330 research outputs found
Wybrane aspekty wolności wypowiedzi w kontekście praw mniejszości narodowych
No full textWolność wypowiedzi stanowi warunek konieczny pełnego rozwoju jednostki i jest podstawą każdego wolnego i demokratycznego społeczeństwa. Wolność wypowiedzi i wyrażania opinii jest również podstawą pełnego korzystania z innych praw człowieka. Dla przykładu, wolność wypowiedzi stanowi integralną część prawa do wolności zrzeszania się i zgromadzeń, jak również prawa do głosowania. Dla przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych wolność wypowiedzi, jeżeli korzystają z niej w swoim języku ojczystym, posiada dodatkowy wymiar, będąc przejawem ich tożsamości. Na gruncie standardów międzynarodowych ochrona wolności wypowiedzi w zintegrowanym i szanującym różnorodność społeczeństwie zakłada przyjęcie zarówno gwarancji dotyczących zakazu niedyskryminacji ze względu na język czy pochodzenie narodowe, jak również, w celu zabezpieczenia pełniej i rzeczywistej realizacji dostępu do środków przekazu, podjęcie przez władze środków specjalnych ułatwiających taki dostęp. Środki takie mają podwójny cel: ułatwienie dostępu do mediów przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych oraz promocję tolerancji i pluralizmu kulturowego. Artykuł omawia niektóre aspekty wolności wypowiedzi przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych, takich jak posiadanie i utrzymywanie mediów mniejszości narodowych oraz używanie języków mniejszości narodowych w sferze publicznej i prywatnej. To ostatnie zagadnienie jest szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia rozróżnienia tego, co publiczne i tego, co prywatne. W kontekście używania języków mniejszości władze państwowe nierzadko bezpodstawnie regulacje dotyczące ograniczeń rozszerzają też na sferę prywatną
Selected aspects of freedom of expression in the context of the national minorities’ rights
No full textWolność wypowiedzi stanowi warunek konieczny pełnego rozwoju jednostki i jest podstawą każdego wolnego i demokratycznego społeczeństwa. Wolność wypowiedzi i wyrażania opinii jest również podstawą pełnego korzystania z innych praw człowieka. Dla przykładu, wolność wypowiedzi stanowi integralną część prawa do wolności zrzeszania się i zgromadzeń, jak również prawa do głosowania. Dla przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych wolność wypowiedzi, jeżeli korzystają z niej w swoim języku ojczystym, posiada dodatkowy wymiar, będąc przejawem ich tożsamości. Na gruncie standardów międzynarodowych ochrona wolności wypowiedzi w zintegrowanym i szanującym różnorodność społeczeństwie zakłada przyjęcie zarówno gwarancji dotyczących zakazu niedyskryminacji ze względu na język czy pochodzenie narodowe, jak również, w celu zabezpieczenia pełniej i rzeczywistej realizacji dostępu do środków przekazu, podjęcie przez władze środków specjalnych ułatwiających taki dostęp. Środki takie mają podwójny cel: ułatwienie dostępu do mediów przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych oraz promocję tolerancji i pluralizmu kulturowego. Artykuł omawia niektóre aspekty wolności wypowiedzi przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych, takich jak posiadanie i utrzymywanie mediów mniejszości narodowych oraz używanie języków mniejszości narodowych w sferze publicznej i prywatnej. To ostatnie zagadnienie jest szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia rozróżnienia tego, co publiczne i tego, co prywatne. W kontekście używania języków mniejszości władze państwowe nierzadko bezpodstawnie regulacje dotyczące ograniczeń rozszerzają też na sferę prywatną.Freedom of expression is a prerequisite for the full development of
the individual and the cornerstone of every free and democratic society.
Freedom of expression and opinion constitutes the basis for the full enjoyment
of other human rights. For example, freedom of expression is an integral part
of the right to freedom of association and assembly, as well as the right to vote.
For representatives of national minorities, if they use it in their native language,
it has an additional dimension, being a manifestation of their identity.
