly elliptic, glabrous, the other bracts minutely triangular, 1–2.5 × 0.5–2 mm, entire or dentate, glabrous to puberulous. Flowers sessile, 5-merous, fragrant. Hypanthium cylindrical, 0.8–1 mm long, glabrous. Calyx shortly cupuliform, glabrous to puberulous; tube 0.3–0.7 mm long; lobes triangular, 0.2–0.3 mm long. Corolla white, hypocrateriform; tube funnelshaped, 2–2.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, glabrous to papillose outside, densely villose inside except towards the base; lobes narrowly triangular, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, acute at apex, glabrous outside, papillose inside. Stamens mostly included with only the tips exserted, anthers 1 × 0.5 mm. Disk cylindrical, 0.3–0.7 mm long, glabrous. Style exserted, 4.5–5.5 mm long, bilobed, glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid to subglobose, 5.5–8 × 4–5.5 mm when dry, green or greyish-blue when immature, dark purple when mature, glabrous, sessile or with pedicel <2 mm long, calyx not markedly enlarged, 1.3–2.5 mm wide. Pyrenes plano-convex, hemi-ellipsoid, 7–7.5 × 5–5.5 mm; dorsal side faintly and irregularly ridged, slightly granulose, ventral side smooth. Seeds with a deep T-shaped ventral furrow. Distribution and ecology: —Occurring in western Guyana, eastern Venezuela, and northern Brazil (Amazonas) and apparently in disjunct populations in Amazonian Peru (Fig. 6); in tepui slope forests, sometimes on riverbanks, mostly 700–1500 m but as low as 300 m altitude in Peru. Phenology: —Flowers in October (buds), January-February, and June; fruits in January, April and October-November. Notes: —The systematic position of this species, which has only recently been transferred to Rudgea from Psychotria (Taylor et al. 2015) has long been unclear. It appears that it is part of the R. hostmanniana complex, and in particular closely resembles R. bolivarensis in stipule morphology. It is easily separated from the latter – and from all species of Rudgea in the Guiana Shield region – by its ternate, rather than opposite, leaves. Furthermore, its stipules bear two separate groups of appendages between every leaf pairs (as opposed to one in R. bolivarensis) and its inflorescences are also more slender than in R. bolivarensis. It is unclear whether the flowers of this species are heterostylous; only two specimens with open flowers have been seen, and both seem to pertain to the long-styled form. A specimen from Brazil, cited below, represents a new record for the country; though it was seen in photograph only, this identification is without any doubt. A previous record of this species from French Guiana (Funk et al. 2007, as Psychotria coussareoides) is presumably based on the specimen R.A.A. Oldeman & C. Sastre 88 (CAY), which is Coussarea sp. No authentic material of R. coussareoides from French Guiana has been seen by the authors. Additional Specimens Examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manacapuru, margen do lago grande, operação Radam, ponto 4, 9 October 1976 (fl. buds), T . R. Bahia 219 (F n.v., NY, photo K). GUYANA. Upper Mazaruni River region, Karowtipu Mountain, 5°45’N, 60°35’W, 1000 m, 25 April 1987 (fr.), B . M. Boom & D. Gopaul 7728 (MO); Pakaraima Mountains, Mount Wokomung, Wusupubaru Creek, 2 km from juncture with Suruwubaru Creek, 5°03’N, 59°53’W, 975–1125 m, 13 February 1993 (fl.), T . M. Henkel, M. Chin & W. Ryan 1326 (MO); Pakaraima Mountains, Mount Wokomung, headwaters of Wusupubaru Creek, 5°03’N, 59°53’W, 975–1125 m, 15 February 1993 (fl.), T . M. Henkel, M. Chin & W. Ryan 1385 (NY). PERU. Amazonas: Distrito Imaza, comunidad Aguaruna Putuim, Anexo de Yamayakat, 700–750 m, 21 January 1996 (fr.), C . Díaz S., H. Osores, H. Díaz & D. Díaz 7727 A (K). VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Distrito Atabapo, Cerro Marahuaca, 3°43’N, 65°30’W, 1200 m, 16 October 1988 (fr.), R . Liesner 24924 (K); Distrito Atabapo, Cerro Huachamacari, 3°49’N, 65°43’W, 800–1300 m, 5 November 1988 (fr.), R . Liesner 25881 (K).Published as part of Lachenaud, Olivier, Bruniera, Carla P. & Zappi, Daniela C., 2022, The Rudgea hostmanniana complex (Rubiaceae) in the Guiana Shield region, pp. 219-242 in Phytotaxa 561 (3) on pages 229-231, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/706987
