133,584 research outputs found
Chondroitin sulfate. Structure, role and pharmacological activity. Nicola Volpi (Editor)
No full textContents
STRUCTURE Isolation, purification and analysis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans Fumiko Matsui and Atsuhiko Oohira Isolation and Purification of Chondroitin Sulfate Luiz-Claudio F. Silva Structure of chondroitin sulfate Fotini N. Lamari and Nikos K. Karamanos Progress in the structural biology of chondroitin sulfate Barbara Mulloy The biosynthesis and catabolism of galactosaminoglycans Vikas Prabhakar and Ram Sasisekharan Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate: from the early, precursor discoveries to nowadays, genetic approaches Mauro S.G. Pavao, Ana Christina Vilela-Silva and Paulo A.S. Mourao Advances in the analysis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate M. Stylianou, I.-E. Triantaphyllidou and D.H. Vynios Chondroitin sulfate lyases - their applications in analysis and glycobiotechnology Emmanuel Petit, Cedric Delattre, Dulce Papy-Garcia and Phillipe Michaud Chondroitin sulfate Lyases: Structure, Activity and Applications in Analysis and the Treatment of Diseases Robert J. Linhardt, Fikri Y Avci, Toshohiko Toida, Yeong Shik Kim and Miroslaw Cygler BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE Structure, metabolism and tissue roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans Christopher J. Handley, Tom Samiric and Mina Z. Ilic Emergence and structural characteristics of chondroitin sulfates in the animal kingdom Lucia O. Sampaio and Helena B. Nader Role of the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate in its biological activities and the binding of growth factors Chilkunda D. Nandini and Kazuyuki Sugahara Chondroitin sulfate as a key molecule in the development of atherosclerosis and cancer progression A.D. Theocharis, G.N. Tzanakakis and N.K. Karamanos Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in tumor progression Yanusz Wegrowski and Francois-Xavier Maquart Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the brain Sachiko Aono and Atsuhiko Oohira Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate in the central nervous system: structures and functions in health and disease Uwe Rauch and Joachim Kappler Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and its degradation products in CNS repair Asya Rolls and Michal Schwartz Role of Chondroitin 4-Sulfate in Pregnancy-Associated Malaria D. Channe Gowda PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE Immunological activity of chondroitin sulfate Toshihiko Toida, Shinobu Sakai, Hiroshi Akiyama and Robert J. Lindhardt Antioxidant activity of chondroitin sulfate G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, A.M. Ferlazzo and A. Caltroni Effects of chondroitin sulfate on the cellular metabolism N. Brandl, J. Holzmann, R. Schabus and M. Huettinger In vitro effects of chondroitin sulfate A. Fioravanti, R. Marcolongo and G. Collodel Effect of chondroitin sulfate as nutraceutical in dogs with arthropathies Britta Dobenecker Chondroitin sulfate as a structure modifying agent Daniel Uebelhart, Ruud Knols, Elling D. de Bruin and Gust Verbruggen CLINICAL EFFICACY AND TRIALS Chondroitin sulfate in the management of erosive osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal finger joints Gust Verbruggen Chondroitin sulfate in the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: an overview Geraldine Bana, Benedicte Jamard, Evelyne Verrouil and Bernard Mazieres Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with oral chondroitin sulfate Daniel Uebelhart, Ruud Knols, Elling D. de Bruin and Gust Verbrugge
Occurrence and structural characterization of heparin from molluscs
No full textSeveral invertebrate species contain variable amounts of one or more types of sulfatedglycosaminoglycans (GAGs). At present it is well known the existence of a species-specific sulfatedGAGs composition based on the relative amount and type of chondroitin sulfates, heparan sulfateand heparin. Heparin is a sulfated polysaccharide belonging to the family of GAGs with numerousimportant biological activities, such as anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties that derive from itsinteraction with diverse proteins. Unusual heparin samples for molecular mass, fine structuralorganization and anticoagulant activity, are isolated and characterized from molluscs. Variablepresence of the trisulfated disaccharide [DUA2S(1->4)-a-D-GlcN2S6S] and significant modifications ofthe disaccharides bearing non-sulfated iduronic and glucuronic acids, [->4)-a-L-IdoA(1->4)-a-DGlcNAc6S(1-> and ->4)-a-L-IdoA(1->4)-a-D-GlcN2S6S(1->] and [->4)-b-D-GlcA(1->4)-a-DGlcN2S6S(1->], and oligosaccharide sequences bearing part of the ATIII-binding region,[DUA2S(1->4)-a-D-GlcN2S6S(1->4)-b-D-GlcA(1->4)-a-D-GlcN2S3S6S] and [DUA2S (1->4) -a-DGlcN2S6S(1->4)-a-L-IdoA (1->4)-a-D-GlcNAc6S (1->4)-b-D-GlcA (1->4)-a-D-GlcN2S3S6S], aredetected and measured in heparin samples derived from different clam species. This review morespecifically deals with structural and biologically important aspects of heparin in invertebrates withspecial emphasis on the heparin from molluscs. Furthermore, the fine characterization of heparinfrom Tapes phylippinarum and Callista chione is reported
I saggi di tossicità nella valutazione della qualità di acque e sedimenti di ambienti marini e di transizione: indicazioni per la scelta, la messa a punto, la valutazione e l’utilizzo dei metodi.