According to international standards, the protection of freedom of expression
in an integrated and respecting diversity society assumes the adoption of both,
non-discrimination guarantees regarding language or national origin, as well
as special measures that facilitate such access, to secure full exercise of access
to the media. Such measures have a dual purpose: to facilitate access to media
for representatives of national minorities and to promote tolerance and cultural
pluralism. This article explores different aspects of the freedom of expression
of representatives of national minorities, namely: establishment and
maintenance of national minority media and the use of national minority
languages in the public and private sphere. This last issue is particularly
important in terms of distinguishing between what is public and what is
private. In the context of the use of minority languages, state authorities also
in some cases unreasonably extend restrictions to the private sphere
Hybrid Annotation Systems for Music Transcription
No full textAutomated methods and human annotation are being extensively utilized to scale up modern classification systems. Processes though such as music transcription, oppose certain challenges due to the complexity of the domain and the expertise needed to read and process music scores. In this work, we examine how music transcription could benefit from systems that utilize hybrid annotation workflows, where automated methods are being trained, evaluated or have their output fixed by crowdworkers, using microtask designs. We argue that through careful task design utilizing microtask crowdsourcing principles, the general crowd can meaningfully contribute to such hybrid transcription systems.Web Information SystemsHuman-Centred Artificial Intelligenc
Tribological properties of surface layers of GJS2131 cast iron parts after finish turning
No full textW pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości tribologicznych powierzchni elementów wykonanych z żeliwa GJS2131 po obróbce wykończeniowej toczeniem z zastosowaniem różnych materiałów narzędziowych i w zróżnicowanych warunkach obróbki. Wykonane badania wykazały mniejszą wartość współczynnika tarcia w przypadku użycia materiału supertwardego CBN7050 oraz wolniejszy wzrost temperatury w strefie tarcia dla tego materiału narzędziowego o blisko 20% w stosunku do płytek z węglika spiekanego K10. Właściwy dobór warunków toczenia i materiałów narzędziowych w znaczący sposób wpływa na intensywność zużywania WW elementów trących. Najniższą wartość intensywności zużycia objętościowego dla żeliwa GJS2131 uzyskano przy zastosowaniu materiału CBN7050 w warunkach toczeniu z dużymi prędkościami i niewielkimi posuwami.In this paper, the results of studies on the surface tribological properties of parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron GJS2131 with a ferrite-pearlite structure after finish turning with different tool materials and machining conditions are presented. Investigations revealed minimum values of the friction coefficient and the slower, 20%, increase of temperature in the case of inserts made of “superhard” material CBN7050 compared to the hard alloy K10. The correct choice of turning conditions and tool material significantly affects the intensity of the wear of the rubbing surfaces. The lowest values of the volumetric wear rate intensity are registered in the case of CBN7050 tool material when turning at high speeds and low feed rates and in the case of K10 material when turning at low speeds and high feed rates. When using the investigated tool materials, very significant correlation between the state of the surface layer and its tribological characteristics has been set. In particular, the material CBN7050 has high coefficients of correlation between the intensity of wear Iv and the degree of distances distortion ∆d/d between the planes of the crystal net, macrostresses (σ1 + σ2), microhardness HV0.05, and the friction coefficient, as well as between the values of (σ1 + σ2) and the friction coefficient or between the dislocation density, microhardness and the friction coefficient. The coefficients of correlation between the friction coefficient and wear rate are less significant. This is evidence of a moderate influence of the friction coefficient on the wear rate of turned surfaces
Wybrane aspekty wolności wypowiedzi w kontekście praw mniejszości narodowych
No full textFreedom of expression is a prerequisite for the full development of the individual and the cornerstone of every free and democratic society. Freedom of expression and opinion constitutes the basis for the full enjoyment of other human rights. For example,freedom of expression is an integral part of the right to freedom of association and assembly, as well as the right to vote. For representatives of national minorities, if they use it in their native language, it has an additional dimension, being a manifestation of their identity.
According to international standards, the protection of freedom of expression in an integrated and respecting diversity society assumes the adoption of both, nondiscrimination guarantees regarding language or national origin, as well as special measures that facilitate such access, to secure full exercise of access to the media. Such measures have a dual purpose: to facilitate access to media for representatives of national minorities and to promote tolerance and cultural pluralism. This article explores different aspects of the freedom of expression of representatives of national minorities, namely: establishment and maintenance of national minority media and the use of national minority languages in the public and private sphere. This last issue is particularly important in terms of distinguishing between what is public and what is private. In the context of the use of minority languages, state authorities also in some cases unreasonably extend restrictions to the private sphere.