Rudgea glomerulata Zappi & O. Lachenaud 2022, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Rudgea glomerulata</i> Zappi & O. Lachenaud, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Fig. 3) <p> <i> Stipulis et bracteis valde laciniatis, calyce tubo conspicuo 1.5 <i>–</i> 4 mm longo lobisque triangularibus, inflorescentiis pendulis et disco bipartito</i> Rudgeae itoupensi <i> valde similis, sed differt bracteis externis maioribus et angustioribus, 9 <i>–</i> 28 × 2.5 <i>–</i> 3.5 mm (vs. ca. 7 × 7 mm) apice longe acuminatis et calycibus valde excedentibus, corollaque tubo 18 <i>–</i> 20 mm longo (vs. 11.5 mm)</i> </p> <p> <b> Type: <i>—</i></b> FRENCH GUIANA. Montagne de Kaw, route de Kaw, p.k. 46, 4°33’N, 52°09’W, 14 December 1986 (fl.), <i>J.J. de Granville 9075</i> (holotype, MO [MO-2365274]; isotypes, CAY [CAY079168], P [P03985332], U [U 0130743]).</p> <p> <i>Shrub</i>, 1 <b>–</b> 3 m tall, much-branched; terminal branchlets 2–3 mm thick, densely pubescent with appressed hairs, soon covered with a pale brownish bark. <i>Stipules</i> consisting of two flat interpetiolar portions, narrowly ovate, 8 <b>–</b> 13 × 2 <b>–</b> 5 mm, deeply laciniate with 15 <b>–</b> 20 marginal appendages 1.5–5 mm long and lacking dorsal appendages, surrounding an internal sheath 2 <b>–</b> 3.5 mm long bearing ca. 10 lateral appendages 1.5 <b>–</b> 3 mm long in the axils of the petioles, pubescent, soon corky and eventually caducous. <i>Leaves</i> opposite, petiolate; petioles 0.5 <b>–</b> 2 cm long, pubescent like the stems; blades elliptic to narrowly obovate, 10.5 <b>–</b> 24 × 3 <b>–</b> 8 cm, acute to obtuse at base, acuminate at apex, the margin slightly revolute, papyraceous to slightly coriaceous when dry, glabrous above, pubescent below with sparse appressed hairs 0.2 mm long, drying olive green to olive brown; midrib convex on both sides, secondary veins 7 <b>–</b> 14 on each side of midrib, weakly ascending, forming loops at 1–5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins concolorous, prominently and rather laxly reticulate in the dry state; domatia absent. <i>Inflorescences</i> terminal, capitate to shortly branched, 4.5 <b>–</b> 15 cm long, many-flowered, ± pendulous, densely appressed hairy; peduncle terete, 2.5 <b>–</b> 13.5 cm long; flowering portion 1 <b>–</b> 3 × 2 <b>–</b> 5.5 cm; ramifications absent or very short (<1 mm) at anthesis, sometimes accrescent to 1 cm long in the fruiting stage; bracts green, numerous and long exceeding the calyces, the basal ones lanceolate, 9 <b>–</b> 28 × 2.5 <b>–</b> 3.5 mm, deeply and irregularly laciniate towards their base, the upper ones similar but narrower, 9 <b>–</b> 11 × 1.5 <b>–</b> 2 mm, all densely appressed hairy outside and glabrous inside. <i>Flowers</i> (4)5-merous, whether distylous unknown, sessile. <i>Hypanthium</i> tronco-conical to subcylindrical, 1 <b>–</b> 1.5 mm long, densely villose. <i>Calyx</i> deeply cupuliform, pubescent outside; tube 1.5 <b>–</b> 4 mm long; lobes triangular, 1 <b>–</b> 2 mm long, the apex acute but often damaged. <i>Corolla</i> white; tube narrow and almost cylindrical, 18 <b>–</b> 20 × 1.5 mm, glabrous throughout; lobes triangular, 4.5 <b>–</b> 6 mm long, broadly corniculate at apex, glabrous on both sides except the cornicula minutely puberulous. <i>Stamens</i> fully exserted; filaments exserted 3 mm beyond corolla mouth; anthers 2.5 × 0.4 mm, dorsifixed. <i>Disk</i> bipartite, cylindrical, 1 mm long, glabrous. <i>Style</i> included, 5 mm long, branches 1 mm long. <i>Fruits</i> ellipsoid to ovoid or rarely subglobose, 15 <b>–</b> 18 × 10 <b>–</b> 15 mm when fresh, 7.5 <b>–</b> 17 × 7.5 <b>–</b> 13 mm when dry, dark green when immature, pale yellow to yellow-orange when mature, glabrous, on short accrescent pedicel 2 <b>–</b> 5 mm long, crowned with persistent calyx tube; mesocarp yellowish-white. <i>Pyrenes</i> ellipsoid, 10.5 <b>–</b> 13.5 × 8 <b>–</b> 9 mm, the dorsal surface minutely verruculose, smooth; seeds with a deep T-shaped ventral furrow.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and ecology:</b> —Only known from northern French Guiana, where it occurs mostly in the northeastern hill ranges (Montagne des Trois Pitons, Nouragues, and eastern side of the Kaw mountain) with an isolated record further west in the Sinnamary basin (Fig. 4). The species occurs in the undergrowth of mature forest, at 90–400 m elevation.