No full textEffect of time discretization and finite record length on continuous-time stochastic properties
No full text"Natural processes evolve in continuous time but their observation is inevitably made at discrete time. The observational time series formed are either series of instantaneous values of the natural phenomenon at a certain time step or aggregated quantities during this time step. In addition, the observation period is apparently a finite time period. Both time discretization and finite length may strongly affect the stochastic properties inferred from the data. In particular, time discretization distorts the stochastic properties at small time scales, while the finite length affects the properties at large time scales. Modelling of natural processes is typical made assuming discrete time and parameter estimation is usually done using classical statistical estimators which assume that observations are random samples. All these are inadequate practices and result in inappropriate and biased models. A different modelling strategy is proposed, in which the stochastic model is by definition a continuous-time process and the distortion due to discretization and finite-period observation is explicitly taken into account in model calibration. An additional benefit of the proposed strategy is that it avoids the too artificial, often non-parsimonious, families of discrete time stochastic models (like the ARIMA(p,d,q) models).
Notes on coastal lagoon typology in the light of the EU Water Framework Directive: Italy as a case study
No full textPurification of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide and use of high-performance capillary electrophoresis to qualitative and quantitative monitor the process
No full textA rapid, highly sensitive, and reproducible high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) method (electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate) is described for the determination of the polysaccharide from the uropathogenic Escherichia coli K5 bacteria Bi8337/41 010:K5:H4. This natural polysaccharide having the structure of a desulfo-heparin composed of -4)-betaGIcUA-(1,4)-alpha-GIcNAc-(1- is separated (GIcUA = D-glucuronic acid; GIcNAc = D-glucosamine) and qualitatively and quantitatively determined within 20 min on an uncoated fused-silica capillary using normal polarity at 20 kV and detection at 200 nm. A linear relationship (correlation coefficient > similar to0.99) was found for the polymer over a wide range of concentrations, from approx. 60 to 1500 ng, with a detection sensitivity of < similar to60 ng. Furthermore, this qualitative and quantitative HPCE approach was applied to the K5 extraction and purification process from cultured bacteria in several stages. HPCE was also able to separate several molecular species mainly due to the presence of polysaccharides of distinct and increasing mean chain lengths. A linear relationship was found for migration time and log molecular mass of different K5 polysaccharide species, and this model was used to calculate the molecular mass of the main K5 species producing a result of approx. 17 000, also confirmed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis, yielding approx. 17 200
Prevenzione e trattamento dell’iperparatiroidismo secondario nel paziente con malattia renale cronica allo stadio 3-5 non in dialisi
No full textDeficiencies in vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation adversely affect cardiovascular health in the general population and in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as contributing to secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, epidemiological and observational data indicate that there is a close interrelationship between progressive renal dysfunction in CKD, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The causes of death in patients even with only moderate kidney dysfunction are commonly associated with cardiovascular events. Modulation of vitamin D levels results in correlative regulatory effects on mineral homeostasis, hypertension, vascular disease, and calcification, as well as a number of other endpoints in cardiac and renal disease. The use of VDR activators to treat these and other parameters outside of cardiovascular and renal disease not only results in enhanced patient health but significantly lowers the risk of mortality in CKD and non-CKD patients with low systemic activity of vitamin D. The cardiovascular and renal systems continue to demonstrate their interrelated effects on each other, particularly when vitamin D and VDR signaling are considered
Milligram-scale preparation and purification of oligosaccharides of defined length possessing the structure of chondroitin from defructosylated capsular polysaccharide K4