.Wolność wypowiedzi stanowi warunek konieczny pełnego rozwoju jednostki i jest podstawą każdego wolnego i demokratycznego społeczeństwa. Wolność wypowiedzi i wyrażania opinii jest również podstawą pełnego korzystania z innych praw człowieka. Dla przykładu, wolność wypowiedzi stanowi integralną część prawa do wolności zrzeszania się i zgromadzeń, jak również prawa do głosowania. Dla przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych wolność wypowiedzi, jeżeli korzystają z niej w swoim język
u ojczystym, posiada dodatkowy wymiar, będąc przejawem ich tożsamości. Na gruncie standardów międzynarodowych ochrona wolności wypowiedzi w zintegrowanym i szanującym różnorodność społeczeństwie zakłada przyjęcie zarówno gwarancji
dotyczących zakazu niedyskryminacji ze względu na język czy pochodzenie narodowe, jak również, w celu zabezpieczenia pełniej i rzeczywistej realizacji dostępu do środków przekazu, podjęcie przez władze środków specjalnych ułatwiających taki dostęp. Środki takie mają podwójny cel:ułatwienie dostępu do mediów przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych oraz promocję tolerancji i pluralizmu kulturowego. Artykuł omawia niektóre aspekty wolności wypowiedzi przedstawicieli mniejszości narodowych, takich jak posiadanie i utrzymywanie mediów mniejszości narodowych oraz używanie języków mniejszości narodowych w sferze publicznej i prywatnej. To ostatnie zagadnienie jest szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia rozróżnienia tego, co publiczne i tego, co prywatne. W kontekście używania języków mniejszości władze państwowe
nierzadko bezpodstawnie regulacje dotyczące ograniczeń rozszerzają też na
sferę prywatn
Key Determinants for High-Alloyed Cast Irons for Mechanical Engineering
No full textThis work presents the factors determining cast iron, and particularly austenitic high-alloy cast iron as a construction material, which is ranked among the leading casting alloys of iron with carbon, mainly due to its very good service properties, which makes it dedicated as a material for automotive castings, pipe and fitting castings and components resistant to elevated temperatures, corrosion and abrasive wear. Construction materials currently used in industry have increasingly better properties and their potential is depleting quickly. This forces the manufacturers to adjust the requirements and production capabilities of cast iron using the most modern technologies that give the expected beneficial economic and operating effects. The paper quotes the results of research in the field of the offered technologies that give special surface features to machine parts made of cast iron by modernising the parameters of the technological process of obtaining high-alloy austenitic cast iron, i.e., by applying coatings, as well as by appropriate surface treatment, the aim of which is and reinforce the material surface with those properties which are important in a given application
Direct numerical simulations of flow around non-spherical particles
No full textThis work focuses on creating a recipe for parametrizing flow around assemblies of non-spherical particles. A multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is used to simulate the flow. The research focuses on 3 different developments. First, different boundary conditions available in the literature for LBM are tested to identify the best for the flow problem. The second part of the thesis focuses on developing more widely applicable scaling laws for drag and lift of various isolated non-spherical particles. In the third part, a recipe to describe hydrodynamic forces on assemblies of axisymmetric, non-spherical particles is proposed. With the described parameters, drag, lift and torque correlations are proposed accordingly. This research is funded by the European Research Council under its consolidator grant scheme, contract no. 615096 (NonSphereFlow).Complex Fluid Processin
Alte Denkmaler aus Syrien, Palästina und Westarabien. Cent planches in-4° publiées sur l'ordre d'Ahmed Djemal Pacha, commandant la 4B Armée turque, ministre de la Marine. — Berlin, 1918 Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des deutschen turkischen Denkmalschutz-Kommandos. I. Sinaï, par Th. Wiegasd. Berlin et Leipzig, 1920. — II. Die griechischen Inschriften der Palaestina Tertia westlich der' Araba, par A. Alt., ibid., 1921. — III. Petra par W. Bachmann, C. Watzinger et Th. Wiegand, ibid., 1921