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:</b> —The species was collected with flowers in November and December, corresponding to the beginning of the first rainy season. Immature fruits have been found in February (end of first rainy season) and mature ones from April to July (second rainy season).</p> <p> <b>Conservation status assessment:—Vulnerable (VU)</b> (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). <i>Rudgea glomerulata</i> is endemic to French Guiana, and is known from 16 collections, representing eight occurrences. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated to be 5,026 km ², within the limit for Vulnerable status under subcriterion B1, and its area of occupancy is estimated to be 40 km ², within the limit for Endangered status under subcriterion B2. Two of its occurrences are protected in the Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues and Réserve Naturelle des Marais de Kaw-Roura. The other occurrences are unprotected but most of them are found in remote areas with currently low level of threat. However, one on the Kaw Mountain is in an area experiencing some level of timber exploitation, and also harboring important bauxite and gold deposits; mining projects there were abandoned in 2008, but may resurface in the future. Another potential threat to this occurrence comes from touristic development and related infrastructure. We may therefore project a decline in habitat extent and quality. The eight occurrences represent eight locations in the sense of IUCN, and the species qualifies for Vulnerable status under the conditions B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).</p> <p> <b>Notes:</b> —This species is similar to <i>R. itoupensis</i>, described below; the two are remarkable in the genus by their deeply laciniate bracts and stipules (shallowly laciniate in most other species), ± pendulous inflorescences, welldeveloped calyx tube, and bipartite disk (the disk in <i>Rudgea</i> species is usually entire). It differs from <i>R. itoupensis</i> by its larger and narrower bracts that long exceed the calyces, and its longer corolla tube (Table 2). The two species also have different geographical and altitudinal ranges. In view of their stipule morphology and fruit colour, these species probably belong to the informal “ <i>lanceifolia</i> clade” defined by Bruniera (2015).</p> <p> Another species resembling <i>R. glomerulata</i> is <i>Palicourea yneziae</i> C.M.Taylor (Taylor 2015: 81) [Syn. <i>Rudgea mexiae</i> Standley (1936: 165)] from Peru and southern Colombia. This species was recently transferred from <i>Rudgea</i> to <i>Palicourea</i>, although it is unusual in the latter genus – especially due to its fimbriate stipules – and its placement there is provisional (Taylor 2015: 59–60). Its stipules, bracts and calyces are quite similar to those of <i>R. glomerulata</i>, although the leaf venation, disk, and fruit colour are different in both taxa (Table 2). In the absence of phylogenetical analysis including these species, it is unclear whether the resemblance between them is due to convergence or indicative of an affinity.</p> <p> There is also some resemblance between <i>R. glomerulata</i> and <i>R. lanceifolia</i>, especially in the shape of the stipules, but the differences are numerous: <i>R. lanceifolia</i> is a taller plant 3-10 m high, with more strongly ascending secondary leaf veins, an erect and usually branched inflorescence, entire or shortly dentate bracts, a calyx divided almost to the base, a usually longer (17-80 mm) corolla tube that is pubescent on both sides, and fruits dark red when immature and black when mature, crowned with an entire markedly accrescent disk 2-3 mm long and 5-10 mm in diameter.</p> <p> The inflorescences of <i>Rudgea glomerulata</i> are often capitate, but may have short ramifications, especially at the fruiting stage, as the rachis might expand after anthesis. It is not known whether the flowers are heterostylous; the only open flowers seen (on the type) are short-styled.