No full textEscherichia coli K4 bacterium synthesizes a nonsulfated capsule polysaccharide (K4) composed of a repeating disaccharide subunit of D-glucuronic acid (beta1 --> 3) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta1 --> 4) to which beta-fructofuranose units are linked to C-3 of D-glucuronic acid residues. The K4 polyanion is easily defructosylated under acid conditions with no fragmentation of the polymer to produce a polysaccharide having a repeated disaccharide unit of chondroitin consisting of D-glucuronic acid (beta1 --> 3) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta1 --> 4) (K4d). K4 and K4d were depolymerized by partial digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and separated into uniform-size oligosaccharides from 4-mers to 16-mers by preparative anion-exchange chromatography after removal of the hyaluronidase. The purity and size of each oligosaccharide was confirmed by using anion-exchange HPLC, HPSEC analysis, and FACE. Mg-scale K4d oligosaccharides were obtained from 50 mg K4d starting material. Under the conditions used to degrade the K4 polysaccharide by testicular hyaluronidase, fructose is slowly liberated forming the defructosylated K4. As a consequence, a mixture of uniform-size K4 and K4d oligosaccharide species, from approximately 4- to 20-mers, are generated and size-separated by anion-exchange chromatography. These pure, uniform-size, and large ranges of K4d oligosaccharides having the structure of a chondroitin, --> 4)-GlcUA-beta(1 --> 3)GalNAc-beta(1 -->, will be available for investigating important biological functions of this polymer
La trilogia de jorge volpi como ventana sitiada en la posmodernidad
No full textThis dissertation examines from the perspective of postmodern theory, the ideological and formal aspects of Jorge Volpi\u27s trilogy of the twentieth century: En busca de Klingsor (In Search of Klingsor), El fin de la locura (The End of Madness), and No será la tierra (Season of Ash). Employing the concept of postmodernism as used by Jean-François Lyotard, I demonstrate how Volpi, through his trilogy, undermines the basis of modernity; that is, the trilogy subverts the metanarratives of science, theory, and progress characteristic of modernity and portrays the previous century as a failed one. As a result of postmodern thought this trilogy also deconstructs the dichotomies culture vs. nature, civilization vs. barbarism, and chaos vs. order. The exploration of the relationship between power and knowledge as examined by Michel Foucault is also a fundamental part of this project. I propose that by criticizing this relationship, Volpi\u27s trilogy proves to be synchronized with the condition of postmodernity in which a multiplicity of voices allows for the fading of a monologic discourse and the disappearance of absolute truths. I also examine the relation between content and form, which leads me to conclude that Volpi\u27s trilogy is more postmodern in ideology than in form. I employ the theories of Linda Hutcheon and Brian McHale on postmodern fiction to illustrate this point
A theoretically consistent stochastic cascade for temporal disaggregation of intermittent rainfall
No full textGenerating fine-scale time series of intermittent rainfall that are fully consistent with any given coarse-scale totals is a key and open issue in many hydrological problems. We propose a stationary disaggregation method that simulates rainfall time series with given dependence structure, wet/dry probability, and marginal distribution at a target finer (lower-level) time scale, preserving full consistency with variables at a parent coarser (higher-level) time scale. We account for the intermittent character of rainfall at fine time scales by merging a discrete stochastic representation of intermittency and a continuous one of rainfall depths. This approach yields a unique and parsimonious mathematical framework providing general analytical formulations of mean, variance, and autocorrelation function (ACF) for a mixed-type stochastic process in terms of mean, variance, and ACFs of both continuous and discrete components, respectively. To achieve the full consistency between variables at finer and coarser time scales in terms of marginal distribution and coarse-scale totals, the generated lower-level series are adjusted according to a procedure that does not affect the stochastic structure implied by the original model. To assess model performance, we study rainfall process as intermittent with both independent and dependent occurrences, where dependence is quantified by the probability that two consecutive time intervals are dry. In either case, we provide analytical formulations of main statistics of our mixed-type disaggregation model and show their clear accordance with Monte Carlo simulations. An application to rainfall time series from real world is shown as a proof of concept
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