No full textDussaud René. Alte Denkmaler aus Syrien, Palästina und Westarabien. Cent planches in-4° publiées sur l'ordre d'Ahmed Djemal Pacha, commandant la 4B Armée turque, ministre de la Marine. — Berlin, 1918 Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des deutschen turkischen Denkmalschutz-Kommandos. I. Sinaï, par Th. Wiegasd. Berlin et Leipzig, 1920. — II. Die griechischen Inschriften der Palaestina Tertia westlich der' Araba, par A. Alt., ibid., 1921. — III. Petra par W. Bachmann, C. Watzinger et Th. Wiegand, ibid., 1921. In: Syria. Tome 2 fascicule 3, 1921. pp. 260-261
Assessment of the Quality of Ductile Cast Iron EN-GJS-500-7 Through the Influence of its Chemical Composition on the Grain Composition of Spheroidal Graphite
No full textQuantitative evaluation of the microstructure obtained in a product is nowadays commonly required both in R&D activities and during routine quality control of materials and components. This paper presents an assessment of the quality of ductile cast iron, based on investigations of the effect of chemical composition on the distribution of ductile graphite precipitates in low-alloy cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. The size of graphite precipitates was expressed in terms of equivalent cross-sectional diameter, which made it possible to describe the distribution of graphite precipitates with a function simulating the log-normal distribution of graphite. The resulting U, W and Z parameters were statistically analysed, including the effect of chemical composition on graphite distribution. In the studied cast iron, the components that increase the U parameter are silicon, manganese and phosphorus, thus favourably affecting the total graphite number. In contrast, the constituents that decrease the U parameter are carbon, chromium and aluminium
Liolaemus pacha Heredia, Robles & Halloy, 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Liolaemus pacha</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2 to 4).</p> <p> 1843. <i>Liolaemus darwinii</i>, Bell, T., Smith, Elder & Co., London, pp. 1–55.</p> <p> 1993. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Etheridge, R., Boll. Mus. Reg. di Sc. Naturali, Torino, 11: 137–199.</p> <p> 1993. <i>Liolaemus darwinii</i> (<i>partim</i>), Cei, J. M., Mus. Reg. di Sc. Naturali, Torino, Monografie XIV, 949 pp.</p> <p> 1996. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Halloy, M., Bull. of the Maryland Herp. Soc., 32: 43–57.</p> <p> 1998. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Etheridge, R. and Burghardt, G., Herpetological Monographs, 12: 1–37.</p> <p> 2002. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Halloy, M. and Robles, C., Bull. of the Maryland Herp. Soc., 38: 118–129.</p> <p> 2003. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Halloy, M. and Robles, C., Cuad. Herp., 17: 67–73.</p> <p> 2004. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Acta Zool. Lilloana, 48 (1–2): 103–121.</p> <p> 2004. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Martins E. P., Labra, A., Halloy, M. and Tolman Thompson J., Animal Behaviour, 68 (3): 453–463.</p> <p> 2005. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i> (<i>partim</i>), Abdala, C. S., Rev. Esp. de Herp., 19: 5–17.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i> (<i>partim</i>), Abdala, C. S. and Lobo, F., Cuad. Herp., 19 (2): 3–18.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i> (<i>partim</i>), Abdala, C. S. and Díaz Gómez, J., Zootaxa, 1317: 21–33.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i> (<i>partim</i>), Avila, L. J., Morando, M. and Sites, J. W. Jr., Biol. Journal of the Linnean Society, 89: 241– 275.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Herp. Review, 37: 88–89.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M. and Castillo, M., Herp. Nat. History, 9 (2): 127–133.</p> <p> 2006. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Robles, C. and Cuezzo, F., Rev. Esp. Herp., 20: 47–56.</p> <p> 2007. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i> (<i>partim</i>), Abdala, C. S., Zootaxa, 1538: 1–84.</p> <p> 2007. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Guerra, C. and Robles, C., Bull. of the Maryland Herp. Soc., 43: 110–118.</p> <p> 2008. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Robles, C. and Halloy, M., Cuad. de Herpetología, 22: 73–79.</p> <p> 2009. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Robles, C. and Halloy, M., South Am. Journal of Herp., 4: 253–258.</p> <p> 2009 a. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Salica, M. J. and Halloy, M., Acta Zool. Lilloana, 53: 89–96.</p> <p> 2009 b. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Salica, M. J. and Halloy, M., Rev. Esp. Herp., 23: 141–149.</p> <p> 2010. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Robles, C. and Salica, M. J. Anales de la Academia Nac. Ciencias, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 44: 3–16.</p> <p> 2010. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Robles, C. and Halloy, M., Herpetological Journal, 20: 243–248.</p> <p> 2011. <i>Liolaemus quilmes,</i> Salica, M. J. and Halloy, M., Herp. Review, 42 (4): 606.</p> <p> 2012. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Herpetological Journal, 22 (4): 267–270.</p> <p> 2012. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Robles, C. and Halloy, M., Salamandra, 48 (2): 115–121.</p> <p> 2013. <i>Liolaemus quilmes</i>, Halloy, M., Robles, C., Salica, M. J., Semhan, R., Juárez Heredia, V. and Vicente, N., Cuadernos de Herpetología, 27 (1): 15–26.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> Fundación Miguel Lillo (FML) 02448/1. Km 98, Ruta Provincial 307 (Los Cardones), Tafí del Valle Department, Tucumán Province, 26°40’1.5” S 65°49’5.1” W, datum: WGS84, 2725 m, collector, O. Pagaburo, 21/ 04/1999.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> FML 2448/3–4/6–9 Km 98, Ruta Provincial 307, Amaicha del Valle, Tafí del Valle Department, Tucumán Province. O. Pagaburo, Col. 21/04/1999.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Pacha comes from the Aimara and Quechua indigenous languages from northwestern Argentina. It means “earth” and by extension “world” or “cosmos”. In this part of the country, social gatherings called Pachamama are celebrated every year in the autumn to thank and bless the earth and its products.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, belongs to the <i>L. boulengeri</i> group because it has a patch of enlarged scales on the posterior region of the thigh (Etheridge 1995; Abdala <i>et al.</i> 2006). Within this group, it belongs to the <i>L. laurenti</i> group (Abdala 2007) because its posterior teeth have straight edged crowns and sexual dichromatism is evident. Within the <i>L. laurenti</i> group, <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> sp nov. is a member of the <i>L. darwinii</i> group (Abdala 2007) or the <i>darwinii</i> complex (Etheridge 1993) because it has a black line which crosses the eye vertically (except <i>L. chacoensis</i>) and pre-scapular spots in both males and females (Abdala 2007). Within the <i>L. darwinii</i> group (Abdala 2007), <i>L. pacha</i> differs from the members of the <i>L. ornatus</i> group (<i>L. albiceps, L. calchaqui, L. crepuscularis, L. irregularis, L. lavillai</i>, and <i>L. ornatus</i>) because it has an oviparous reproductive mode. It also differs from <i>L. albiceps</i> and <i>L. irregularis</i> because it is smaller (max SVL 67.9 mm vs 82.5 and 86.1 mm, respectively). <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> differs from <i>L. abaucan</i> and <i>L. uspallatensis</i> in having imbricate and keeled dorsal scales, whereas in those two species the dorsal scales are smooth or weakly keeled. <i>Liolaemus chacoensis</i> exhibits keeled temporal scales and mucronate dorsal scales, absent in <i>L. pacha</i>. The presence of a large prescapular spot distinguishes <i>L. pacha</i> from <i>L. abaucan</i>, <i>L. darwinii</i> and <i>L. koslowskyi</i>, which have large and evident postscapular spots. It differs from <i>L.</i></p> <p> <i>cinereus</i> in having a black stripe in the lateral field and in lacking melanism on the throat. <i>Liolaemus darwinii</i>, <i>L. grosseorum, L. laurenti, L. montanezi</i> and <i>L. olongasta</i> have a black antehumeral arch, absent in <i>L. pacha</i>.