</p> <p> Two collections, one from the Pakaraima Mountains in Guyana, <i>K.M. Redden, R. Williams, C. Perry, C. Paul & M. Lyle 1927</i> (P [P01019851]) and the another from Araracuara in Colombia, <i>H. Vester & A. Matapi 754</i> (L.4195512]), very closely resemble <i>R. glomerulata</i> in characters of the bracts, inflorescences and stipules, as well as in leaf shape and venation, but have a hirsute (rather than appressed) indumentum on the petioles and lower surface of leaf veins. The former specimen also has a much shorter peduncle, while the latter appears to have an erect inflorescence. More material is required to decide whether these collections are conspecific or not with <i>R. glomerulata</i>.</p> <p> <b> Additional specimens examined (paratypes): <i>—</i></b> FRENCH GUIANA. Nouragues, 13 May 1985 (fr.), <i>A. Cockle 101</i> (CAY); Eastern Plateau of Montagne Tortue, 11 km WNW of Approuague River, 4°18’N, 52°22’W, 12 June 1988 (fr.), <i>C. Feuillet 10045</i> (K); Station des Nouragues, 4°03’N, 52°42’W, 22 November 1989, (fl. buds), <i>G. Cremers 10928</i> (CAY); forêt sur la rive gauche de l’Arataye, à environ 2 km du Saut Pararé, 14 February 1969 (imm. fr.), <i>J.J. de Granville 82</i> (CAY, P); estuaire de l’Oyapock, entre le village de Petit Toucouchi et la montagne des Trois Pitons, 20 January 1981 (fallen fl.), <i>J.J. de Granville 4279</i> (CAY, P, U); Kaw: Montagne Favard, 20 April 1984 (fr.), <i>J.J. de Granville 6880</i> (CAY, MO); Montagne de Kaw, extrémité est, versant sud, 3 November 1985 (fallen fl.), <i>J.J. de Granville 8245</i> (CAY, MO); Station des Nouragues, 4°03’N, 52°42’W, 23 February 1991 (imm. fr.), <i>J.J. de Granville 11173</i> (CAY, MO); D.Z. de Crique Jupiter, bassin du Sinnamary, 24 April 1991 (imm. fr.), <i>J.J. de Granville, C. Roesel & L. Brothers 11497</i> (CAY); Station des Nouragues, 4°03’N, 52°42’W, June 1989 (fr.), <i>D. Larpin 643</i> (CAY); montée du Pic des Trois Pitons, 9 June 1980 (fr.), <i>C. Moretti 1166</i> (CAY, P); Nouragues Field Station, 4°05’N, 52°40’W, 27 February 2002 (imm. fr.), <i>S.A. Mori, F. Blanchard & T.A. Lobova 25483</i> (CAY, NY, P); Arataye (affluent de l’Approuague) au saut n°1, rive droite, 10 February 1969 (imm. fr.), <i>R.A.A. Oldeman B-2127</i> (CAY); Fleuve Arataye, Saut Pararé, 27 July 1984 (fr.), <i>B. Riéra 659</i> (CAY); station des Nouragues, bassin de l’Arataye, 4°03’N, 52°42’W, 11 July 1989 (fr.), <i>D. Sabatier & M.-F. Prévost 2533</i> (CAY, P, U).</p>Published as part of <i>Lachenaud, Olivier, Bruniera, Carla P. & Zappi, Daniela C., 2022, Six new and a little-known species of Rudgea (Rubiaceae-Palicoureeae) from the Guianas, pp. 154-174 in Phytotaxa 531 (3)</i> on pages 159-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5886210">http://zenodo.org/record/5886210</a>
Analytical comparison between batch and continuous direct compression processes for pharmaceutical manufacturing using an innovative UV–Vis reflectance method and chemometrics
No full textAdvancements in industrial technologies and the application of quality by design (QbD) guidelines are shifting
the attention of manufacturers towards innovative production techniques. In the pharmaceutical field, there is a
significant focus on the implementation of continuous processes, in which the production stages are carried out
continuously, without the need to interrupt the process and store the production intermediates, as in traditional
batch production. Such innovative production techniques also require the development of proper analytical
methods able to analyze the products in-line, while still being processed. The present study aims to compare a
traditional batch manufacturing process with an alternative continuous one. To this end, a real pharmaceutical
formulation was used, substituting the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with riboflavin, at the concentration
of 2 %w/w. Moreover, a direct and non-destructive analytical method based on UV–Vis reflectance
spectroscopy was applied for the quantification of riboflavin in the final tablets, and compared with a traditional
absorbance analysis. Good results were obtained in the comparison of both the two manufacturing processes and
the two analytical methods, with R2 higher than 0.9 for all the calculated calibration models and predicted
riboflavin concentrations that never significantly overcame the 15 % limits recommended by the pharmacopeia.
The continuous production method demonstrated to be as reliable as the batch one, allowing to save time and
money in the production step. Moreover, UV–Vis reflectance was proved to be an interesting alternative to
absorption spectroscopy, which, with the proper technology, could be implemented for in-line process control
Review of Security Models Applied to Distributed Data Access
No full textIn this paper, we explore the technologies behind the security
models applied to distributed data access in a Grid environment. Our goal is to study a security model allowing data integrity, confidentiality, authentication and authorization for VO users. We split the process for data access in three levels: Grid authentication, Grid authorization, local enforcement. For each level, we introduce at least one possible techno-logical solution. Finally, we show our vision of a SOA oriented security framework.
This work is developed as part of the CoreGRID Network of Excellence, for the Institute on Knowledge and Data Management
Analisi di campioni di aerosol atmosferico in due siti spagnoli (Sierra Nevada e Granada) e loro comparazione nell’ambito del progetto FRESA
No full textIn questo contributo presenteremo i principali risultati ottenuti nell’ambito del progetto nazionale spagnolo FRESA (Impact of dust-laden AFRican air massEs and of Stratospheric air masses in the
Iberian Peninsula. Role of the Atlas mountains, riferimento: CGL2015-70741-R) coordinato dal Prof. Josè Antonio Garcìa Orza dell’Università Miguel Hernández di Elche (Spagna).
Tale progetto ha previsto il campionamento giornaliero di filtri di particolato atmosferico (PM10), per una durata di tre anni (2017 - 2019) in due siti della Spagna meridionale: Granada (37.178 N,
3.610 W, 738m s.l.m.) e Sierra Nevada (37.096 N, 3.387 W, 2550m s.l.m.). Queste due località sono relativamente vicine fra loro (circa 25 Km di distanza in linea d’aria) ma, a causa della elevata differenza di altitudine, definiscono rispettivamente un ambiente urbano (Granada) ed uno remoto (Sierra Nevada).
La caratterizzazione chimica ha previsto l’utilizzo sinergico sia di metodi tradizionali per l’analisi dell’aerosol atmosferico (cromatografia ionica, Particle Induced X-ray Emission – PIXE) che più innovativi (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy – FTIR, Ultraviolet-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy – UV-Vis DRS). Ciò ha consentito l’apporzionamento delle sorgenti di emissione dell’aerosol atmosferico mediante modelli a recettore Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), le cui
conclusioni sono state avvalorate dai risultati di parametrizzazione e digitalizzazione dei colori dei filtri e dall’utilizzo untargeted di fingerprint dei gruppi funzionali IR-attivi. L’integrazione di queste informazioni con la caratterizzazione meteorologica e dinamica ha permesso di ben evidenziare le analogie e le differenze fra le due stazioni esaminate
Rudgea maypurensis Standley 1930
No full text6. Rudgea maypurensis Standley (1930b: 72). – Rudgea hostmanniana subsp. maypurensis (Standley) Zappi (in Zappi & Steyermark 2004: 808). (Figs. 1E, 2E) Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Maypures, June 1854 (fr.), R. Spruce 3615 (holotype, K! [K000447196]; isotype, P! [P04008962]; fragment, G! [G00436708]). R. corocoroensis Steyermark (1988: 349), syn. nov. Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas, Dpto. Atures, 5–8 km NW of settlement of Yutajé, 3 km W of Rio Coro-Coro, W of Serranía de Yutaje, 5°40’N, 66°09’W, 700–1000 m, 10 March 1987 (fl.), R. Liesner & B. Holst 21827 (holotype MO! [MO-2049858]; isotypes, F! [N °2030267], NY! [NY00133209], PORT! [PORT34149], U! [U0006286], US! [US 00153756]). Much-branched shrub 1–4 m tall; twigs densely patent-puberulous or more rarely glabrous, 1.5–3 mm thick, soon covered with a pale straw-coloured bark, becoming greyish on older stems. Stipules 3–10 x 3–5.5 mm, densely patentpuberulous to glabrous, marcescent and soon corky, consisting of a basal sheath 1–3 mm long (usually early