</p> <p> <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from <i>L. quilmes</i> mainly because of its size (see below). It has a larger prescapular spot (Fig. 5, left) than <i>L. quilmes</i> (Fig. 6, left) and numerous light blue scales on the sides of the body and tail (Fig. 2). It has a Y-shaped mark on the snout (Fig. 7), reduced in <i>L. quilmes</i> (Table 1). In <i>L. pacha</i>, scales on dorsum are uniformly colored (Fig. 8) whereas in <i>L. quilmes</i> scales on dorsum are irregularly variegated with diffuse spots (Fig. 9). Both species present alternating light and dark spots on supra and infralabials, more diffuse on infralabials in <i>L. pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Fig. 10, top), well marked in <i>L. quilmes</i> (Fig. 10, bottom). Anterior limbs with lightly visible bands and posterior limbs without these (Fig. 2 and 5, left), whereas in <i>L. quilmes</i> both anterior and posterior limbs with visible bands (Fig. 6, left). The new species presents yellow dorsolateral spotted bands (Fig. 2), different from <i>L. quilmes</i> which are continuous. <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> has ventrally scattered spots in the jaw area, light yellow on the throat and thigh areas (Fig. 3 and 5, right), in <i>L. quilmes</i> throat with spots that reach to the neck, ventral area white (Fig. 6, right, Table 1).</p> <p> Moreover, among its distinctive characteristics, <i>L. pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs significantly from 3 populations of <i>L. quilmes</i> in 10 characters (Table 2, P <0.05, shown with asterisk): greater snout-vent-lengths in both males and females; higher, wider and longer head in males; larger and wider male torso; longer hand; more scales on average around the body; more gular scales. The new species differs in four other characters (Table 2, P <0.05, shown without asterisk) from one or two of these populations: in two cases, it differed from El Tio y Las Ruinas de Quilmes but not from Animaná (ventral scales, length of female torso); in one case, it differed from Animaná and El Tio but not from Ruinas de Quilmes (length of humerus); and lastly, it differed from Animaná but not from El Tío and Ruinas de Quilmes (head width of females).</p> <p> <b>Description of the holotype.</b> Adult male. SVL 63.1 mm. Trunk length 33.8 mm. Head longer (15.1 mm) than wide (11.5 mm). Head height 7.8 mm. Eye diameter 3.8 mm. Interorbital distance 8.6 mm. Orbit–auditory meatus distance 5.8 mm. Auditory meatus 2.5 mm high, 1.3 mm wide. Orbit–commissure of mouth distance 3.3 mm. Internares distance 2.6 mm. Subocular scale length 3.1 mm. Femur length 13.5 mm, tibia 10.4 mm, and foot 17.3 mm. Humerus length 9.4 mm. Forearm length 7.6 and hand 9.1 mm. Tail length 95.5 mm. Length of the pigal region 6.4 mm and cloaca width 8.5 mm.</p> <p>Dorsal surface of the head smooth, with 17 scales. Rostral wider than long, bordered by six scales. Mental larger than rostral, trapezoidal, bordered by four scales. Nasal not in contact with rostral. Nasal surrounded by six scales, separated from canthal by one scale. Five scales between frontal and supercilliaries. Five scales between frontal and rostral. Frontal not divided. Two postrostrals. Interparietal smaller than parietals, in contact with eight scales. Orbital semicircles complete. Preocular separated from lorilabial row by one scale. Three scales in anterior margin of auditory meatus. Fifteen smooth temporals. Four lorilabials in contact with subocular. Seven supralabials, none in contact with subocular. Seven supraoculars. Eight lorilabials. Six infralabials, second ventrally in contact with two scales. Seventy scales around midbody. Seventy-five round, slightly imbricated, slightly keeled dorsals from occiput to hind limbs. Twenty-four rows of scales in dorsum. Scales of flank same size and shape as dorsals. Ninety-three ventrals same size as dorsals, flat, imbricate. Thirty smooth, weakly imbricated gulars. Four precloacal pores. Antehumeral scales flat, larger than or equal in size to dorsals. Postauricular, rectal, and longitudinal folds present. Scales on the longitudinal fold granular and smooth. Fourth finger with 17 subdigital lamellae; fourth toe with 25. Infracarpals flat, imbricate, trifid; infratarsals flat, imbricate, trifid. Without gular fold. With 36 scales on the neck, from the posterior border of the ear to the shoulder, through the longitudinal fold. With femoral parch. Dorsal scales of the tail without mucro and with keel, ventrals smooth.