split) bearing on each side of the node 4–6 erect linear terminal appendages 2–7 mm long, and 4–10 recurved dorsal appendages 1-3 mm long, these often connate at base into a short keel. Leaves opposite; petioles 0.1–0.7 cm long, patent-puberulous to glabrous; blades elliptic, 2.8–12 × 1–8.8 cm, slightly cordate to rounded at base, obtuse to hardly acuminate at apex, very thick, entirely glabrous, drying yellowish-green (or the young leaves blackish-green); midrib flat or concave above; secondary veins 6–11 on each side of midrib, rather strongly ascending, hardly prominent; tertiary venation not or hardly distinct; domatia absent. Inflorescences terminal, in rather condensed pyramidal panicles, 1.8–8.8 cm long, erect, shortly spreading-puberulous or more rarely glabrous; peduncle terete, 1–6.5 cm long; branched portion 0.8–3.5 × 1–3 cm; secondary branches (2–)3–4 per node, 0.4–2.7 cm long; bracts 1.5–5 × 0.7–2 mm, triangular to lanceolate, entire or often dentate at base, acute at apex, glabrous outside, pubescent inside. Flowers sessile, 5- merous, heterostylous. Hypanthium obconical, 0.7 mm long, glabrous. Calyx tube extremely reduced, lobes triangular, 0.5–1.8 × 0.5–0.7 mm, acute or obtuse at apex, densely ciliate. Corolla white (the lobes sometimes pale yellow), hypocrateriform; tube narrowly funnel-shaped, 3–4 mm long, 1–1.2 mm wide at base, 1.7–2 mm wide at mouth, glabrous outside, villose in the upper part inside; lobes narrowly triangular, 2.5 x 1.3 mm, glabrous to puberulous at apex outside, papillose inside, not corniculate dorsally. Stamens included, with subsessile anthers in long-styled flowers, or well-exserted, with filaments 3 mm long, in short-styled flowers; anthers 1.5 x 0.3 mm. Disk cylindrical to slightly conical, 0.5–0.8 mm long, glabrous. Style exserted, 6 mm long in long-styled flowers, or included, ca. 3.5 mm long in short-styled flowers, glabrous or densely pubescent in the distal half; lobes 0.5–1 mm long, stigmatic surface papillose. Fruits obovoid to subglobose, 4.5–6 × 4–5.5 mm when dry, green when immature, orange to red when mature, glabrous, sessile, crowned with persistent calyx 1–1.5 mm in diameter. Pyrenes plano-convex, hemi-obovoid, 5–5.5 × 4.2–5 mm, dorsal side with 2–4 prominent to very weak longitudinal ridges, slightly verrucose, ventral side ± smooth. Seeds with a deep T-shaped ventral furrow. Distribution and ecology: —Restricted to southeastern Venezuela (Amazonas state) and adjacent northwestern Brazil (Amazonas state), and probably eastern Colombia (Fig. 6); occurs in dry forests bordering granitic rocks (“lajas”) where it is locally abundant, at 85–200 m in elevation. Phenology: —Specimens with flowers were collected in March–April, with immature fruits in April–May, and with mature fruits in June–August and once in November. Notes: —This taxon, treated as a subspecies of Rudgea hostmanniana by Zappi & Steyermark (2004), is distinct enough to retain its original species status. It differs from R. hostmanniana by its stipules (compare Fig. 1D & 1E), its corolla lobes that are not corniculate at apex, and its pyrenes that are dorsally verrucose (Table 1). The leaves are also more coriaceous and shiny than in R. hostmanniana, with an often slightly cordate base and a usually shorter petiole, and the fruits are generally smaller. An illustration of this taxon (as R. hostmanniana subsp. maypurensis) has been published by Zappi & Steyermark (2004: fig. 618). The original description of Rudgea maypurensis was published in Standley (1930b: 72), not in Standley (1931: 434) as incorrectly cited by Steyermark (1967: 411). The flowers are here described for the first time; they are mentioned neither in the protologue, nor in any of the subsequent descriptions (Standley 1930b: 72; Steyermark 1967: 411, 1974: 1070-1071; Zappi & Steyermark 2004: 808–809). The type specimen of Rudgea corocoroensis was only seen in photograph, which is sufficient to establish that it agrees with R. maypurensis in all essential characters, particularly the diagnostic stipules, although the petioles are longer than usual for the species; the two names are therefore synonymized here. Steyermark (1988: 350) described the stipules of R. corocoroensis as having “5-7 rigid aculeae arising at or just below the sheath summit”, apparently omitting the dorsal appendages that are clearly present, and the calyx tube as 2 mm long, which is instead much smaller. He considered R. corororoensis as related to Rudgea morichensis Steyermark (1967: 424) but the latter is quite different, e.g. in its deeply cupular calyx and prominent tertiary leaf veins, and does not seem to belong to the R. hostmanniana complex. The types of both Rudgea maypurensis and R. corocoroensis have glabrous twigs, petioles and inflorescences; in all other collections seen these parts are shortly patent-puberulous. A collection from Brazil, cited below, is a new record for the country; although it is sterile and was only seen on photograph, its identification is without any doubt. A specimen from Colombia, Cuatrecasas 4052, referred to this species with some doubt by Steyermark (1967: 411), has not been seen for this revision. Additional Specimens Examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: vicinity of Pico Rondon, Perimetral Norte Highway km 211, 1°32’N 62°48’W, 2 February 1984 (st.), G . T. Prance, I. L. do Amaral, J. J. Pipoly, A. S. Tavares, C.D.A. da Mora & A. Cress 28731 (NY). VENEZUELA. Amazonas: 8 km S of Puerto Ayacucho, estación de piscicultura, 5°36’N, 67°37’W, 13–15 April 1978 (fl.), G . Davidse & O. Huber 14888 (K); Raudal d’Atures, 1 August 1887 (fr.), Gaillard 36 (P); Estación de Piscicultura de Puerto Ayacucho, 5°37’N, 67°37’W, 15 April 1977 (st.), O . Huber 617 (K); ibid., 15 April 1977 (fl.), O . Huber 617a (K); ibid., 15 April 1977 (imm. fr.), O . Huber 617b (K); 1–2 km E of Hotel Amazonas, Puerto Ayacucho, 8 November 1953 (fr.), B . Maguire, J. J. Wurdack & G. S. Bunting 36034 (K); 6 km N of Puerto Ayacucho on road to El Burro, 26 April 1984 (fl.), T . Plowman 13733 (K); ibid., T . Plowman 13742 (K); Cerro Piapoco, cerca del km 12–13 de la carretera Puerto Ayacucho – Sanariapo, 31 July 1967 (fr.), L . Ruiz-Terán 4444 (BR, K); Puerto Ayacucho, 18 May 1940 (fr.), L . Williams 12972 (K).Published as part of Lachenaud, Olivier, Bruniera, Carla P. & Zappi, Daniela C., 2022, The Rudgea hostmanniana complex (Rubiaceae) in the Guiana Shield region, pp. 219-242 in Phytotaxa 561 (3) on pages 235-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/706987
Phytochemicals Recovery from Grape Pomace: Extraction Improvement and Chemometric Study
No full textIn the last 20 years, an increased interest has been shown in the application of different types and combinations of enzymes to obtain phenolic extracts from grape pomace in order to maximize its valorization. Within this framework, the present study aims at improving the recovery of phenolic compounds from Merlot and Garganega pomace and at contributing to the scientific background of enzyme-assisted extraction. Five commercial cellulolytic enzymes were tested in different conditions. Phenolic compound extraction yields were analyzed via a Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology and a second extraction step with acetone was sequentially added. According to DoE, 2% w/w enzyme/substrate ratio was more effective than 1%, allowing a higher total phenol recovery, while the effect of incubation time (2 or 4 h) variation was more enzyme-dependent. Extracts were characterized via spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD analyses. The results proved that enzymatic and acetone Merlot and Garganega pomace extracts were complex mixtures of compounds. The use of different cellulolytic enzymes led to different extract compositions, as demonstrated using PCA models. The enzyme effects were observed both in water enzymatic and in the subsequent acetone extracts, probably due to their specific grape cell wall degradation and leading to the recovery of different molecule arrays
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