</p> <p> <b>Color in alcohol.</b> Dorsum and sides of the head brown colored with numerous scales and small spots dark brown. Subocular light brown colored with dark spots. Lorilabials and supralabials alternate between light and dark color, infralabials with alternating diffuse spots (Fig. 10 top). Snout with diffuse inverted Y shaped mark (Fig. 7). Body dorsally with 8 series of paravertebral spots, subquadrangular shaped, with white-colored, spotted, dorsolateral bands. Paravertebral spots with white posterior elongated spots. Dorsum and sides of the body grey colored to light brown, scattered irregularly with numerous white colored scales (Fig. 5 left). Scales on dorsum, uniformly colored (Fig. 8). With white-colored spotted vertebral line. Presence of prescapular spot. With many scattered light blue spots on the sides of the body (Fig. 2). Anterior and posterior limbs light brown colored, with white spots distributed irregularly. Femur with obvious light blue spots. Tail grey to brown-colored, with elongated spots and numerous light blue spots, mainly distributed at the base. Ventrally the mandibular region is white colored with diffuse spots from infralabials (Fig. 3 and 5, right). Ventrum, anterior and posterior limbs, cloaca and tail completely white.</p> <p> <b>Color in life (Table 1).</b> Dorsum and sides of the head light chestnut brown, with dark and/or black chestnut brown scales and spots. Supralabials with alternating dark and light chestnut brown spots, infralabials with light and dark spots diffuse. Chestnut-brown inverted Y-mark, on the tip of the snout (Fig. 7). Body with 8 pairs of paravertebral spots of subquadrangular shape, black colored, with elongated posterior white spot (Fig. 5, left). With prescapular black spot. Lateral region of the body beige reddish with numerous white and light blue spots (Fig. 2). With vertebral line and dorsolateral bands discontinuous yellow colored. With diffuse subquadrandular dorsolateral spots. Neck with yellow band from above the ear to the anterior limb. Scales on the dorsum with a homogeneous colored pattern. Limbs and tail chestnut-brown colored, scattered with white, yellow light blue and dark brown scales. Arm and forearm with two diffuse rings (Figs. 2 and 5, left). Posterior members without rings. Tail with numerous light blue scales. Ventrally, the mandibular area, anterior limbs, ventrum, cloaca and tail are white (Fig. 3 and 5, right). In the mandibular region, with disseminated spots from the infralabials to the anterior region of the neck (Fig. 3 and 5, right). Gular region, sides and femur with diffuse yellow spots (Fig. 3). Obvious orange-colored precloacal pores.</p> <p> <b>Variation (Table 2).</b> Based on 25 specimens (15 males, 10 females) (Appendix 1). Head longer (10.9–15.1 mm; mean = 13.3 mm) than wide (9.1–13.4 mm; mean = 11.4 mm). Head height 6.4–9.9 mm (mean = 7.9 mm). Neck narrower than head. SVL 53.6–67.9 mm (mean = 61.2 mm), averaging 1.7 times longer than trunk. Tail length 63.9–103.8 mm (mean = 85.1 mm). Humerus length 5.9–9.7 mm (mean = 8.1 mm). Dorsal surface of head smooth, with 12–20 scales. One row of lorilabials, same size as supralabials. Seven to ten lorilabials. Five to eight supralabials. Frontal not divided. Interparietal always smaller than parietals, surrounded by 5–7 scales. Nasal surrounded by 6–9 scales. Four to seven infralabials. Mental in contact with four scales. Ten to 13 smooth round temporals. Longitudinal, postauricular, and antehumeral folds present. Horizontal fold Y-shaped between shoulder and auditory meatus. Scales around midbody 46–64 (mean = 58.5). Gulars 26–44 (mean = 31.7). Dorsal scales between occiput and hind limbs 62–77 (mean = 69.0). Ventrals 79–97 (mean = 90.2). Males with 4–7 (mean = 5.5) precloacal pores. Females with 1–2 (mean = 1.7) precloacal pores. Dorsals flat, slightly imbricate, slightly keeled. Twelve to 20 infradigital lamellae on fourth finger and 21–28 on fourth toe.</p> <p> CHARACTER / SPECIES <i>L. pacha</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> Animaná El Tio Ruinas P <b>Variation in color pattern.</b> With clear sexual dichromatism. Background color of the head may vary, from grey to light chestnut-brown to dark. Dorsum of the head presents occasionally a greater number of irregular black spots. Laterally the head may present conspicuous yellow spots. On the sides of the head, alternating clear and dark spots, diffuse on the infralabials and well marked on the supralabials (Fig. 10, top), stand out. The inverted Yshaped mark on the snout diffuse or absent (Fig. 7). The color of the body may vary between brownish and reddish tones. Without a black antehumeral arc. With discontinuous or absent vertebral line. Paravertebral spots shaped as horseshoe with posterior outline or subquadrangulars, black colored, with posterior white spot elongated or circular shaped. Dorsal body scales with a homogeneous pattern (Fig. 8). With diffuse dorsolateral subquadrangular spots, smaller than paravertebrals and sometimes absent. White line discontinuous on the sides of the body. Conspicuous black colored prescapular spot present. Limbs vary from grey to brown. Arm and forearm with two diffuse or absent rings (Fig. 5, left). The tail is lighter colored than the dorsal region of the body, with numerous light blue scales. With discontinuous spots.</p> <p>Ventrally white colored occasionally the mandibular, gular and femur regions, light yellow colored. Jaw with diffuse or absent spots. Precloacal pores conspicuous orange color. Head and body of females varying from grey to dark brown. Inverted Y-spot on snout diffuse. Paravertebral lines light ochre which unite on the tail. Paravertebral and subquadrandular dorsolateral spots black with thin posterior white spot, occasionally very diffuse. Lateral white line diffuse. Laterally body with white and light blue rare or absent spots. Anterior limbs with diffuse or absent rings. Posterior limbs without rings. Laterally the neck varying between yellow to intense orange. Ventrally white colored. Precloacal pores rare, barely visible.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The new species is known from the type locality Km 98, Ruta Provincial 307 (Los Cardones), Tafí del Valle Department, Tucumán Province (26°40’1.5” S 65°49’5.1” W, datum: WGS84; 2725 m).</p> <p> <b>Natural history.</b> <i>Liolaemus pacha</i> is found on rocky to sandy subtrates. The type locality is characterized by firm substrate, large rocks, scattered shrubs and tall cacti (<i>Thrichocereus pasacana</i>, Cactaceae). It corresponds to the Monte and Prepuna ecoregions (Cabrera & Willink 1980 <b>)</b>. They are mainly insectivorous occasionally eating small plant parts depending on the season and availability (Halloy <i>et al</i>. 2006). It is an oviparous species (Ramirez Pinilla 1992). Males defend territories which generally overlap with two to three females (Halloy 1996; Halloy & Robles 2002; Robles & Halloy 2009; Robles 2010). Both males and females use visual displays, such as headbobs, forelimb waves, and tail movement, during encounters as well as during courtship (Halloy 1996; Martins <i>et al.</i> 2004; Halloy & Castillo 2006; Halloy 2012).</p> <p> It is a dimorphic species (Etheridge 1993; Halloy 1996; this study), males being slightly larger and more colorful than females. Females present during the reproductive season nuptial coloration on the side of the neck, going from yellowish to intense orange (Halloy <i>et al.</i> 2007; Salica 2008; Salica & Halloy 2009b). Males emerge from hibernation in September whereas females emerge one to two months later (Halloy & Robles 2003). Matings occur end of October, beginning of November. Neonates are observed by the end of December and in January (Ramírez Pinilla 1992; pers. obs.). Males and females remain active through March and April when they return to hibernation.</p>Published as part of <i>Heredia, Viviana Juárez, Robles, Cecilia & Halloy, Monique, 2013, A new species of Liolaemus from the darwinii group (Iguania: Liolaemidae), Tucumán province, Argentina, pp. 524-538 in Zootaxa 3681 (5)</i> on pages 526-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.5.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/217441">http://zenodo.org/record/217441</a>
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